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I   I   I   M   I   I   I   I   MVl   I   I   I   I   I   I   I   II  M 

12x  16x  20x  24x  28x  32x 


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Tha  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 

shall  contain  :ha  symbol  (meaning  "CON- 
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Mapa.  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
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Les  images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avac  la 
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conformity  avac  lea  conditlona  du  contrat  do 
fiimaga. 

Les  exemplaires  criginaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmis  en  commen9ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  .e 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  itre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  da  reduction  diff4rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  ii  est  film*  d  partir 
da  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illuatrent  la  mithode. 


1 


1 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY  RESOLUTION  TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^    >^PPLIED  IIVHGE  li 

1653  East  Main  Street 

Rochester.  New  York       U609  USA 


of  the 

©CRAFT  LEAGUE 

BY 

ERNEST    THOMPSON  SETON 


Canada 


WOODCRAFT  MANUAL 
FOR  GIRLS 


THE  WOODCRAFT 
MANUAL  FOR  GIRLS 

The  Fifteenth  Birch  Bark  Roll 


BY 


ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 

CHIEF  or  THE  WOODCBATT  LEAGUE 

Author  of  "  Wild  Animals  I  Hnve  Knmm,'*  "  Two 
Little  Socages,"  "  Life  Histories  of  Northern 
Animals,"  "Fanster's  Mmital"  tie. 


Published  for 

THE  WOODCRAFT  LEAGUE  OF  AMERICA 
13  West  29TH  Street,  New  York 


Garden  City  New  York 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 
X916 


Copyright,  igi6,  by 
Ernest  Thompson  Sbtow 
AU  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 
translation  into  Joreign  languages, 
including  the  Scandinavian. 

t 


PRBTACB 


"The  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls  for  1916,"  is  an  official 
Manual  of  the  Woodcraft  League,  giving  full  information  as  to  the 
carrying  m  of  Uie  work  of  the  Woodcraft  Girls.  It  is  also  a 
hanabook  contatoing  infonnatkm  on  outdoor  life  lor  thegiriiol 

America. 

Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  whose  life  has  beer  \  constant  in- 
q)irati(m  and  help  to  all  loven  of  outdoor  things,  is  the 
author.  Much  of  the  material  appears  for  the  first  time,  though 
some  of  it  has  been  used  from  other  books  with  the  permission 
of  Mr.  Seton  and  of  the  publishers. 

Mrs.  Frederic  R.  Hoisington  designed  and  presented  to  the 
League  the  Costume  for  the  Woodcraft  Girls  and  has  assbted 
akng  several  lines,  particularly  in  the  shapii^  of  the  Coups  and 
Degrees  as  found  in  the  fourth  section.  Miss  Jean  Miller  and 
Miss  Lina  MiUer  have  helped  in  organizing  work,  as  liave  F.  H. 
Schmidt,  J.  A.  Wolf,  Miss  Anne  Grumman,  HamUn  Garkuid 
and  other  members  of  the  Council  of  Gukiance. 

Mrs.  Ernest  Thompson  Seton  has  contributed  several  articles 
and  has  given  freely  of  her  time  in  the  working  out  of  the  many 
probtons  and  in  the  editing  of  the  book. 

Mr.  Philip  D.  Pagans,  m  additkm  to  his  duties  as  Execu- 
tive Secretary,  has  written  several  articles  and  given  of  his 
time  both  in  the  working  out  of  the  organization  and  in  editing 
the  material. 

The  League  acknowledges  with  hearty  thanks  the  permission 
of  Ernest  Thompson  Seton  and  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 
to  use  mudi  cS  the  material  fnun  the  Book  of  Woodcraft;  for 
the  use  of  the  peoms  and  stories  from  "Woodmyth  and  Fable," 
by  Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  published  by  the  Century  Com- 
pany; to  Alice  Fletcher  for  permission  to  use  the  songs  and 
music  quoted  from  her  "Indian  Songs  and  Stories;"  to  H.  M. 
Burr  and  Association  Press  for  the  use  of  stories  from  "Animd 
the  Fire;"  to  Mrs.  S.  A.  Ward  and  Association  Press  for  tl  ?  use 
of  the  hynm  "O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Skies;"  to  Ginn  and 
Company  for  the  use  of  cuts  from  "School  Needlework"  by 
Olive  C.  H^good;  to  McClelland,  Goodchild  and  Stewart 
Ltd.,  for  "The  Seven  White  Swans"  from  "Legends  of  Van- 


vi 


Preface 


couver"  by  E.  Pauline  Johnson  (Takahionwake);  for  the  use  of 
the  "Corn  Smut  Girl"  from  "Indian  Days  of  the  Long  Ago" 
by  Edward  S.  Curtis. 

The  League  also  acknowledges  with  many  thanks  the  cover 
medallion  by  J.  F.  Kelly  and  the  drawing  of  the  Woodcraft  Girl; 
the  article  on  the  "Life  Force"  and  the  "Woodcraft  Girls'  In 
vocation,"  by  Dr.  Valeria  Parker;  permission  of  Raymond  Dit- 
rnars  to  use  material  from  which  the  article  and  drawmg  of 
"Snakes,  Good  and  Bad"  were  made;  and  the  games  suggested 
by  Miss  Katherine  Duffield,  Mrs.  Lotta  Anthony,  Miss  Kate 
Karkus,  Miss  Jean  Miller,  Mrs.  Grace  Gallatin  Seton  and  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  T.  BayUs. 

The  Committee  has  attempted  to  have  the  Manual  contain 
information  on  most  of  the  subjects  which  would  come  up  in 
group  work.  Where  a  subject  has  not  been  carefully  covered, 
reference  books  have  been  given. 

While  Woodcraft  as  founded  by  Mr.  Seton  has  been  carried 
on  for  fourteen  years,  the  Woodcraft  League  in  its  present  form 
is  but  a  few  months  old.  Owing  to  the  necessity  for  a  Girls' 
Manual  the  present  Birch  Bark  Roll  has  been  produced  under 
pressure  and  does  not  include  all  the  material  originally  planned. 
But  it  is  given  to  the  pubUc  with  the  thought  as  expressed  in 
the  Preface  to  "Two  Little  Savages." 

"Because  I  have  known  the  torments  of  thirst, 
I  would  dig  a  well  wherein  others  may  drink." 

And  it  is  hoped  that  the  spirit  of  the  Manual  is  the  same  as 
has  always  characterized  the  work  Mr.  Seton  has  done  with 
the  boys  and  girls  of  the  country. 

The  Manual  Comjoxtee. 

September,  1916. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  COUNCIL  AND 
THE  COUNCIL  OF  GXnDANCE 


ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON,  Chief 
MARKSULUVAN,SecretaryELONHUNnNGTONHOOKER,TteMai« 
PHILIP  D.  FAGANS,  Executive  Seaetaiy 

Council  of  Guidance 


John  L.  Alexamdek 
Grace  Cotton 
Carl  E.  Ekstrand 
Ann  S.  Gruioi an 
May  FoLWiXL  Hoisington 


Grace  Parker 
Haulin  Garland,  Historian 
Jean  W.  Miller,  Asst.  Secretary 
Grace  Gallatin  Seton,  Chairman 
Business  Committee 


Harvey  C.  Went,  and  the  Ofikers 
National  Council 


Jules  Bache 

Irving  Bacheller 

E.  C.  Bishop 

Neltje  Blanch.\n 

Arthur  Brisbane 

Stephen  A.  Breed 

Mrs.  Walston  Hnx  Brown 

John  Burroughs 

William  Carroll  Cornwall 

Dr.  Frank  M.  Ch-^pman 

Roland  Ray  Conklin 

Honorable  Frank  I.  Cohen 

Natalie  Curtis 

WiLUAU  Curtis  Dehosest 

Frank  N.  Doubleday 

Mrs.  C.  Tarbell  Dudley 

Bertrau  H.  Fancher 

Ivan  P,  Flood 

WiLUAU  H.  Folwell 

Dr.  Wiluam  Byron  Forbush 

Mrs.  William  H.  Folwell 

A.  R.  Forbush 

Madison  Grant 

Wallace  Heckman 

Frederic  R.  Hoisington 

Elon  Huntington-  Hooker 

Mrs.  Elon  HuMTiHr.TON  Hooker 

Mrs.  Charlton  T.  Hudson 

Jahes  L.  Hughes 


Joseph  Howland  Hunt 
Charles  L.  Hutchinsom 
Herbert  Hungerford 
Mrs.  Marietta  Johnson 
Mrs.  Charles  D.  Lanier 
S.  Stanwood  Menken 
Enos  Mills 
Dr.  Robert  T.  Morris 
Preston  G.  Or  wig 
Honorable  Stephen  G.  Porter 
Reverend  P.  Edwards  Powell 
Martin  A.  Ryerson 
Caroline  Ruutz-Rees 
Professor  W.  H.  Schexzeb 
Bernard  Sexton 
Albert  Shaw 
Hugh  Skiley 
Mark  Sullivan 
Dr.  Louis  Livincston  ^auan 
Ida  M.  Tarbell 
Lorado  Taft 

Mrs.  Charles  Edwin  Townsend 

William  H.  Thompson 

His  Excellency  Dk.  Hknky  Van* 

DYKE 

Professor  Charles  D.  Walcor 
John  J.  Watron,  Jr. 
George  L.  Whtte 
Ella  Wheeler  Wilc»x 


I 


A  BIESSAOB  FROM  THB  WOODCRAFT  CHIEF 


To  THE  Girls  OF  America:  .    ,     .  j 

There  is  a  winding  deer  traU  by  a  stream  m  the  pine  wwxls, 
and  the  glint  of  a  larger  breadth  of  water  Oirough  the  alders, 
with  stars  in  the  grass,  a  high  shady  rock  for  the  nooning, 
and  a  beU-bird  softly  chimmg. 

I  have  found  it  very,  very  pleasant  to  go  there  ^enever  my 
life  would  permit,  but  the  entrance  was  hidden,  and  I  never 
should  have  seen  it  but  for  this— I  was  struggling  and  unhappy, 
worn  out  and  lost,  hoping  to  find  it  and  fearmg  I  never^ouW, 
when  one  day  a  wonderful  creature  appeared  to  me.   She  yns 
very  old,  I  know,  but  She  seemed  very  young,  frtsh  and  athletic, 
and  She  had  a  kind  look  in  her  eyes.   She  said,  "Ho,  Way- 
seeker,  I  have  seen  your  struggle  to  find  the  pathway,  and  I 
know  that  you  love  the  things  you  will  see  there.  There- 
fore, I  will  show  you  the  trail,  and  this  is  what  it  will  lead  you 
to:  a  thousand  pleasant  friendships  that  will  oflfer  honey  m 
little  thorny  cups,  the  twelve  secrets  of  the  underbrush,  the 
health  of  sunlight,  suppleness  of  body  and  force  unfailing,  the 
unafraidness  of  the  night,  the  delight  of  deep  water,  the  good- 
ness of  rain,  the  story  of  the  trail,  the  knowledge  of  the  swamp, 
the  aloofness  of  knowing,  the  power  to  see  a  bird  when  you  h^ 
its  note,  the  upbuilding  things  which  are  never  taught  in  schools; 
a  crown  and  a  little  kingdom  measured  to  your  power,  but  all 
your  own. 

"These  are  the  things  I  offer,  because  you  have  persevered, 
but  there  is  a  condition  attached:  When  you  discover  the 
folksiness  of  some  tree,  the  compact  of  bee  and  bloom,  the  all- 
aboutness  of  some  secret,  the  worthwhileness  of  the  swamp, 
or  the  friendship  of  a  frog-j)ond,  you  must  in  some  sort  note  it 
down  and  pass  it  on  to  another  trtdy  a  Wayseeker,  that  the  liquid 
gold  turn  not  to  litriol  in  your  hand;  for  those  who  have  won 
power,  must  with  it  bear  responsibility." 

That  same  Fairy  Godmother  is  waiting  for  you  just  beyond 
that  bank  of  pussy  willows  in  the  Springtime,  she  is  waiting 
in  die  alder  bloom  of  Summer,  and  later  when  the  maple  red- 
dens the  swamp.  Faunima,  Spirit  of  the  wild  things  and  of 
woodcraft  is  ^e,  and  very  willmg  to  show  you  the  trail  if  you 

is 


z        A  Message  from  the  Woodcraft  Chief 

are  of  good  stuff  proven.  She  it  was  that  told  me  to  write  this 
book,  in  keeping  of  the  promise  that  I  gave  her  over  forty  years 
ago,  when  she  held  the  bushes  back  for  me  to  see  the  guide-blaze 
on  the  tree.  Not  that  I  needed  any  urge  to  write  it,  for  I  know 
no  greater  pleasure  than  showing  others  the  things  that  mean 
so  much  to  me.  Perhaps  you  also  will  come  to  think  of  them 
as  the  best  and  most  enduring  things  of  life. 


THE  WOODCRAFT  LBAOUE 


Our  purpose  is  to  learn  the  outdoor  life  for  its  worth  in  the 
buildkg  up  of  our  bodies  and  the  helping  and  strengthening  cf 
our  souls;  that  we  may  go  forth  with  the  seeing  eye,  and  the 
"thinking  hand"  to  learn  the  pleasant  wajrsof  the  woods  and  of 
life,  that  we  be  made  in  all  wise  masters  of  ourselves;  facing  life 
without  flinching,  ready  to  take  our  part  among  our  fellows  in  all 
the  problems  whidi  arise,  rejoicing  when  some  trial  comes  that 
the  Great  Spirit  finds  us  the  rulers  of  strong  souls  in  thdr  worthy 
tabernacles. 

The  Woodcraft  League  believes  that  its  message  comes  to  the 
people  of  America,  young  and  old,  rich  and  noor.  The  work  of 
the  League  is  divided  as  follows: 

The  Big  Lodge  of  the  Woodcraft  Gins,  from  twelve  to  eign- 
teen,  for  which  group  this  Birch  Bark  Roll  is  the  official  hand- 
book. 

The  Big  Lodge  for  Boys  from  twelve  to  eighteen.  Manual 

now  ready. 

The  Little  Lodge  for  children  under  twelve.  Manual  to  be 
published  later. 

The  Woodcraft  Club  for  men  and  women  over  eighteen. 

The  Sun  Lodge  for  men  and  women,  twenty-one  and  over, 
interested  in  specializing  in  Woodcraft. 

Each  of  these  sections  has  its  own  printed  matter  and  badge. 
The  details  of  the  work  vary  according  to  the  needs  of  the  group. 

All  are  members  of  the  Woodcraft  League  and  wear  the  badge 
of  the  League,  a  white  shield  with  blue  horns. 

The  Headquarters  are  at  13  West  29th  Street,  New  York  City. 


0 


THE  TWELVE  SECRETS  OF  THE  WOODS 

Do  you  know  the  twelve  secrets  of  the  woods? 

Do  you  know  the  umbrella  that  stands  up  spread  to  show 
that  there  is  a  restaurant  in  the  cellar? 

Do  you  know  the  "manna-focd"  that  grows  on  the  rocks, 
summer  and  winter,  and  holds  up  its  hands  in  the  Indiaii 
sign  of  "innocence,"  so  all  who  need  may  know  how  good  it 
is? 

Do  you  know  the  vine  that  climbs  above  the  sedge  to  whisper 
on  the  wind  "  There  are  coconuts  in  my  basment  '*  ? 

Can  you  tell  why  the  rabbit  puts  his  hind  feet  down  ahead  of 
his  front  ones  as  he  runs? 

Can  you  tell  why  the  squirrel  buries  every  other  nut  and  who 
it  was  that  planted  those  shag-barks  all  along  the  fence? 

Can  you  tell  what  the  woodchuck  does  in  midwinter  and  on 
what  day? 

Have  you  learned  to  know  the  pale  villam  of  the  open  woods 
—the  deadly  amanita,  for  whose  fearful  poison  no  remedy  b 
known? 

Have  you  learned  to  overcome  the  poison  ivy  that  was  once 
so  feared— now  so  lightly  held  by  those  who  know? 

Have  you  proved  the  balsam  fir  in  all  its  fourfold  gifts— as 
Christmas  tree,  as  heatoig  bahn,  as  consecrated  bed,  as  wood  of 

friction  fire?  .1.15 
Do  you  know  the  wonderful  medicine  that  is  m  the  sky? 
Have  you  tasted  the  bread  of  wisdom,  the  treasure  (bat  cures 
much  ignorance,  that  is  buried  in  the  aisle  of  Jack-o-Fulpit  s 
Church?  ,  . 

Can  you  tell  what  walked  around  your  tent  on  the  thurtietn 

night  of  your  camp-out? 

Then  are  you  wise.  You  have  learned  the  twelve  secrets  of 
the  woods.  But  if  you  have  not,  come  and  let  us  teach  you. 


sil 


TABLE  OF  CONTBHTS 

Pbetacx   V 

OrncERS  AND  Members  or  THE  National  Council  .    .  vii 

Message  from  the  Chief   ix 

The  A\oodcrapt  League   xi 

Twelve  Secrets  or  the  Wooi»    zii 

SECTION  I 
Organization  and  General  Information 

WooDCRATT  Women— Their  Message  to  Woodcravt 

Girls   3 

How  TO  Form  a  Tribe 

To  become  a  Woodcraft  Girl   ^ 

To  start  a  Tribe   S 

Woodcraft  Girl  Costume   6 

Band  Meetings   7 

Charter   7 

A  Meeting  Place   7 

Councils   7 

Regular  Council   7 

Order  of  Doings   8 

Decorum  of  Council   9 

Indoor  Council   9 

The  Woodcraft  Laws   10 

Initiations   10 

Initiation  Trials   11 

New  Members'  Work   11 

Growth   II 

Totems   12 

Requirements  for  Ranks   x8 

Entering  or  Wayseeker   18 

Pathfinder                                      ,    ,    ,  18 

Winyan  ,  19 

Titles  and  Officers  .   20 

.XT 


ZTi 


Cflotwti 


Badges   „ 

Illustration   j. 

Meaning  ol  the  Badges   22 

Salute   j,^ 

Meaning  op  the  Council  Ring   24 

Cewcmony  Of  Gkand  Council   2^ 

Council  Robe   2^ 

Model  Constitution  por  a  Tribe  

The  Inbringing  op  a  Newcomer  

Installation  op  the  Higher  Ranks   32 

COMVEIUNG  07  CoUPS  AND  DEGREES   33 

Woqiino  A  Nauz   3^ 

SECTION  II 

Tribe  and  Council  Activities 

Suggestions  on  Tribal  Work   35 

Gcnofftl   

First  Three  Months  (Pathfinder)"    .    .  % 

Next  Five  Months  (Winyan)   38 

Games 
Council 

Navajo  Feather  Dance   ^, 

Cock.  Fighting   'J, 

One  Legged  Chicken  Figjit    ....!'.*.  43 

Strong  Hand                                               •  ^, 

Stung  ;  ;  ; 

Talk-Fest    .    „   JJ 

Solemnity   aa 

OtO^                                              .    .  ^ 

Watching  by  the  Tnul   ^ 

Trailing    J! 

Apache  Relay  Race    ........  45 

Chinese  Tag   ac 

Bat  Ball                                      '    *    '    '  46 

Scou^•  g  ;  \ 

Q'^kk  ..ight   % 

Far  Sight   T. 

Home  Star   48 

Hostile  Spy  [  48 

Tree  the  Coon  !    !    .*  48 


COBllBli 

Rat  on  Lodge  

Waterboiling  Contest  .    .  . 
Medley  Scouting  .... 
Still  Huntins  the  Buck 
Water 

Spearing  the  GfMt  Stuigeon 

Canoe  Tag  

Indoor 

Odds  and  Evens  

Blind  Man's  Bufif  

My  Vacation  

Names  by  Topks  

Fortune  

Shopping  

Guessing  Game  

Kingdom  

Geography  

Game  of  Menagerie     .    .    .  . 

Menagerie  Party  

A  Portrait  Party  

Magic  Music  

Hat  Trimming  G)ntest    .    .  . 

Fire-side  Trick  

The  Lone  Star  Trick  .    .    .  . 

Feather  Foot-ball  

Songs   

Group  Singing  

America  

Star  Spangled  Banner  .    .  . 

Oh  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Skies 

Rouser  

Alouette  

Omaha  Tribal  Prayer   .    .  . 

Hike  Song  

Good  Night  

Canoeist  Love  Song 

Death  Song  

Zonzimondi  

Mujje  Mukesin  

Hither  Thunder  

AcTiNO  Songs 

The  Weasel   . 

MyManJdm  .    .    .    .  | 


«««  ^  A  ^_ 

ZtuI  VOBiWm 

When  I  Was  a  Youns  Girl  

Roman  and  Engliih  Soldien   79 

Dancxno 

Dancing   S$ 

Dances 

Storm  Cloud   84 

Hopi  Corn  Dances   85 

Spring   87 

Fall   88 

Lone  Hunter   88 

Fire-fly  Dance   90 

Caribou  Dance   96 

Animal  Dance  of  Nana-bojou   98 

Plays,  Pageani6  and  Masques 

Suggested  books   xoo 

Camp  Fire  Stories  and  Poems 

The  Road  to  Fairyland   103 

The  Fairy  Lamps   103 

The  Origin  of  the  Bhie  Bird   los 

Twin  Stars   106 

Gitche-o-kok-o-hoo   106 

The  Story  of  Com-smut  Girl     ......  X07 

The  First  Gang   xo8 

The  Seven  Swans   xi6 

How  Men  Found  the  Great  Spirit   zaa 

SECTION  m 

Tbdtgs  to  Know  and  Do 

Chapter  I.  City  Woodcrapt 

Woodcraft  in  Town   129 

The  Value  of  Doing   130 

Needlework 

Sewing                                           ...  132 

Bead  Work   137 

Housekeeping   139 

Totems  in  Town   140 

Fire — Servant  or  Master?   142 

Health   X45 

Health  Hints   X47 

The  Life  Force   X48 


Invocation   '49 

Breathing   M9 

Don't  Turn  Out  Your  Toes   I49 

Keen  Eyes   »5o 

Dry  Footgear  *.    .    .    .  x$o 

Ready  Help  •    •    ■   'i>» 

Patriotism  and  Citizenship   *S3 

Hiking   »S4 

Sign  Language   *S<> 

Picture  Writing   »M 

Weather  Signals   «oo 

Railroad  Signals   '"9 

Roof  Camping   '7* 

Individual  Tally  Book   «7« 

Indian  Names  for  the  Months   ^73 

Chapter  II.  Campercra/t 

Camping  Out   *77 

Outfitting   •  • 

Outfit  for  Six   «78 

Tents   'J^ 

Teepees  

Running  Camp 

Camp  Grounds  .  

Arriving  

Sanitation   'J* 

Leadership  

Team  Work   '82 

Camp  Officers   '83 

Camp  Program   183 

Group  Work   183 

Rules   184 

Inspections   '84 

Horn  of  High  B  il'<.rs   184 

Woodcraft  Council  Ring   185 

Ccnincils   185 

Making  Council  Fire   186 

Totem  Pole   187 

Beds   187 

Water  ^   1S8 

Mosquitoes   189 

Lighting  a  Fire   189 

Camp  Cookery   191 

CooUng  Without  Utensib                              •  '9^ 


B  Contanti 

Chapter  III.  Woodlope  and  Handicratt  **" 

Edible  WUd  Plants   197 

Mushrooms   200 

White  Man's  Woodcraft — Measuring  at  a  distance  204 

Weather  Wisdom   ao6 

When  Lost  in  the  Woods   208 

Indian  Tweezers   209 

Indian  Clock   210 

The  Watch  as  a  Compass   210 

Home  Made  Compass   211 

Lights   an 

Hunter's  Lamp   211 

Woodman's  Lantern   211 

Knife  and  Hatchet   213 

A  Waterproof  Shelter   217 

Camp  Loom   218 

Navajo  Loom   219 

Camp  Rake  ,   221 

Camp  Broom    ,   221 

Rubbing  Stick  Fire   222 

Drum   224 

The  Woodcraft  Willow  Bed  [225 

Woodcraft  Paints   229 

Woodcraft  Dyes   230 

Lace  or  Thong   231 

Woodcraft  Buttons   231 

Handicraft  Stunts  ,231 

Miscellaneous   231 

Spoons   233 

Bird  Boxes   234 

Knots  •   238 

Blazes  and  Signs   240 

Blazes   240 

Stone  Signs   242 

Grass  and  Twig  Signs   243 

Smoke  Signals   243 

Signals  by  Shots   244 

Raising  Money   244 

Chapter  IV.  Friends  in  the  Out  of  Doors 

How  to  Know  the  Wild  Things   247 

Sixty-four  Common  Wild  Flowers   250 

The  Woodcraft  Girl  in  the  Forest   262 

Fifty  Common  Forest  Trees   265 


Contents  sd 

The  Stars   296 

Forty  Birds   303 

Snakes,  Good  and  Bad   330 


SECTION  IV 

WooDCRATT  Exploits  and  Achicveuents  or  Coxtps  and 

Degrees 

WooDCRAPi  Exploits  and  Achievements    ....  327 


Coups   328 

Their  use   328 

Class    I — ^Athletics   328 

Class  II — Campercraft   338 

Class  III — ^Nature  Study     .   344 

Class  IV— Crafts   346 

Class  V — Entertainer   350 

Class  VI— Life  Craft   351 

Degrees   351 

Their  Use   351 

List  of  Degrees— sixty-four  in  all   352 

Index   41  z 


SECTION  I 


ORGANIZATION  AND  GENERAL  INFORMATION 


Woodcraft  Women— Their  Mes- 
sage to  Woodcraft  Girls 
How  to  Form  a  Tribe 
Meaning  of  tbie  Comieil  Bfaf 
Ceremony  of  Onud  Council 


Modd  Constitation  for  a  Tribe 
The  Inbringing  of  a  Newcomer 
InstaUation  of  the  Higher  Ranks 
Conferring  of  Coups  and  Degrees 
WianfaicaNaiM  . 


SECTION  I 

ORGANIZATION  AND  GENERAL  INFORMATION 


WOODCRAFT  WOMEN 
Their  Message  to  Woodcraft  Girls 

Woodcraft  is  thescienceof  overcoming  the  daily  obstacles  of  life 
and  the  real  Woodcraft  v.  tman  of  all  times  is  the  one  who  knows 
and  fearlessly  stands  for  the  big  and  worth^i«^iile  things. 

This  was  the  spirit  of  Grace  Darling,  who  watched  at  the 
Longstone  lighthouse  and  risked  her  life  with  undaunted  courage 
in  the  midst  of  terrible  storms  to  save  the  lives  of  shq>wrecked 
men,  women,  and  children. 

This  was  the  spirit  that  inspired  Frances  Willard,  whose  statue 
now  stands  in  the  Hall  of  Fame  at  Wadiington,  a  noble  woman 
whose  life  resulted  in  good  to  the  women  of  the  Nation 
and  to  every  one  because  of  her  work  for  temperance  and 
progress. 

This  was  the  thought  that  sustained  Florence  Nightingale,  who 
during  the  Crimean  War  did  wonderful  work  as  a  nurse,  and  who 
organized  the  nurses  into  what  was  the  forerunner  of  the  Red 
Cross. 

It  was  such  a  spirit  that  controlled  the  life  of  Nancy  Hanks 
Lincoh,  who  molded  her  son  Abe  along  the  lines  of  integrity  and 
developed  those  rare  and  noble  moral  traits  which  have  given  to 
Lincoln  his  spotless  character  and  ever-enduring  fame. 

It  was  such  a  spirit  that  inspired  Susan  B.  Anthony  to 
labor  unceasingly  for  the  alleviation  of  hard  and  cruel  conditions 
that  pressed  upon  women  and  to  advocate  an  equaUty  standard 
between  men  and  women  in  all  the  phases  of  domestic  andgovem- 
mental  life.  So  active  was  she  that  a  federal  amendment  to 
enfranchise  women,  bearing  her  name,  has  been  submitted  to 
Congress  ever  smce  1869. 

It  was  such  a  spirit  that  caused  Elizabeth  CaJy  Stanton  to  de- 
vote a  long  and  brilliant  life  to  the  ^^^te.*^  'ent  or  women.  H^r 

a 


4 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


young  soul  burned  with  rebellion  at  the  injustice  to  women  which 
she  heard  rehearsed  in  her  father's  law  office  and  when  she  found 

the  college  closed  to  her  because  of  her  sex,  althc  ^h  she  was  a 
more  brilliant  scholar  than  any  of  her  brothers.  She  was  chiefly 
responsible  for  the  holding  of  the  first  Women's  Rights  Conven- 
tion at  Seneca,  1848. 

The  spirit  which  drove  these  wonderful  women  is  the  spirit  of 
the  Woodcraft  Girl.  The  Woodcraft  Girl  of  to-day  is  healthy. 
She  knows  how  to  live  so  as  to  have  the  overflowing  sense  of 
power.  She  is  eager  to  get  acquainted  with  the  things  in  nature, 
the  birds,  the  trees,  the  flowers,  and  to  protect  the  beautiful 
things  of  her  country.  She  sees  the  beauty  of  the  sky  and  knows 
something  of  the  mystery  of  the  stars.  She  knows  where  to 
camp,  how  to  sleep,  how  to  cook,  how  to  live  comfortably  in 
primitive  conditions.  She  knows,  too,  how  to  make  home  happy 
and  attractive,  how  to  make  her  clothing,  how  to  care  for  and 
make  friends  with  the  little  children.  She  knows  how  to  meet 
people  simply  and  in  a  manner  which  makes  every  one  at  their 
best.  She  is  brave  in  the  presence  of  external  dangers  and  in 
facing  her  own  problems.  She  does  her  best,  wmitever  her 
station  may  be,  conscious  of  the  Great  Spirit's  presoice  and 
honors  Him  in  her  life. 

Woodcraft  says  to  all  girls  who  would  know  the  secrets  of  the 
woods,  who  would  know  the  youth  which  comes  from  service 
and  the  secret  tmil  to  the  upland  of  success:  come,  learn  Uie 
meaning  of  the  Council  Ring,  the  Council  Fire,  and  the  frioid- 
ship  of  the  Tribe. 

As  you  learn  them  the  other  things  will  come  mto  your  heart 
as  gently  as  the  crystal  is  formed  in  the  heart  of  the  rough 
hard  emery  rot  ,  to  be  known  at  length  as  the  best  and  rarest  of 
all  gems.  And  it  may  be  that  it  can  be  said  of  you,  as  it  was 
said  of  old  of  one  of  the  first  great  women  of  America,  Wetamoo, 
the  woman  Sachem  of  Pocassett  (1662): 

"She  was  straight  and  supple;  her  simpie  habits,  active  life, 
and  her  daily  exposure  to  the  healing  sun  rays  had  kept  her 
figure  girlish  even  at  late  age.  She  knew  the  ways  of  the  Council 
IfaU,  so  that  she  was  never  embarrassed  by  questions  or  inter- 
ruptions. She  was  at  home  in  the  woods  so  that  neither  deep 
waters  nor  prowling  dangers  of  the  night  could  shake  her  heart 
with  dismay,  and  she  found  the  lasting  interest  that  all  may 
find  in  the  simple  daily  things  of  the  outdoor  world.  She  was 
gentle  and  courteous  because  she  knew  her  rights  and  the  rights 
of  others,  and  when  she  spoke  to  man  or  woman,  old  or  young, 
it  was  in  the  same  quiet  dignity,  so  that  the  lowliest  were  not 


Organization 


S 


cowed;  the  proudest  did  not  dare  a  rude  advance;  and  all  her 
glory  in  all  her  life  to  her  untimely  end,  when  she  swam  Swansea 
inlet  in  the  storm,  was  in  the  kindly  service  of  the  folk  i^ut 
her." 


HOW  TO  FORM  A  TRIBE  OF  WOODCRAFT  GIRLS 

To  Become  a  Woodcraft  Girl 

One  may  easily  become  a  Woodcraft  Girl,  either  by  joining  a 
Tribe  already  organized  or  by  forming  a  new  Tribe.  Get  to- 
gether nine  other  girls,  twelve  years  of  age  or  over  and  a  woman 
twenty-one  years  of  age  to  act  as  a  Head  Guide.  Let  each  read 
the  Birch  Bark  Roll  for  Girls  carefully,  so  you  may  know  what 
Woodcraft  is  and  send  to  Headquarters  for  Application  for 
Charter.  Then  select  a  name  for  the  Tribe,  usually  of  historic 
or  special  interest  and  often  an  Indian  name;  also  select  a  totem. 
Have  the  girls  sign  the  Application  for  Charter.  Send  the 
Application  with  three  dollars  to  the  National  Headquarters,  the 
Woodcraft  League,  13  West  Twenty-ninth  Street,  New  York 
City,  where  the  Coundl  of  Guidance  will  act  on  your  Applica- 
tion and  give  your  Tribe  a  Charter. 


To  Start  a  Tribe 

The  Tribe  is  the  unit  of  organization,  consisting  of  not  less  than 
ten  nor  more  than  fifty  members.  Each  Tribe  is  divided  into 
Bands  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  ten  members.  Each 
Band  has  a  Guide,  a  woman  eighteen  years  of  age  or  over.  One 
of  the  Guides  should  be  selected  as  Head  Guide  of  the  Tribe 
and  must  be  twenty-one  years  of  age  or  over.  The  Guides 
direct  the  work  of  the  Bands,  the  Head  Guide  being  responsible 
to  Headquarters. 

In  beginning  it  is  wise  to  have  the  officers  temporary  or  for  a 
short  time  only.  Elect,  or  have  the  Guide  appoint,  a  Chief,  a 
second  Chief,  a  Taily  Keeper,  and  Wampum  Keeper.  Decide 
the  time  and  place  of  your  meetings,  the  dues  (about  five  cents  a 
week  is  usual),  and  other  matters  nf  a  similar  nature. 

You  should  then  divide  the  group  into  Bands  of  not  less  than 
five  girls  and  not  more  than  ten.  Each  Band  diould  elect,  or 
the  Guide  appoint,  a  Chief,  and  if  meeting  separately,  a  Tally 
Bleeper  and  Wampum  Collector,  who  shall  report  to  the  Tribal 
oSBcen. 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Oiila 


7 


Band  Meetings 

Each  Band  should  select  a  Band  name  and  totem.  The 
Band  should  hold  a  weekly  meeting  followed  by  a  Tribal  meeting 
(of  all  the  Bands),  or  it  may  be  dedded  to  make  the  tribal  meet- 
ings less  frequent. 

Charter 

The  Charter,  costuig  $3.00  annually,  certifies  that  the  Tribe  is 
registered  at  Headquarters  and  entitles  the  Tribe  to  a  definite 

place  in  the  Woodcraft  League,  to  recognize  achievements  ac- 
cordhig  to  the  Birch  Bark  RoU  for  Girls  and  to  wear  the  badges 
of  the  League.  With  the  Charter  comes  a  Guide's  Appoint- 
ment, also  two  Pledges  to  be  pasted  in  the  Tally  Book,  one  for 
the  members  to  sign  and  one  for  the  officers  to  sign.  The  $3.00 
charter  fee  covers  all  the  expenses  of  chartering  a  group  regard- 
less of  its  size  (up  to  fifty).  Individual  bad'  ^  of  rank  should 
be  purchased  as  needed.   See  p.  23. 

A  Meetinc  Plaee 

One  of  the  very  first  problems  the  Tribe  will  have  to  face 
is  that  of  providing  a  place  to  meet.  It  should  be  comfortable, 
clean,  quiet,  and  large  enough  to  seat  the  Tribe  in  a  circle.  For 
the  Band  meeting  a  smaller  room  will  do.  If  the  room  is  used 
by  others  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  it  without  change ;  but  when  a 
tribe  has  entire  control  of  a  room,  or  when  the  room  is  used  by 
more  than  one  tribe,  it  will  be  possible  to  6x  it  up  ..o  as  to  suggest 
an  outdoor  coimcil  ring,  the  interior  of  a  log  cabin  or  stockade. 
For  the  outdoor  ring  see  page  185. 


Councils 


In  the  Woodcraft  League  the  meetings  .of  the  Bands  and 
Tribes  are  called  Councils.  A  weekly  meeting  would  be  called 
Regular  Council,  a  ineeting  with  a  more  elaborate  program  and 
with  visitors  is  called  Grand  Council.  A  meeting  of  the  Guides 
and  officers  is  called  High  Council.  One  at  least  of  the  Guides 
should  familiarize  herself  with  the  running  of  the  Qnmdl,  as  sora 
as  possible. 

REGULAR  COUNQL 

If  it  is  possible,  open  the  meeting  by  making  the  fire  with  the 
rubbing  sticks,  in  which  case  thr  Leader  should  b^;in  with  the 


8  Woodcfaft  Bfaimal  for  GIrii 

paragraph  "  Now  light  we  the  Councfl  Fire,"  as  on  page  25,  end- 
ing with  the  paragraph,  "That  His  Wisdom  will  be  with  us." 
(If  matches  are  used  omit  the  above.)  Continue  as  follows: 
From  this  central  fire,  light  we  our  candles  four,  standing  each 
for  Fortitude,  Truth,  Beauty,  and  Love,  from  which  radiate 
the  twelve  golden  li  ws  of  Woodcraft." 

The  Guide  (or  Chief)  now  speaks  from  the  Council  Rock: 
"Let  the  Keeper  of  the  Tally  call  the  roll."  In  large  meetings 
this  is  done  by  Bands.  Each  Leader  stands  as  her  Band 
is  called  by  name,  salutes  the  Chief,  and  says:  "0  Chief, 
Ten  of  our  Band— all  here,"  or  "Eight  here,"  as  the  case  may 
be. 

After  this  is  done,  the  regular  order  of  parliamentary  business 
is  followed  as  below. 

ORDER  OF  DOINGS  IN  COUNCILS 

Roll  CaU. 

Tally  of  Last  Councfl  or  Report  of  TaUy  Keeper. 

Report  of  Wampum  Keeper. 

Business  arising  out  of  tally.  .   ,  . 

Scouts'  Reports,  also  officers  of  the  day.  (This  mcludes:  first, 
all  unusual  work  done  for  the  Tribe  by  a  member  and  is  reported 
by  the  Guide;  second,  all  matters  of  interest,  particularly  those 
relating  to  nature  study  by  members  of  the  Tribe.) 

Leftover  Business.  . 

For  the  Good  of  the  Tribe.  (At  this  point  members  may  bring 
up  any  matter  which  ordinarily  would  not  come  up  under  other 
heads.    Matters  of  discipline,  etc.)  , 

Achievement  Badges  claimed  and  awarded.  (Previously 
jiassed  in  committee.)  '  ' 

New  Business. 

New  Members. 

Initiations. 

Challenges,  etc.  (These  may  be  athletics  of  any  sort  either 
at  the  Council  ring  or  otherwise.  They  may  also  include 
challenges  at  story  telling,  dancing,  singing,  cooking,  fire- 
lighting,  nature  study.   The  haUenger  arises,  salutes  the 

Chief,  and  says:  "O  Chief  I,  of  ^Band  challenge 

 of  Band.") 

Games.  (These  may  be  individual  such  as  hand  wrestlmg, 
chicken  fighting;  or  group  games,  such  as  "stung,  etc. 
They  may  also  include  sudx  things  as,  movies,  etc.) 

S<»igs,  dances,  stories. 


Of^ttiJiAtioii 


9 


Close  the  Council  with  the  Omaha  Tribal  Prayer  as  all  stand 

about  the  fire  with  hands  and  faces  upraised. 
The  Chief  then  announces,  "Our  Council  is  ended." 

DECOKUK  or  couroL 

In  the  Council  no  one  may  cross  or  remain  within  the  open 

space,  except  the  Chief  presiding,  the  members  speaking  or 
performing,  and  the  Keeper  of  the  Fire  when  attending  to  her 
duties.  ]^evertheless  the  Fire  Keeper  must  not  tend  the  fire 
at  a  time  when  it  will  interfere  with  any  performance  or  distnct 
attention  at  an  important  moment. 

For  assent  or  approval,  we  say  "How";  for  "No"  we  say 
"Wah";  the  Chief  at  the  "Council  Rock"  is  addressed  "O 
Chief,"  and  speaks  not  from  the  chair,  but  from  the  "Council 
Rock."  Any  one  wishing  to  speak,  arises,  salutes,  giving  the 
Woodcraft  sign  as  given  on  page  24,  says,  "O  Chief"  and  waits 
until  the  Chief  recognizes  her  by  name  or  gesture,  thus  giving  the 
sole  right  of  speech  for  the  time. 

It  is  not  proper  to  whisper  in  Council,  nor  to  laugh  when  a 
serious  matter  is  being  presented,  nor  look  around  much,  nor 
heed  not  the  speaker,  nor  should  one  make  noise  or  tap  with  one's 
feet  or  hands,  or  with  a  stick,  or  chew  or  eat  or  lounge  about, 
or  lie  down,  nor  turn  tc  loci:  when  some  one  arrives  late,  but  in 
all  ways  act  as  though  each  speaker  were  great  and  important, 
however  much  she  may  be  otherwise.   For  this  is  good  manners. 

The  order  of  ceremony 
for  Grand  Council  is  found 
on  page  25. 

INDOOR  COUNCIL 

In  the  Indoor  Council 
use  the  Four  Fires,  as 
illustrated,  consisting  of  a 
flat  centre  18  x  18  mches, 
decorated  with  animals  to 
represent  the  four  cor- 
ners of  the  earth.  In  the 
centre  should  be  placed  a 
shallow  earthen  dish  to  act 
as  a  fire  bowl  to  hold  the 
fire  after  it  has  been  made  by  the  rubbmg  sticks  or  matches. 
Around  this  central  fire  are  placed  f'^ur  pottery  socketaior 


10  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


the  four  candles.  The  candles  should  be  long  enough  to  bum 
two  hours;  the  centre  fire  »  allowed  to  die  out  after  toe  candles 
are  lighted.   (FdHkm  the  cerenumy  of  the  Rqpdar  CooadL) 

The  Woodcraft  Laws 

The  laws  for  the  Woodcraft  Girls  (and  for  the  lea^rs  as  far 

as  possible)  are: 

X.  Be  Brave.   Courage  is  the  noblest  of  all  gifts. 

2.  Be  Silent  while  your  elders  are  q[)eaking  and  otherwise 
show  them  deference. 

3.  Obey.   Obedience  is  the  first  duty  of  the  Woodcraft  Girl. 

4.  Be  Clean.    Both  yourself  and  the  place  you  live  in. 

5.  Understand  and  respect  your  body.  It  is  the  Temple  of  the 
Spirit. 

6.  Be  a  friend  of  all  harmless  wild  life.  Conserve  the  woods 
and  flowers,  and  especially  be  ready  to  fight  wild-fire  in  foiest 
ox  in  town. 

7.  Word  of  honor  is  sacred. 

8.  Play  fair.   Foul  play  is  treachery. 

Q.  Be  Reverent;  worship  the  Great  Spirit  and  respect  all  wor- 
ship of  Him  by  others. 

10.  Behind.  Do  at  least  one  act  of  unbargaining  service  every 
day. 

11.  Be  helpful.   Do  your  share  of  the  work. 
13.  Be  joyful.  Seek  the  joy  of  being  alive. 

When  brought  m*o  some  new;  group  such  as  the  school 
or  club,  one  is  naturally  anxious  to  begin  by  makiv  a  ^ood  im- 
pression oir  the  others,  by  showing  wliat  one  can  do,  provmg  wliat 
one  is  made  of,  and  by  making  clear  one's  serioumess  in  asking 
to  be  enrolled.  So  also  those  who  form  the  group;  they  wish  to 
know  whether  the  newcomer  is  made  of  good  stuff,  and  is  Ukely 
to  be  a  valuable  addition  to  thdr  number.  The  result  is  ndiat  we 
call  initiation  trials,  the  testing  of  the  newcomer. 

The  desire  to  initiate  and  be  initiated  is  a  /try  ancient,  deep- 
laid  impiilse.  Handled  judiciously  and  undt  r  me  direction  of  a 
competent  adult  guide,  it  becomes  a  powerful  fnroe  for  char- 
acter building,  for  inculcatmg  self-control. 

In  Woodcraft  we  carefully  sdect  for  these  try-outs  such  tests 
as  demonstrate  the  charactor  and  ability  Of  the  newcomor,  and 


OigMiiistkMi 


II 


the  initiation  becomes  a  real  proof  of  fortitude,  so  that  the  new 
girl  is  as  keen  U.  face  the  trial,  as  the  Tribe  she  would  enter  is 

to  give  it 

THE  IKTriATION  THAU 

The  trial  should  be  approved  by  the  Council  and  be  given  to 
the  candidate  when  her  name  is  proposed  for  membership — that 
is,  posted  on  the  Totem  pole  where  it  remains  for  seven  suns.  In 
ramp  a  iltuxtar  time  may  be  allowed  at  the  diseretioii  <d  the 
leaders. 

1.  Silence.  Keep  absolute  silence  for  six  hours  during  the  day- 
tune  in  camp,  while  freely  mixing  with  the  life  of  the  camp. 
In  the  city  keep  silence  from  after  school  till  bedtime. 

2.  Keep  good-natured.  Keep  absolutely  unruffled,  for  one  day 
of  twelve  hours,  giving  a  smiling  answer  to  all. 

3.  Exact  (Htedience.  For  one  week  give  prompt,  smiling  obe- 
dience to  parents,  teachers,  and  those  who  have  authority  over 
you.    This  must  be  certified  to  by  those  in  question. 

4.  Make  a  useful  woodcraft  article,  such  as  a  basket,  a  bench,  a 
bed,  a  bow,  a  set  of  fire-sticks,  etc. 

5.  Sleep  out,  mthoul  a  built  roof  overhead,  for  three  nights  con- 
secutively, or  ten,  not  consecutively.  (Sleeping  porch  allowed 
by  speda!  permission  of  Council.) 


NEW  member's  work 


After  the  new  member  has  learned  the  Laws  and  taken  the 
Imtmtion  test,  the  first  thing  to  claim  her  attention  is  that  of 
qualifying  for  the  rank  of  Pathfinder  and  later  of  Winyan,  then 
the  Achievements,  each  with  its  appropriate  badge,  which  are 
described  on  page  327.  In  time  she  wiU  have  amwdoaft  suit, 
but  this  may  come  later. 


Growth 

The  idea  01  growth,  suggested  by  the  opening  in  the  rim  of  the 
mnir."^''"  to  provide  ior  growth,  is  a  big  oneln  the  Woodcraft 
Poifi  ^"  .  member  should  grow  from  Wayseeker  to 
f^n  1^.  ir'J  '^^^'^       should  advance  so 

as  to  be  able  to  make  the  achievements  and  degrees  which  are 
mentionedmSectionlV  of  the  Woodcraft  Mani2. 


12 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


BLUE  BUFFALO 
iQoa 

On  white  grauiML 


HORNED 
KINGBIRDS 

I0O2 

Black  and  white  on  paie  red. 


AHMEEKS 

igog 
Bbck  on  red. 
A  loud  "slap-tlunt." 


FLYING  EAGLES 

IQ02 

Black  and  white  on  red. 


SINAVVA 
1003 
BUKk  on  red. 


SILVER  FOXES 
1904 
Black  on  white. 


BLUE  HERONS 
1Q04 
Blue  on  gieen. 
"Hrm" 


BLACKBEARS 
igo6 
Bhtck  on  red 


RED  TRAILERS 
Red  on  pale  yellow 


OWENOKES 

MOON  BAND  1904  \ 


MOON  BAND 

iOoS 
YeUow  on  biue. 


OWENOKES 
1904 
Red  with  faiMk 
<M  pab  tthtt. 


BLAZING  ARROW 
RadoBj 


4' 


Oxganizatioii 


Z3 


RAVEN 
Black  on  red. 
Broe-Broo 


HOOT  OWL 
Black  and  yellow  on  green 
W» 


SCREECH  OWI. 
Cark   red,  white  -  face  on 
purple  ground. 
WhU-U-U-ho 
A  toh  quavering  ay. 


WOLF 
Black  on  rad  for  Wolva, 
Uiown  on  yeUow  for 
Brown  W<rfves. 
Red  on  pale  blue  for  Red 
Wolves,  etc.,  etc. 


WILD  CAT 
Gray  or  brown  on  tea  green. 
Yah-rvw-mt; 


BLACK  WOLF 
Black  on  yellow  or 
LOBO  BAND 
Gray  on  pink. 
Ya-koo«m0 


LYNX 
Blown  on  gray. 
Blown  on  bhie. 
Red  on  green. 


GMZZLY 
Grr-mtf 


OKOKOHOO  or 
CAT  OWL 
Red  and  white  on  puiide. 


BLACK  CAT 
Bhck  with  yellow  eyet 
yeUow  ground. 


FOX 

Red  on  yeUow  for  Red  Foiea. 
Silver  on  goU  far  SOvw 
Fons. 


LrrOEBEAR 
orbrawaoiptlil 
Wmt-mmt 


14 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


FUtEBOAT 
buk  bbe  on  pale  gnen. 
A  loof  whittk. 


THUNDER  CANOE 
Black  or  dark  gray  on  pale 
blue. 

A  whistle  then  a  bang. 

I 

BLACK  HAWK 
Black  on  red. 


BLUEHAWK 
Blue  on  blood  red 
indioH  war  hoop 


THUNDEK 
OmwtMbbck. 


FLYING  BLACK  HAWK 
Black  on  orange  or  red. 


BALD  EAGLE 
White  and  brown  on  yellow. 


NIGHT-BIRD 
Brawn  and  wUte  OB  pale  bltt*> 

green. 

fmbtdy-ptaMy-ptabtiy 
wbktled. 


BUCK 
Pnipla  o«  bhM. 
AthifflwUMk. 


Black  and  wUte  for  Red 
Imm,  Amber  Loon,  etc., 
on  Uoe  ground. 
A  tnmulous  niibM. 


u 

MUSTANG 
Black  Mustang,  Red  Mus 
tang,  and  Wild  Horse;  on 
yellow  ground. 
Aloof 


w 

BUCKHORN. 
Bhck  buck,  etc.  on  pak 
green  ground. 
Ailiiffl.kiHkwwiMB.. 


A 

FORKED  LIGHTNING 
Rad  or  yellow  on  bhmrwu 
Pitt  ittiti^ 


OAMRD 
Black  and  uMla. 


Oigwnization 


SILENT  BEAVER 

Brown  on  blue. 
No  BMWtli— no  ay 


8HUNKA-REELA. 
(ninning  fox) 
YtHem  and  black  ob  pah 
blue. 


STINGRAY 
Gnn  with  Madk  ouukt  < 
INkhndgimud. 


RED-GODS 
Red  on  pale  bhw. 


BADGER 
WUte  and  black  oo  yOkm 
ground. 
A  rattling  wbi^ 


BLAZING  STAR 
YaOmr  sttr-nd 


WHOOPING  CRANE 
White  on  blue  ground — black 
wing. 

iM-fM,  a  tiumpeted  cnak. 


WOLVERINB 
Black  and  pale  blOWB 
white. 


BLUE  MOON 
Pale  blue  on  deep  gieea. 
Any  kaowB  aJgkt 


i6 


Woodcraft  Manu«u  for  Girls 


BUGLINO  ELK 
Daifc  brown  on  iom  nd. 

MOOSE 
Black  on  ptle  gnan. 
A  long  ntooth  bdlow. 


CAT-IN-THE-NIGRT 
Gnyoabbck. 
Fnmnm 


COYOTE 
Brawn  nnd  white  on  ytSkm. 
Y»»p-yo»p-yak-y»m  in  m- 
cending  ^  ISm  •  coyote^ 
buk. 


FLYING  EAGLE 
White  and  brown  on  pale 
blue. 


FIRE-MOUMTAIN  BAND. 
Bhw  monntaitt,  nd  flamet 
OB  Mack. 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS  or 
SNOW  PEAK  BAND 
White  on  dark  blue. 


THUNDERBIRD  ■ 
Daik  blue  on  yellow,  white 
head. 

U^tnlng  cooMa  fram  Ida  ore. 


MOHAWE 
Black  and  nd  en  oUve  green* 


ARROW  FOOT 
Redonbhwfidd. 


Gfay  with  hUdk  maAa  on  • 
led  ground. 
A  high  iHtched  quavering 


SUNRISE  BAND 
Yellow  on  pale  blue. 
Call  a  loud  Yo-io,  yo-ie,  yo- 
k»  on  aecanrtlng  noMa. 


Organitatkm 


17 


LIGHT  HEART 
lad  OB  p«le  Una. 


ARROWHEADS 
Tuquoise  blue  anxnr  OD 
dark  brown. 


BLUE  SKY 
Large  blue  circle  on  white. 


OJIBWA 
Orange  on  pale  blue. 
Peace  Wboop. 


RED  ARROW 
Red  on  white. 
Zip-up 


BLACKFOOT 
Black  and  red. 


KINGSNAK^ 
YAxr  with  red  spots,  fVDOBd 
pale  green. 


FLYING  PATROL  oc 
FLEET  FOOT  « 
WINGED  HEEL. 
White  CO  red. 


/ 

DEERFOOT 
YcOoir  and  black  on  Una- 


HORSESHOE 
Blue  on  pale  yaOow. 


0% 

SHINING  MOUNTAIN 
Dark  blue  semi-drcle  with 


WAR  QUILL 
WUte  feather  bhuk  tip  and 
red  tuft  on  yellow. 


YELLOW  QUILL 
AO  ydaw  with  bladi  OB 
pala  graan* 


THE  SEVEN  STARS 
Pale  pink  on  dark  Uua. 


RED-HAND 
Red  hand  on  gmr. 

B9 


SNAPPER  BAND 
Badcalaiiniihi, 


z8  Woodcraft  Mantial  for  Giils 


REQUIREMENTS  IN  THE  BIG  LODGE 
Wayseeker 

To  qualify  for  a  Big  Lodge— that  is,  to  enter  as  a  Wayaeekc 

one  must: 

Be  over  twelve  years  of  age. 
Know  the  twelve  laws  and  state  the  advan- 
tages of  them. 
Take  one  of  the  initiations. 
Be  voted  in  unanimously  by  other  members 
of  the  group. 

Wayseeker  Having  passed  this,  the  candidate  becomes 

^  a  Wayseeker  and  receives  the  Big  Lodge  Badge 

of  the  lowest  rank,  tliat  is,  with  two  green  tassels  on  it. 
The  next  hi^er  rank  is  that  of  Pathfinder. 

Pathfinder 

To  win  the  rank  of  Pathfinder,  the  Wayseeker  must  know  the 
Star  Spangled  Banner  and  take  the  following  fifteen  tests: 
X.  Have  one  month's  honorable  service  without  stain  on 
record  in  Big  Lodge  as  Wayseeker. 

2.  Walk  four  miles  in  two  hours  and  write  a 
satisfactory  account  of  it. 

3.  Swim  fifteen  yards.  (If  this  is  impos- 
sible, the  Tribal  Council  may  substitute  five 
minutes'  daily  calisthenics,  followed  by  a  wet  or 
dry  rub,  for  one  month.) 

4.  Enlist  a  new  member  m  one  of  the  lodges. 

5.  Know  the  Pole  Star,  the  twp  Dippers,  and  at  least  uree 
other  constellations. 

6.  Know  ten  forest  trees,  leaf  and  trunk. 

7.  Know  ten  wild  flowers  by  observation. 

8.  Know  fifty  signs  of  the  Sign  Language. 

9.  Know  ten  totems  as  found  in  the  aty;  or  ten  edible  wild 
plants. 

10.  Transplant  successfully  four  kinds  of  trees,  flowers,  or 
plants,  or  make  a  bird  box  or  restaurant,  according  to  specifica- 
tions of  the  Audubon  Society,  and  see  that  it  is  properly  placed. 

11.  Prepare  of  wildwood  materials  only,  and  lirfit  tmee  suc- 
cessive camp  fires  with  three  matches;  or  siqqply  wwkdeolt  ptc\M 
firewood  for  cooking  three  camp  meals. 

12.  Tie  five  of  the  foSowing  standajrd  knots  and  know  w  sir 


Pathfinder 


Oiganlutioii 


19 


uses:  double  bow,  running  noose,  square,  whip  a  rope's  end, 
timber  hitch,  bowhne,  hard  loop,  clove  hitch,  eye  splice. 

13.  Understand  and  demonstrate  the  use  of  hammer  and 
saw  (such  as  putting  a  shelf  in  a  wooden  box),  or  understand  and 
demonstrate  use  of  hatchet  and  whittKng  knife  (under  adult 
gmdance.) 

14.  Make  a  beaded  head  band,  or  show  samples  of  the  ten 
following  stitches:  running,  overhanding,  felUng,  backstitching, 
hemming,  gathering,  darning,  patching,  herrmgbone,  buttonhole. 

15.  Care  for  your  own  room  in  house  including  mak- 
ing bed,  dusting,  keeping  tidy  for  one  week,  or  set  table  or 
wash  dishes  for  at  least  three  persons  for  six  meaJs  during  a  week's 
time. 

When  these  tests  have  been  satisfactorily  passed  the  member  is 
called  out  in  Council,  the  Guide  in  charge  tells  of  it  in  as  much 
detail  as  is  needed.  Then  taking  a  pair  of  scissors  or  a  knife, 
announces: 

"Now,  thereiore,  acting  for  the  Council,  I  clip  from  this  mem- 
ber's badge,  the  first  emblem  of  inexperience,  the  tassel  of  green, 
and  consign  it  to  the  flames." 
Then  shaking  hands  with  the  candidate  says: 
"  I  now  dedue  complete  your  installaticm  as  a  Pathfinder." 


Winyan 

To  win  the  rank  of  Winyan,  meaning  "A  Girl  Tried  and 
Proven"  the  following  fifteen  tests  must  be  taken: 

1.  Cook  a  meal  with  no  utensils  but  a  hatchet  and  what  one 
can  make  with  it,  or  cook  three  digestible  meals 
by  camp  fire  for  not  less  than  three  persons. 

2.  Know  the  essentials  of  camping,  induding 
where  to  camp,  how  to  put  up  a  tent  and  pre- 
pare for  rain,  where  and  how  to  erect  a  latrine 
(see  Campmg,  Section  III).  "mnyia 

t^'^.^°'^  ^^""^^  "ake  of  wildwood  materials,  either  a  com- 
fortable ramproof  shdter  suitable  for  over-night,  or  a  dry  com- 
i(Mrtable  camp  bed. 

tit  *  serviceaWe  rushes,  grass  or  wood  fibre 

(rf  wildwood  IS  not  obtamable,  straw,  hay,  or  com  husks  may  be 

used) ,  or  make  a  sUck  bed. 

S-  Row  a  boat  one-half  mile  in  twenty  minutes.  0r  (if  one 
can  swmi)  paddle  a  canoe  in  same  time.  v 

6.  Take  a  six-mile  hike  most  of  wWch  is  in  the  country  and 
wnte  a  satisfactory  account  of  it.  w«««j  •«« 


Woodcnu.^  Manual  for  GMa 


7.  Know  fifteen  native  wild  birds  from  observation  in  street, 
field,  or  woods. 

8.  Know  ten  native  wild  quadrupeds. 

9.  Know  ready  help  for  cuts,  poisoning,  faint  ing,  dislocations, 
and  sprains,  as  found  on  page  151. 

10.  Show  by  exanunation  and  practice  an  acquaintance  with 
the  essentials  of  etiquette  as  used  in  Woodcraft  Council  and  in 
daily  acts. 

1 1.  Run  a  Council  and  teach  a  dance  or  song. 

12.  Spend  at  least  three  hoiurs  a  week  for  two  weeks  helping 
in  home  duties. 

13.  Keep  temper  quite  unruffled,  or  speak  no  evil  of  any  one, 
for  one  moon. 

14.  After  consultation  with  Guide  al^tain  from  besetting  sin 
for  two  months. 

15.  Write  a  composition  of  not  less  than  1,000  words  on  three 
American  women  whose  lives  have  had  great  influence  on  the 

nation. 

Now,  as  before,  the  Guide  testifies  in  Council,  the  Pathfinder 
has  the  last  green  tassel  cut  from  her  Badge  and  is  installed  as  a 
Winyan  of  the  Big  Lodge. 

Titles  and  Officers 

Head  Guide — One  at  least  twenty-one  years  of  age,  of  good 
character,  associated  with  some  Woodcraft  Tribe  and  actually 
giving  time  to  leading  in  Woodcraft  work.  Also  qualified  or 
willing  to  qualify  within  a  y^T  as  Gleeman  or  Council  Leader. 
(See  Degrees.)  Is  responsible  to  Headquarters  for  work  of  Tribe. 

Guide — One  at  least  eighteen  years  of  age,  of  good  character, 
willing  to  give  time  to  leading  a  Band  in  Woodcraft  work.  Is 
commissioned  by  Headquarters  upon  recommendation  of  the 
Head  Guide. 

Shaman — a  Guide  who  has  qualified  as  Camper,  Camp  Doc- 
tor, Camp  Coc'i,  and  Council  Leader. 

Chief— A  member  of  a  Tribe  appointed  as  Leader  by  the  Guide 
or  elected  by  tht  members  of  the  Tribe  with  the  Guide's  approval. 
She  acts  as  the  representative  of  the  members  (should  team  to 
run  the  Cuuncil),  and  cooperates  with  the  Guide  in  conducting 
the  work  of  the  Tribe. 

Band  Chief— A  member  of  one  of  the  Bands  appointed  as 
leader  by  the  Guide  or  elected  by  the  members  of  the  Band  with 
the  Guide'f  approval.   She  acts  as  the  representative  of  the 


OiymiMtion  ai 

members  and  co6p«rates  with  tbt  Guide  iff  OMKiucting  the  work 

of  the  Band. 

Tally  Keeper— A  mei  iber  of  the  Tribe  apprinted  by  the 
Guide,  or  elected  by  the  Tribe  with  the  approvalof  the  Guide,  to 
act  as  Secretary  and  keep  the  Tally. 

Wampum  Keeper— A  member  of  the  Tribe  appointed  by  the 
Guide,  or  elected  by  the  Tribe  with  the  approval  of  the  Guide, 
to  act  as  Treasurer.  Sometimes  it  may  be  wise  to  have  one 
member  hold  both  this  and  the  preceding  office. 

Band  Tally  and  Wampum  Collector— A  member  of  a  band 
appointed  by  the  Guide  or  elected  by  the  Band  with  the  approval 
of  the  Guide  to  act  as  Secretary  for  the  Band  and  to  coUect  dues 
of  the  members.    Reports  to  the  Tribal  officers. 

Wayseekkr— The  lowest  rank  in  the  Big  Lodge. 

Patkhnder— The  next  or  second  rank  in  the  Big  Lodge. 

WiNYAN— The  highest  rank  in  the  Big  Lodge. 

Father  and  Mother  Councillor— Adult  relative  or  friend, 
interested  in  work,  welfare,  and  support  of  the  Tribe,  but  not 
necessarily  giving  as  much  time  as  a  Guide. 

Sagamore — A  member  who  has  achieved  twenty-four  Coups. 

Grand  Sagamore— One  who  has  achieved  twenty-four  Grand 
Coups. 

Sachem— A  member  who  has  achieved  forty-eight  Coups. 
Grand  Sachem— A  member  who  has  achieved  forty-eieht 
Grand  Coups. 

Fire  Keeper— A  member  of  a  Band  or  Tribe  appointed  by  the 
Chief  to  attend  to  the  Council  Fire  for  any  given  period. 

Watch  Lodge— It  has  been  found  very  valuable  in  soi.  o  cases 
to  have  a  group  of  select -d  members  of  the  Tribe  who  will  assist 
at  times  when  discipline  necessary.  This  group  may  be  called 
by  any  appropriate  name,  but  should  be  called  upon  only  in 
emergency. 

Band— A  group  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  ten  mem- 
bers under  a  Band  Chief  and  a  Guide. 

Tribe— A  group  of  not  less  than  two  Bands,  that  is,at  least  ten 
members,  chartered  from  Headquarters  and  empowered  to  confer 
Badges  and  Degrees  according  to  the  Laws  of  the  Birch  Bark 
KoU  under  aChief  and  a  Head  Guide  appointed  by  Headquarters. 
The  maxunum  number  in  a  Tribe  is  fifty  members. 

Badges 

blStoS^^^  of  the  Woodcraft  League  is  a  white  shield  with 


22  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


That  of  the  Girls'  Big  Lodge  has  in  addition  a  circle  open  at  the 
bottom  and  enclosing  a  blue  background  with  a  purple  four- 
pointed  star,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  an  orange  or  flame-colored 
circle.  On  the  outer  circle  between  the  points  of  the  star  are  four 
small  spots,  indicating  the  four  comers  of  the  earth. 

That  of  the  Little  Lodge  has  an  incomplete  circle  and  a  small 
brown  lodge  on  it. 

The  crown  on  the  Chief's  badge  is  in  each  case  blue. 

That  of  the  Coup  is  a  black  and  white  eagle  feathor  embroid- 
erer^  in  wash  silk. 

That  of  the  Grand  Coup  is  the  same  with  a  red  tuft  on  the  eod. 

That  of  the  Sagamore  has  a  crown  with  five  p>oints. 

That  of  the  Grand  Sagamore,  Sachem,  and  Grand  Sachem  is 
made  in  the  same  way  as  the  Sagamore  bodge  with  ihe  addition 
of  red  tufts,  etc. 

The  badges  for  degrees  are  red  squares  (with  a  design  in  black) 
and  blue  horns. 

That  of  the  Guiae  nas  a  trail  on  it. 

That  of  the  Shaman  has  on  it  the  four  mountains  of  attain- 
ment. 

The  robe  badge  for  degree  is  the  Zuni  Coil  in  the  cue  oi 
which  is  the  emblem  of  the  degree. 

The  Head  Band  for  the  Girls'  Big  Lodge  is  composed  of  blue 
teraees  on  a  white  background. 

That  of  the  Little  Lodge  has  brown  squares  with  a  white  back- 
ground. 

The  Meaning  of  t^c  Badges 

The  badge  of  the  Woodcraft  League  is  an  ancient  Indian  totem 
composed  of  a  pair  of  horns  attached  to  a  shield ;  the  horns  mean- 
ing "attack  "and  the  shield  "  defense"  ;the  idea  symbolized  being, 
"  trained  ana  ready..' '  This  is  used  bv  all  in  the  League,  whether 
boy  or  girl,  Little  Lodge  or  Adult. 

T  le  blue  on  the  badge  is  to  remind  us  of  "Blue  Sky,"  which 
is  our  watchword.  For  under  the  blue  sky,  in  the  sunlight, 
we  seek  to  live  our  lives;  and  our  thoughts  are  of  "Blue  Sky," 
for  that  means  "cheer";  and  when  there  are  clouds,  we  know 
that  the  blue  sky  is  ever  behind  them,  and  will  come  again. 

On  the  girls'  badges  the  four-rayed  star  stands  for  the  four- 
fold life  reaching  out  to  the  four  comers  of  the  earth  from  the 
great  central  fire.  The  rays  of  the  star  are  Fortitude,  Beauty, 
Truth,  and  Love.  They  correqxmd  with  the  four  little  fires 
about  the  Council  Fire.  The  (»ange  drde  in  the  cmtn  is  the 


OffuiiailkMi  2$ 

WOODCBATT  GIRLS'  BAD0B8 
Wayseeker  Pathfinder  rM>< 

n  n  ^ 

StguKne       Gnnd  Sagamon         SadMm  Gmd 

Guide  liediciiie  Womaa 


C(wpB«lge  IB!  GittdCoq. 

Degree  Zwni  Coil 

Badges      Blanket  Uegiee  Badge 


*o  o 


(UTILE  LODGE) 

Wood  Brownie     Water  Brownie       Rn  Brownie  CUef 


Head  Bands 


34  Woodciaft  Mamud  for  Giflf 


symbol  for  fire,  the  gift  of  the  Great  Spirit  and  a  help  to 
ber  Him.    The  four  corners  of  the  earth,  the  green  patches 
on  the  outer  rim,  indicate  that  the  Woodcraft  Girl  is  prepared 
to  meet  life  on  every  side,  even  as  "the  tower,  four  square  to 
every  wind  that  blows." 

The  dark  circle,  encircling  the  whole,  denotes  continuity  and 
completeness,  but  it  is  open  at  the  bottom  to  symbolise  that 
there  is  always  an  entrance  for  a  new  thought  or  growth. 

Salute 

The  salute  is  given  with  the  right  hand  with  all  the  fingers 
closed  to  the  palm,  except  the  little  finger  and  the  thumb  and  the 
hand  raised  level  with  the  head. 

The  hand  sign  of  the  girls  is  the  "Sun  in  the  heart,  rising  to 
the  Zenith,"  given  by  the  right  hand  being  placed  over  the  heart, 
the  first  finger  and  the  thumb  making  a  circle  then  swinging  the 
forearm  so  the  hand  is  level  with  the  forehead. 

The  Meaning  of  the  Council  Ring 

Why  do  we  sit  in  a  drde  around  the  fire?  ThatisanoldsttHy 

and  a  new  one. 

In  the  beginning,  before  men  had  fire,  they  were  forced  to  sit 
up  in  the  trees  and  shiver  all  night  as  they  looked  down  at  the 
shining  eyes  in  the  bushes  below— the  eyes  of  fierce  creatures 
ready  to  destroy  them. 

But  fire,  when  it  was  found,  enabled  man  to  sit  on  the  ground 
all  night,  for  the  brute  beasts  feared  it  and  stayed  afar.  It  afford- 
ed him  protection,  warmth,  a  place  of  meeting  and  comfort.  All 
the  good  things  that  we  think  of  when  we  say  "home"  belong  to 
the  place  around  the  fire.  And  when  man  began  to  think  of  such 
matters,  he  accepted  the  fire  as  the  Great  M3rstery.  Still  Uiter, 
as  he  realized  that  the  Sun  was  the  Great  Mystery  by  day,  he 
reasoned  that  there  could  not  be  two  great  mysteries;  therefore, 
V\e.  Invisible  Cause  bdbind  these  two  must  be  the  cme  Great 
lih  -^e\y ;  and  in  this  was  the  first  thought  of  true  religion. 

All  of  these  things  are  deep  in  our  nature,  ground  m  thro 
the  ages  as  we  sat  about  the  fire  of  wood  that  was  our  nighuy 
guardian  in  the  forest.    And  all  of  these  ancient  thoughts  and 
memories  are  played  on,  whether  we  realize  it  or  not,  when  we 
gather  ir;  a  circle  about  the  Council  Fiie. 

Ther. ,  ^oo,  a  circle  is  the  best  way  of  seating  a  group.  Each 
has  hei  ^  'a>^  and  is  so  s^t^d  ?is  to  see  everything  and  be  seen 


Organization 


l)v  everybody.  As  a  result  each  feels  a  vcrv  real  part  in  the 
proceedings  as  they  could  not  feel  if  there  were  corners  in  which 
one  could  hide.  The  circle  is  dignified  and  it  is  democratic.  It 
was  with  this  idea  that  King  Arthur  abolished  the  old-fashioned 
long  table  with  two  levels,  one  above  the  salt  for  the  noble  folk 
and  one  below  for  the  common  herd,  and  founded  the  Round 
Table.  At  his  table  all  who  were  worthy  to  come  were  on  the 
same  level,  were  brothers,  equal  in  dignity  and  responsibility; 
and  each  in  honor  bound  to  do  his  share.  The  result  was  a 
kindlier  spirit,  a  sense  of  mutual  dependence. 

These  are  the  thoughts  in  our  Council  Ring.  These  are  among 
the  reasons  why  our  Council  is  always  in  a  circle  and  if  possible 
around  the  fire.  The  memory  of  those  long-gone  days  is  brought 
back  again  with  their  simple,  reverent  spirit,  their  sense  of 
brotherhood,  when  we  sit  as  our  people  used  to  sit  about  the 
fire  and  smell  the  wood  smoke  of  CouncU. 


Ceremony  of  Grand  Conndl 

When  the  members  have  familiarized  themselves  with  the 
work  they  will  want  to  invite  their  friends  and  hold  Grand 
Council,  introducing  various  things,  such  as  dramatic  dances, 
songs,  etc.,  in  addition  to  the  regmr  Doings  in  Council.  The 
following  order  is  suggested  for  the  (^ning: 

When  all  are  assembled  and  seated,  give  a  short  roll  of  the 
drum. 

Then  let  the  Guide  or  the  appointed  Chief  of  the  Council  call 
out :  "  My  friends,  give  ear— we  hold  a  Council " ;  or  if  the  Indian 
words  are  preferred,  "Yo-hay-y-  Yo-hay-y-y;  Meetah  Kola 
Nahoonpo  Omnee-chee-yaynce-chopi. 

If  one  of  th^  members  is  to  make  the  fire  with  the  rubbing 
sticks,  the  Chief,  still  standing,  now  says  in  a  loud,  clear  voice: 

"Now  light  we  the  Council  Fire  after  the  manner  of  the  forest 
chudren,  even  as  Wakonda  himself  doth  light  his  fire— liy  the 
rubbing  together  of  two  trees  in  the  storm  wind,  so  cometh  forth 
the  sacred  fire  from  the  wood  of  the  forest." 

(She  uses  the  drill;  the  smoke  comes,  the  flame  bursts  forth  ) 

"Now  know  we  that  Wakonda  the  Great  Spirit  hath  b<«n 
pleased  to  smile  on  His  children,  hath  sent  down  Uic  ^civd 
fire.  By  this  we  know  He  will  be  present  at  our  Council,  that 
His  wisdom  will  be  with  us." 

ir-\— t  ceremony  the  Chief  puts  a  handful  of  red 

AJnUumk  (red  wUlow),  or  a  local  substitute  mbced  with  white 
cedar  wood  m  the  little  fire  bowl,  so  that  the  smoke  and  its  fia- 


36 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


grance  are  diffused  and  says;  "  As  the  Great  Central  Fire  of  all 
reaches  out  to  the  Four  Corners  of  the  earth  and  kindles  bkudng 

lights,  so  at  our  sacred  symbol  fire  light  we  our  lamps,  one  each 
for  Fortitude,  Beauty,  Truth,  and  Love.  And  while  these  lights 
are  blazing  bright,  we  know  that  we  shall  grow." 

Four  candies  are  there  on  the  Shrine  of  this  our  symbol  Fires, 
And  from  them  reach  twelve  rays — twelve  golden  strands  of 
this  the  Law  we  hold: 

From  the  Lamp  of  Fortitude  are  These 

Be  Brave;  for  fear  b  in  the  foundation  of  all  ill;  iinffinrhingnfas 

is  strength. 

Be  SiUfU.  It  is  harder  to  keep  silence  than  to  speak  in  the 

hour  of  trial,  but  in  the  end  it  is  stronger. 

Obey;  for  obedience  means  self-control,  which  is  the  sum  of  the 
law. 

And  These  are  the  Rays  from  Beauty's  Lamp 

y Be  Clean;  for  there  is  no  perf.ct  beauty  without  cleanliness  of 
body,  soul,  and  estate.  The  body  is  the  sacred  temple  of  the 
!^irit,  therefore  reverence  your  body.  Cleanliness  helps  first 
yourself,  then  those  around,  and  those  who  keep  this  law  are 
truly  in  their  country's  loving  service. 

Understand  and  respect  your  body.  It  is  the  temple  of  the 
spirit,  for  without  health  can  neither  strength  nor  beauty  be. 

Protect  all  harmless  wild  life  for  the  joy  its  beauty  gives. 

And  These  are  the  Kays  froan  0x9  iMop  of  Ttulk 

Hold  your  word  of  honor  sacred.  This  is  the  law  of  truth,  and 
any  one  not  bound  by  this  cannot  be  bound;  and  truth  is  wisdom. 

Play  Fair;  for  fair  play  is  truth  and  foul  play  is  treachery. 

Reverence  tite  Great  Spirit,  and  all  Worship  of  Him  f<Mr  none  have 
all  the  truth,  and  all  who  reverently  worship  have  daims  on  our 
respect 

And  Iliese  are  in  the  Blaxinf  Lamp  of  Love 

Be  Kind.  Do  at  least  one  act  of  unbargaining  sennet  every 
day,  even  as  ye  would  enlarge  the  crevice  whence  a  qwing  runs 
forth  to  make  its  blessings  more. 


OfgBiiizfttioii 


Be  Helpful.  Do  your  share  of  the  work  for  the  glory  that  the 
service  brings,  for  the  strength  one  gets  in  serving. 

Be  Joyful.  Seek  the  joy  of  being  alive — for  every  reasonable 
gladness  you  can  get  or  give  is  treasure  that  can  ne\cr  be  de- 
stroyed, and  like  the  springtime  gladness  doubles,  every  time 
with  others  it  is  shared. 

Then  use  the  regular  ceremony  of  the  Council  cutting  short 
the  business  unless  it  is  very  interesting.  After  closing  by 
singing  the  Omaha  Tribal  Prayer,  the  Chief  announces:  "Our 
Council  is  ended,  but  our  Council  Fire  bums;  now,  therefore,  lest 
this  blessing  become  a  danger,  it  is  the  duty  of  our  Fire  Keeper 
to  utLerly  quench  our  Council  Fire  or  hedge  it  about  with  an 
impassable  barrier  lest  it  become  a  source  of  danger." 

Closing 

Sometimes  the  Council  is  closed  with  another  song  such  as  the 
Zuni  Sunset,  or  Bark  Canoe,  in  which  case  the  "Onmha"  is  sung 
after  the  lighting  of  the  candles. 

The  Council  Robe 

A  number  of  the  members  of  the  Woodcraft  League  have  found 
the  Council  Robe  at  Grand  Council  both  comfortable  and 
picturesque. 

It  is  usually  a  blanket  of  light  yveight  material,  decorated  with 
badges  for  degree  or  coups  when  they  have  been  won,  also  totems 
of  the  band,  the  tribe,  etc. 


CONSTITUTION  OR 
THE  LAWS  FOR  THE  RUUNG  OF  THE  TRIBB 

I.  Naint 

This  Tribe  shall  be  called  "The   Tribe  of  the  Big 

Lodge  of  the  Woodcraft  League." 

n.  Ptirpose 

Our  purpose  is  to  learn  the  outdoor  life  for  its  worth  in  the 
buildmg  up  of  our  bodies  and  the  helping  and  strengthening  of 
our  souls;  that  we  may  go  forth  with  the  seeing  eye,  and  the 

thmking  hand  to  learn  the  pleasant  ways  of  the  woods  and  of 


28  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

life  that  we  be  made  in  all  wise  masters  of  ourselves:  facing  Ufe 
without  flmchmg,  read>  to  take  our  part  among  our  fellows  in  aU 
the  prob  ems  which  arise,  rejoicing  when  some  trial  comes  that 

tabernad J^""^'       ^  *°  worthy 

m.  Who  May  Enter 

Those  who  are  twelve  years  of  age,  who  know  the  law,  who  are 
acceptable  to  the  Band  and  who  can  show  themselves  worthy 
according  to  an  estabUshed  initiation.   M  begin  at  the  lowwt 

r3.nK« 

Those  who  would  enter  must  be  admitted  to  a  Band  which  is 
already  part  of  a  Tribe,  or  is  afterward  made  such. 

IV.  Councils 

A  Council  of  the  Tribe  should  be  held  in  the  first  part  of  each 
moon  or  oftener.  *^ 

Each  Band  should  hold  a  weekly  meeting. 

The  yearly  CouncU  for  the  elecUon  of  officers  shaU  be  held 
on  the  first  sun  of  the  Leaf  Falling  Moon  (October)  or  as  soon 
after  as  possible. 

•  •  ^'^^V  ^J^"-^'  H^^ger  (Feb.),  Crow  or  Waken- 

ing (March),  Grass  (April),  Planting  (May),  Rose  Hune), 

J^^^L  (^"g-^;  (Sept),  Leaf-tang 

(Oct.),  Mad  (Nov.),  Long-night  (Dec). 

Special  Council  may  be  caUed  by  the  Chief  with  the  approval 
of  the  Guide,  and  must  be  called  by  her  upon  the  written  rMuest 
of  one  fourth  of  the  Council  or  one  third  of  the  Tribe 

A  quarter  of  the  whole  number  shaU  be  a  quorum  of  the 
Council  or  Tnbe.  « 

V.  The  Rulers  of  tlie  Tribe 
(See  Titles,  page  ao) 

The  ZTeorf  Guide,  responsible  to  Headquarters,  is  chief  ruler. 
Outdes,  responsible  to  the  Head  Guide. 

.S'^i^'^-'f^^i^  sometimes  appointed  by 

the  Guide;  this  officer  should  be  strong  and  acceptable,  for  the 
emef  is  the  leader,  must  enforce  the  laws,  has  charge  of  the 
standard  which  bears  the  totem  of  the  Tribe,  and  is  the  represen- 
tative  of  the  members. 


OigBsixitioB 


29 


The  Second  Chief  takes  the  Chief's  place  in  case  the  latter  is 
absent;  is  elected  by  the  whole  Tribe. 

Taily- Keeper;  elected  by  the  members,or  appointed  for  one  year 
by  the  Guide  or  Chid,  and  is  charged  with  keeping  the  records. 
Enters  nothing  in  the  records,  except  as  oommtuided  by  the 
Council;  should  be  an  artist. 

Wampum  Keeper.  Appointed  for  one  year  by  the  Guide  or 
elected  by  the  members  to  keep  the  records  and  public  property 
of  the  Tribe.  Shoiild  have  a  lock-box  or  small  trunk  to  keep 
valuables  in. 

Sometimes  one  member  holds  more  than  one  of  these 

offices. 

The  Guides  appointed  by  Headquarters,  the  Tribal  and  Band 

Chiefs,  and  the  Sachems  and  Sagamores  by  right  of  their  Honors, 
together  form  the  High  Council  or  Governing  Body  of  the 


All  disputes,  etc.,  are  settled  by  the  Guide,  the  Chief,  and 
Council.  The  Council  makes  the  laws  and  fixes  the  dues.  The 
Chief  enforces  the  laws  with  the  support  of  the  Guide. 

All  rulers  are  elected  or  appointed  for  one  year,  or  imtil  their 
successors  are  chosen.  The  election  to  take  place  on,  or  as  soon 
as  possiUe  af  to:,  the  first  Sun  c$  the  Leaf  FalUng  Ho<m  (October 


Honorary  or  Life  Members  have  been  elected  by  some  Tribes 
as  marks  of  distinction  or  affection. 

(Whenever  in  doubt,  follow  the  National  Constitution.) 

Vow  of  the  Head  Chief.  (To  be  signed  with  name  and  totem, 
if  any,  in  the  Tally  Book.)  I  give  my  word  of  honor  that  I  will 
mamtain  the  Laws,  see  faur  play  m  all  the  doings  of  the  Tribe, 
and  protect  the  weak,  and  I  will  not  ask  any  one  to  do  what  I  am 
not  willing  to  do  myself. 

Vow  of  each  rrfmher.  (To  be  signed  with  the  name  and  totem 
of  each  m  the  Tally  Look.)  I  give  my  word  of  honor  that  in  all 
matters  of  Woodcraft,  I  will  obey  the  Chief  and  Council  of 
my  Tribe,  and  if  I  fail  in  my  duty  I  will  appear  before  the 
Council  wlttn  ordered,  and  submit  withmit  murmtitiiig  to  their 
decisi<«i. 


Changes  of  this  code,  in  harmony  with  the  National  Laws  may 
be  made  at  any  Council  bv  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  tlw  Tribe,  tf 
due  notice  of  the  proposed  change  is  given  to  all  members  seven 

suns  before. 


Tribe. 


VI.  Changes  of  the  Law 


Woodcnft  Manual  for  Gids 


Vn.  DuM 


Dues  shall  be:  first  o  j 

on  all  by  the  Council  for  TriKi^l' tSf^^ "^^^^ 
necessary,  the  CouncU  shaS  asS?^^^  i,-^"^'  "^^"^ 
camp.  "ose  taking  part  in 

The  initiation  fee  for  newcomers  shall  he  u-  ,. 

shall  mclude  the  first  year's  Hi.^l  kT.*  u  ii  .  :  ;  '  ^^ch 
sessmcnts.  ^  ^      «»cludc  the  as- 


Vm.  Confidential 
of  ''««P  «<»t  the  confidential  discu^aon. 

n.  Laws  and  Punishments 

The  laws  are  as  already  given  (p.  lo). 

Renewal  of  initiations. 
Jt^ata™  »  in  camp.  f„.„,  a. 

^^e  extreme  pe^l.y  fa  "death    that  fa,  banishment  fam  the 

The  Band 

The  Band  also  elects  iL' 11'  J  rl  ',  ^  's  elected. 
Chief  and  a  TMy  K^^r  '^^iu^u^^ m  absence  of  the 

office  to  keep  the^^S^  Jhe  W?^.";'!'*  f"  '°'  " 

Two  or  more  Bands  unite  to  form  a  Tribe 

us^l'^T^^I^d^Un         :i  °^       Tribe,  and 

Callof  itsoT^  theBandhasaboaToteiii;nda 

The  Band  keeps  its  own  TaUy,  and  laises  what  duet  it  pkaacs. 


Oisankatioii  32 

But  it  also  paj^  dues  to  the  Tribe  and  is  represented  in  Tribal 
Council  by  its  Chief  and  Nobles  (if  any)  and  such  Tribal  officers 
as  It  can  elect. 

The  Inbiinging  of  a  Newcomer 

Those  who  would  learn  the  life,  and  take  the  vows,  of  Wood- 
craft, must  enter  by  the  lowest  stage  of  the  Lodge.  And  before 
being  admitted  must  as  already  set  forth  (p.  28) : 

1.  Be  of  right  age  (i.  e.,  twelve  for  Big  Lodge), 
salute^""^      ^ws  of  the  Lodge  also  the  hand  sign  and  the 

3.  Must  be  proposed,  seconded,  and  have  name  posted  for 
seven  suns  on  the  bulletin  board  (Totem  pole)  or  tally  book  and 
be  given  an  Imtiation  Test  as  set  forth  in  the  trials  d  fortitude 
on  page  (11),  "'^» 

J^"st  have  passed  the  gi  /en  initiations  and  if  found  worthy 
may  take  the  vow  m  this  wise:   The  Guide,  or  whoever  is  con- 

mbnngmg,  There  is  a  new  member  to  be  taken  in  at  this 
Council  by  name.  .  .  Let  the  would-be  member  stand 
t£u  Jfifn'^^l!"^-^'"'  }  ^"^y  <l"»Kfi«»  in  the  four 

wfna  y^Tri  ^^"'^  °/      ^  'a^s  of  the  Lodge, 

^ving  been  duly  posted  for  seven  suns,  having  faced  the  init^- 

memLnnTi^fV°  t"'  ""l  ^^^^'^  admission  of  this 
member,  and  to  the  end  that  there  may  be  no  hindrance  to 
freedom  o  speech,  the  candidate  is  asked  to  leave  the  ComiS 
decided"  ^  ^  mtter  s^'tS^Sen 

In  the  discussion  all  the  Tribe  may  take  part,  but  only  the 
T'  ^""^       "^"^^^^^  entS?'the  order  by 
Se^  Tf^r''-    ^v}^^  one  blackball  is  enough  to  ex^ 

dude.    If  the  candidate  is  voted  down  it  is  wiser  to  defer  Se 

Svo"n^r"'  later  Council  and  meanwhile  let  the  un 

lucky  one  know  privately  of  the  decision.    In  case  the  favorably. 

anTrrn  :?tM'h''^'^"      two  backers  go  out  L"o  "^e;^^^^ 
ana  return  with  the  successful  candidate 

btanding  before  the  Guide  in  open  Council  she  shall  be  aues 
tioned  and  mstructed.  so  she  shaM  k"---  r'snrp  fnlL 
purpose  of  the  League.   Then  the  GuiiT^Tl  ^y^ 

craff  L^aguc^'''"°'"        '°  *  o^  the  Wood- 

Answer:  "Itis." 


33  WoodczafC  Manual  for  Girls 


#«„r^  have  already  learned  that  you  are  fully  qualified  in  the 
four  proofs  of  fitness  by  being  over  twelve  years  of  age,  by  learn- 
ing the  law  of  the  Lodge,  by  (here  name  the  initiation  taken),  bv 
^mg  found  acceptable  to  the  Band  you  wish  to  join.   Is  it  not 

Answer:  (by  the  officer  who  knows):  "Yes,  O  Chief.  I  can 
vouch  for  the  candidate."  i  *  win 

.'i  y^^i^^"^  our  laws;  we  shaU  take  them  one  by  one. 

(i;  Do  you  promise  obedience  to  the  Coundl?" 
Answer:  "I do." 

(And  so,  through  the  twelve  laws,  whereby  the  member  is 
bound  toobe^ence  courage,  cleariHness,  health-seeking,  to  cher- 
ish the  Great  Spirit's  gifts;  and  to  service, kindness,  fair-plav  iov 
sUence,  reverence,  honor.)  *^  J''J"/» 

"And  what  are  the  four  lights  on  our  Shrine  from  which  these 
laws  do  emanate?  " 

Anmer:  ''They  are  Fortitude,  Beauty,  Truth,  and  Love.'* 
And  whence  did  these  four  receive  their  light?  " 

Answer:  ''From  the  Light  of  the  Central  Fire  which  is  the 
emblem  of  the  Great  Mystery  by  which  we  symbolize  that  aU 
uood  comes  from  the  one  Great  Source." 

The  Guide  then  says:  "Raise  your 'hand  and  say  after  me: 
I  give  my  word  of  honor  that  in  all  matters  of  the  League,  I  will 
obey  the  Chief  and  Council  and  the  laws  of  my  Tribe,  and  if  at 
any  tune  I  fail  m  my  duty  I  wiU  appear  before  the  Council, 
when  ordered,  and  submit  without  murmuring  to  its  ded- 


I  receive  you  into  our  Order,  and  by  this  badge  I  formally 
signify  the  same."  (Now  the  Guide  pins  the  badge  over 
2ys)^"  heart,  or  on  her  arm,  shakes  hands  and 

_  "Now  I  declare  your  installation  complete  as  a  Wayseeker 
T  J-  ••       Band  of  the   .   .   .   Tribe,  which  is  of  the 
Big  Lodge  m  the  Woodcraft  League." 

^hus  one  enters  the  Tribe  and  the  League  by  joining  a 


Installatioii  of  tiie  Higher  Ranks 

Whenever  a  member  has  won  the  right  to  promotion  the  evi- 
dences are  first  submitted  to  the  High  Council  or  the  Committee 
they  appoint,  and  if  quite  saUsfactory  the  installation  is  made 
at  the  next  Council  or  Grand  Council,  whichever  is  most  con- 
vement  or  desirable. 


Wlien  the  r^(  ?ramme  has  gone  as  for  as  "badges  to  be 

clainicn, "  fb-;  Chief  of  the  applicant's  Tribe  or  Band  shaU  an- 
nounc?  tl)  ,-  i  lan  .  The  Committee  who  have  eamined  the 
evidence  now  stand  up  to  support  the  claim.  The  Guide  or 
Chief  at  the  Council  Rock  (in  the  chair)  asks  "if  any  do  chal- 
lenge the  claim,"  and  if  none,  briefly  describes  the  qualifications 
and  their  value  m  our  work,  then  says:  "Acting  for  the  Council 
therefore,  I  now  cut  from  the  Horned  Shield  the  green  tassel' 
the  badge  of  the  rank  this  member  is  leaving,  and  announce  that 
her  mstallaUon  is  complete  as  a  ....  of  the 
Lodge.  .... 

Then  clips  off  the  green  tassel,  casts  it  into  the  fire,  and  shakes 
hands  with  the  successful  one,  who  retires  to  her  seat  amid  loud 
applause. 


The  Conferring  of  Coups  and  Degrees 

(See  Section  IV) 

When  in  the  Council  the  Guide  or  Chief,  at  the  CouncU  Rock, 
announces  that  now  is  the  time  to  claim  badges,  each  who  i^ 

r^'u^J^y  ^""^      ^^""^  (got  from  Headquar- 
ters)  stands  up  till  bidden  to  speak,  then  steps  forward  and  iys: 
.0  Chief,  m  behalf  of   ...   of  the   ..    .    Band  I 
claim  a  coup  (Grand  Coup  or  Degree  as  it  may  be)  for 
Record""^         testimony  of  my  witnesses,"  handing  over 'the 

The  Chief  of  the  Council  calls  out  loudly:  "Here 
Claims   .   .   .   and  here  is  the  evidence  fuUy  witnessed 
„ki      ■   '        ,  '   •   •        Pt^rsons  of  good  standing  and 
ab  e  o  speak  with  authority  in  this  matte?    The  Committee 

^Lr'^i^  '""K'^'  endorsed  the  application! 

What  IS  the  pleasure  of  the  CounciP"  i^pucauon. 

Some  one  ns^  and  says:  "O  Chief,  there  can  be  no  question  of 
the  justice  of  this  claim.   I  move  that  it  be  allowed."  ^ 
^  Another  says:  'I  second  that,  O  Chief."   TheChief  says- 

'wlh  '  rS^Sr'^f '      ^"u^T^  contrary  iy 

t\  r  J  r  ^''''^         ^'^'"^  is  allowed."  ^ 

1  he  Chief  then  says:  "In  behalf  of  the  Council  I  bestow  nt, 

cJ^t^^'    ■.""fK"^'!  l-y  'tie  Chief  in  the  chair  and  be- 


34  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Gixls 

Winning  a  Name 

The  bestowal  of  the  ceremonial  name  is  a  serious  matter  and 
the  highest  honor  within  the  gift  of  the  Council  '  ^ 

In  the  Woodcraft  League  the  ceremonial  name  is  siven  onlv 
when  a  member  measures  up  as  the  finest  type  of  WoSSSt 

wiHn  °'       ceimonial  names 

would  ord  narilv  be  won  during  a  year.  Any  one  applyinirfor  a 
ceremonial  or  Uor  name  is  thereby  proven  unwo  Sy^Jnt 
The  suggestion  should  come  from  those  kround  her  aft«  tte  Itfe 
and  conduct  of  the  member  shows  that  she  has  atUined  to 
a  certam  high  measure  of  power  and  self-restrSft,  or 
achievement  that  manifests  the  excellence  of  the  spWt^S 
The  name  is  almost  never  given  for  a  single  exploit  but  raXr 
^rtm^r  ach'ieveSint  inlimet- 

When  the  Council,  ever  watchful,  has  decided  that  such  a 
one  by  her  steady  and  sterUng  gifts  is  entitled  to  a^aiJe^e 
best  way  is  to  find  out  privately  if  this  person  wisheTfor  £ 
honor  next  what  particular  name  or  idea  iTappropriatl  a^d 
ceptable  to  all  concerned.  If  desired,  the  CoJSal  i^y  g^frSi 
^dquartersa  suitable  list  of  names  from  which  to  muS^LS 


SECTION  n 

TWBB  AND  COUNCIL  ACTlVniBS 

Sunattiou  M  TOM  W«k  Daaeet 

Games  wT^* 

Aetiiig  Songs  ««7«,  Rigeant.  Mid  Ifag^wt 


SECTION  n 
TRIBE  AND  COUNCIL  ACTIVITIES 

(This  section  aims  to  help  Woodcraft  Tribes  in  running  their  CouncU 
meeting.  The  sub  ecU  which  foUow  ue  intimteIy\ZLted  iriUi  th« 
t  ouncls  though  much  of  the  mterial  in  "TiK  to  kSS1Sdo^J£; 

will  be  of  great  value.) 

One  day  after  a  heavy  snowstorm  the  children  of  a  country 
school  were  wondering  what  they  would  do  at  recess  time 
Some  one  suggested  that  they  go  out  in  a  neighboring  field,  stand 
with  their  backs  to  the  laree  oak  tree  in  the  centre,  ind  then  see 
who  could  wal^  the  stmightest  line  to  the  fence.  This  they  did. 
but  they  found  that  only  one  of  the  number  had  walked  a  straight 
h.^Si;?iL^5  turned  aade  for  stumps  or  holes.  And  when 
they  asked  the  giri  why  she  had  been  able  to  walk  inch  a  straight 
toward  it"       '  I  kept  «y  eye  «  a  port  and  walked  ^ht 

There  are  so  many  interesting  things  that  a  Tribe  can  do  that 
there  is  a  danger  of  missing  some  of  the  best  things  unfcss  the 
Tribe  has  a  plan.  Make  sui  e  rhen  that  the  meeting  give  proper 
Jtr^uV  interests  of  the  Tribe,  and*^  that  elch 

member  has  a  chance  to  grow.   Every  meeting  should  be  care- 
^         ^""^  opportunity  for  tribal  business,  to 

th.  H    1*™^'  ^""^     ^  And,  of  course, 

the  same  close  attention  and  enthusiasm  will  be  giv^n  to  each 

a  wS^n  n"'       .^^P*"  ^  »  Pathfinder,  then 

It  i,S> ;       -T^^y  ^°  ^"  *  of  Coups  and  Degrees, 

tip  T^S  1°  the  length  of  tune  it  shoSd  take  for  aU 

Z  L"^.?.^  ^ •  '•^'^  and  aDot  to  each  ^c^ 

hif  ^11  k  °^  t"^J^*'  ^°  ^  covered.  In  thiswayeachmcu.. 
ber  will  have  a  chance  to  grow  with  the  others.  ^"^"^ 

eame  "  "r^fSlP  the  Tribe  "play  the 

Kcemlif  ^^^tep jnan  ever  took  in  his  long  history  of 
iS^^tlnT"  T^^'^tS^  ^^"^^  to  cooperate  ^ti^  others, 
games  sin«T  .hS  k  quittersrwhether  it  be  ii:- 

MaL« 'ik^^'         business,  or  in  the  learning  of  new  things 
Make  them  see  that  the  w:.ole  value  of  the  Tribe  wiU  de^^d 


38  WoodeiafI  Iftmud  for  Oirb 

upon  tht  amount  of  loyalty  and  team  work  each  member  puu 
into  it,  fw  ^ 

"TU  strength  of  the  pack  is  the  wolf; 
The  strength  of  the  wolf  is  the  pack." 

Here  are  a  few  suggestions  for  covering  the  tests  for  Pathfinder 
'  m  three  months  and  the  Winyan  in  five.   It  can  be  done  though 

your  Tnbe  may  prefer  to  cover  the  ground  more  slowly.  T1?e 
,  ,    numbers  mdicate  the  numbers  of  the  tests.   These  suggest  i-  < 

I  cover  only  the  tests.   At  every  Council  you  shouW  iutro- 

duce  songs  dances,  primitive  history,  legends,  storiesand  natare 

narraUves,  handicraft,  etc 

(Tkne  montitt) 

\  FirsI  Month: 

First  week:  Organization  council;  choose  name,  totem  and 
officers;  explain  purpose  of  Woodcraft  Girls,  ceremony,  etc. 

becondweek:  Above  continued— Laws;  give  out  initiaUons. 
j  ^^l^         Swear  in  mcnben  and  officers:  Tnn  (6); 

f  Hike  and  account  (a); 

Fourth  week:  Knots  (is). 
Second  Month: 

First  week:  Stars  (5). 

;  Second  week:  Ten  totems  or  edible  wild  pfants  (o):  EnUst 

new  members  (4) ;  Home  help  (is);  Swim  5)7 
Third  week:  Wild  flowers  (7).  ^ 

Fourth  week:  Check  up  work  done— optional  wwk. 
I  Third  Month: 

I  First  week:  Sign  language  (8). 

Second  week:  Hatchet  and  knife  or  hammer  and  saw  (13): 
prepare  wood  for  fires  (11). 

i  '^'^^  ^k:  Bird  box,  bird  restaurant,  or  transplant  trees, 

I  flowers  or  plants  (10).  • 

Fourth  week:  Bead  work  and  ^wing  (14). 

WiofaB 

(Flw  «M^) 

First  MotiOk: 

First  week:  Rubbing  stick  fire. 
Second  week:  Birds  (7). 


Third  week :  Hikes  and  accounts  (6). 

Fourth  week:  Tertandktriiie  (a)ieMe&tiabo<cain|]ing. 
Stcotid  Month: 

First  week:  Ready  hdri 

Second  week :  i<  -ady  ht  ip. 

Third  week:   Ready  help. 

Fourth  week:  ReMly  h^paadhomelidp  (la). 

Third  Month: 
Fir    week  Bird 

Serond  \v(h  k:    Grass     it  m  stick  i,  d  (4'!. 
Tiiird  week:    Rainprool  shelter  (3). 

Fourth  weel:  Review,  open  sdoduie,  eUq..  ted..). 
Fourth  Month  ^  ^ 

First  week:  Animals 
Second  wet  . ;   R  u  .  Council  (1 1). 
Third  week :   Cooking  (i) ;  canoe  or  boat  (c). 
Fourth  week:  Character  (13  and  14). 
Fifth  Month:  ^  ^ 

First  week:   Great  women  (15). 
Second  week:  First  aid— life-saving  lew. 
Thi  !  wt  *  k :   Animak  and  birds— re .  «w. 
Fourth  week:  Camper-craft  review. 


COUNCIL  6AMBS 


Council 

Navajo  Feather  Danee  Strong  Hand 

Cock  Fighting  stung 
One-legged  Chicken  Fight  Talk-^ett 

Solenmitj 

AIM  many  of  fh»  Ootdowr  and  Indoor  Oamoa 


WatcUng  by  the  Trail 

Trailing 

^ache  Relay  Race 
BatBaU 

Chinese  Tag 
Scouting 
Quick  Sight 


Outdoor 

Far  Sight 
Home  Star 
HostUe  Spy 
Tree  the  Coon 
Rat  on  the  Lodge 
Water  Boiling  ConteM 
Medley  Scouting 
Stm-hottting  Oo  Bock 


Water 

Spearing  the  Great  Sturgeon         Canoe  Tag 


Odds  and  Evens 
Blind  Man's  Buff 
My  Vacation 
Names  by  Tt^ca 
Fortune 
Shopping 
Guessing  GaoM 
Kingdom 


IndoOT 

Geography 
Menagerie 
Menagerie  Party 
Portrait  Party 
Magic  Moaic 
Hat  IViauning  ContMt 
Fireside  Trick 
Lone  Star  Tiiek 
'MtharFbotball 


COUNCIL  GAMES 

Navajo  Feather  Dance 

ri jl?  ■''^^^  l^^J^""'  ^  horsehair,  so  as  to  stand  up- 

right  IS  worked  by  a  hidden  operator,  so  as  to  dance  and  caper 
rhe  dancer  has  to  imitate  all  its  moUons.  A  marionette  may 
be  used.   It  is  a  great  fun  maker.  t*«"i«i«:«e  may 

Cock-Fighting 

Make  two  stout  sticks,  each  2  feet  long  (broomsUcks  wiU 
do).    Pad  each  of  these  on  the  end  with  aUU  rat 
are  the  spurs.   Make  an  8-foot  ring.    Thelwo  riv5s  are  ^ 
their  hunkers,  each  mth  a  stick  through  iSLr^ '^ees 

ends  that  round,  and  scores  i  for  the  vJ^to^VS^th  faT^S 
One-Ugged  Chicken  Fight 

Strong  Hand 

The  two  contestants  stand  right  toe        -ah*  tr^  • 
^nds  cksped  together;  left  feet  brace?  i^/?' 

ma\eTM  ft't-  "  "^'^  ^"^^  ^«  ""baLnce^the^r  Sat  ts 
make  her  lift  or  move  one  of  henfeet  Aliftora  Sel^  tte 

Battles  are  for  bert  out  of  3.  s.  or  7  mund.. 


44 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Stong,  or  Step  on  the  Rattler— Sometimet  CaUeti  Poiaon 

This  is  an  ancient  game.  A  circle  about  three  feet  across 
«-  drawn  on  the  ground.  The  players  c/ioose  sides,  possibly 
o'.e  band  against  another  and  place  chemselves  alternately 
holding  hands,  to  make  a  ring  around  this,  and  try  to  make  one 
of  the  number  step  into  the  poison  circle.  She  can  evade  it 
by  side-stepping,  bv  jumping  over,  or  by  dragging  another  into 
it. 

Each  one  who  steps  in  the  circle  is  stung  and  sits  down. 

Sometimes  we  use  a  newspaper  Aurith  a  switch  lying  across  it. 
When  all  on  one  side  have  been  stung,  the  other  side  become  the 
Rattlers,  and  may  sting  each  of  the  others  with  the  switch  across 
their  hands. 

Talk-fest 

The  Talk-fest,  if  properly  handled,  can  be  one  of  the  moit 
amusing  of  the  Council  Ring  games.  The  idea  b  to  have  two 
good  talkers  talk  simultaneously  for  not  more  than  two  minutes. 
Each  selects  her  own  subject.  A  jury  of  three  persons,  is  ap- 
pointed. The  contest  b  decided  on  the  basis  of  continuity, 
humcHr,  and  general  value  oi  the  speeches. 

Solemnity 

The  idea  is  to  have  one  member  challenge  another  to  a  test  of 
ability  to  keep  one's  "face  straight."  Facing  each  other  and  in 
the  presence  of  the  crowd,  each  looks  into  the  other's  eyes  to  see 
which  will  smile  or  laugh  first.  Speech  and  gesture  my  be  in- 
troduced if  desired. 


OUTDOOR  GAMES 
Watchinc  by  the  TraU 

This  i«  1  game  we  <rften  play  in  the  train,  to  pass  the  time 
pleasantly. 

Sometimes  one  party  takes  the  right  side  of  the  road  with 
the  windows  there,  and  the  other  the  left.  S<Hnetimes  ali 
players  sit  on  the  same  side. 

The  game  is,  whoever  is  first  to  see  certdn  things  agreed 
on  scores  so  many  pcHnts.  Thus: 


Tribe  Activities  45 

A  crow  or  a  cow  counts  i 

A  horse  2 

A  sheep  j 

A  goat  [  ^ 

A  cat  ^ 

A  hawk  5 

An  owl  J 

The  winner  is  the  one  who  first  gets  25  or  50  points,  as  agreed. 
When  afoot,  <me  naturally  takes  other  things  for  points,  as 
certain  trees,  flowers,  etc. 


Tniling 

A  good  trailing  stunt  to  develop  alertness  and  observatiwi 
•<=  managed  thus:  One  girl  wearing  the  tracking  irons  is  deer. 
She  is  given  100  beans,  30  slices  of  potato,  and  10  minutes  start. 
She  has  to  lay  a  track,  as  crooked  as  she  pleases,  dropping  a 
bean  every  3  or  4  yards  and  a  slice  of  potato  every  ao.  Aftw 
ten  minutes'  run  the  deer  has  to  hide. 

The  t  ailers  follow  her,  picking  up  the  beans  and  potato 
shces.  Each  bean  counts  i  point,  each  slice  of  potato  2.  The 
one  who  finds  the  deer  scores  10  for  it. 


Apache  Relay  Race 

One  band  is  pitted  against  another,  to  see  who  can  carry 
a  message  and  bring  a  reply  in  shortest  time,  by  means  of  relays 
of  runners.  One-quarter  of  a  mile  is  far  enough  for  an  ordinary 
race  This  divides  up  even  55  yards  to  each  of  eight  runners. 
Ihe  band  is  taken  out  by  the  Chief,  who  drops  scouts  at  con- 
venient distances,  where  they  await  the  arrival  of  the  other 
runner,  and  at  once  take  the  letter  on  to  the  next,  and  there 
await  the  return  letter. 

A  good  band  of  8  can  carry  a  letter  a  quartar  of  a  mile  and 
ormg  the  answer  in  about  3  minutes. 


Chinese  Tag 

Is  like  the  regular  game  of  tag  with  this  difference:  the  one 

•'^P  t^'  ^'^"^         part  whichwashitwhen 
i&e  was  tagged  thus  making  only  one  free  arm. 


46 


Woodcraft  ManiMi  for  Girls 


Bat  BaU 

A  regular  baseball  diampnd  is  used,  two  teams  are  chosen  of 
equal  nuqibei".  A  YoUpy  baU  or  indoor  baseball  is  used,  pref- 
erably the  formn-.  One  team  is  scattered  anywhere  inside  the 
bas«,  the  other  team  is  up  to  bat.  The  girl  bats  the  ball  with 
her  hand.  The  opposing  team  catching  the  ball  she  has  batted 
tries  to  put  the  runner  out  by  throwing  the  ball  at  the  runner  or 
by  tpuchmg  her  with  it.  If  the  runner  stands  still  she  may  not  be 
put  out,  but  the  team  trying  to  put  her  out  must  keep  the  Imll 
passmg  contmually;  one  of  the  players  holding  the  ball  is  unfair 
The  girl  runnmg  must  reach  the  home  plate  brfore  another  batter 
come»  up  to  bat. 


Scouting 

Scouts  are  sent  out  in  pairs  or  singly.  A  number  of  points 
are  marked  on  the  map  at  equal  distances  from  camp,  and 
the  scouts  draw  straws  to  see  where  each  goes.  If  one  place  is 
obvfously  hard,  the  scout  is  allowed  a  fair  number  of  points  as 
handicap.  All  set  out  at  same  time,  go  direct,  and  return  as 
soon  as  possible. 

Points  are  thus  allowed: 

Last  back,  zero  for  traveling. 

The  others  c«Mmt  cme  for  each  minute  they  are  ahead  of 

the  last. 

Points  up  to  loo  are  allowed  for  their  story  on  return. 

Sometimes  we  allow  lo  points  for  each  Turtle  they  have 
seen;  lo  for  each  Owl  seen  and  properly  named;  5  for  each 
Hawk,  and  i  each  for  other  wild  birds;  also  2  for  a  Cat:  i  for 
a  Dog. 

No  information  is  given  the  scout;  she  is  told  to  go  to  such 
a  point  and  do  so  and  so,  but  is  fined  points  if  she  hesitates 
or  asks  how  or  why,  etc. 


Tha  Game  of  Quickaight 

Take  two  board.i  about  a  foot  square,  di\nde  each  into  twenty- 
five  squares;  get  ten  nuts  and  ten  pebbles.  C.ivc  lo  one  p)ia>cr 
one  board,  five  nuts,  and  five  pebbles,  bhc  places  these  on  the 
squares  in  any  pattern  she  fancies,  and  when  ready,  the  other 
player  is  allowed  to  see  it  for  five  wcoixb.  Tben  it  is  oovcied 


Tribe  Activities 


47 


up,  and  from  the  memory  of  what  she  saw  the  second  player 
must  reproduce  the  pattern  on  her  own  board.  She  counts  one 
for  each  that  was  right,  and  takes  off  one  for  each  that  was 
wrong.  They  take  turn  and  turn  about. 


« 

o 

• 

• 

o 

0 

• 

ceunttrs 


This  game  is  a  wonderful  developer  of  the  power  to  see  and 
memorize  quickly. 

Far-sight,  or  Spot-the-lUbUt 

Take  two  six-inch  squares  of  stiff  white  pasteboard  or  whitened 
wood.  On  each  of  these  draw  an  ouUine  Rabbit,  one  an  exact 
duphcate  of  the  other.    Make  twenty  round  black  wafers  or 


nvcse  on  one  Rabbit-board  and  set  it  up  in  full  light.  The  other 
Ix^inmng  at  ,oo  feet,  dmws  near  tiU  Ae  can  s^  Uie  spS^^ 


48  Woodcnft  Ifmial  lor  Olds 

enough  to  reproduce  the  pattern  on  the  other  which  she  carries. 
If  she  can  do  it  at  75  feet  she  has  wonderful  eyes.  Down  even 
to  70  (done  3  tunes  out  of  5)  she  counts  high  honor:  from  70  to 
60  counts  honor.  Bdow  that  does  not  count  at  all. 

Honw  Star  or  Pole  Star 

Each  competitor  is  given  a  long,  straight  stick,  in  daytime, 
and  told  to  lay  it  due  north  and  south.  In  doing  this  she  may 
guide  herself  by  sun,  moss,  or  anything  she  can  find  in  nature— 
anyth'>..g,  indeed,  except  a  compass. 

The  direction  is  checked  by  a  good  compass  corrected  for 
the  locality.   The  one  who  comes  nearest  wins. 

It  is  optional  with  the  judges  whether  the  use  of  a  time- 
Diece  is  to  be  allowed. 

Hoatile  Spy 

Hanging  from  the  jtem-Tx>le  is  a  red  or  yellow  handkerchief. 
TJus  IS  the  Grand  iv.edicme  Trophy  of  the  band.  The  Hos- 
tilc  Spy  has  to  capture  it.  The  leader  goes  around  on  the 
mormng  of  the  day  and  whispers  to  the  various  members,  "  Look 
out— there  s  a  spy  in  camp."  At  length  she  goes  secretly  near 
the  one  she  has  selected  for  spy  and  whispers,  "Look  out. 
there  s  a  spy  m  camp,  and  you  are  it."  She  gives  her  at  the 
same  tune  some  bright-colored  badge,  that  she  must  wear  as 
soon  as  she  has  secured  the  Medicine  Trophy.  She  must  not  hide 
the  Trophy  on  her  person,  but  keep  it  in  view.  She  has  aO  day 
tm  sunset  to  get  away  with  it.  If  she  gets  across  the  river  or 
otner  lunit,  she  wins  and  they  must  pay  an  agreed  ransom  for  the 
If  she  18  caught,  she  loses  and  has  to  pay  a  ransom  for 

Tree  the  Coon 

-rJ'^'u.'^,^"  founded  on  the  familiar  "Hunt  the 

Ihimble. 

We  use  a  littJe  dummy  coon;  either  make  it  or  turn  a  ready- 
made  toy  rabbit  into  one,  by  adding  taU  and  Uack  mask,  and 
cropping  the  ears.  Sometimes  even  a  littie  tag  ball  with  a  faa 
painted  on  it. 

All  Uie  players  but  one  go  out  of  the  room.  That  one  places 
the  coon  anywhere  in  sight,  high  or  low,  but  in  plain  view:  aU 
come  m  and  seek.   The  first  to  find  it  sits  down  silently,  and 


Tribe  ActiTities 


49 


scores  i.  Each  sits  down,  od  seeing  it,  giving  no  clue  to  the 

others. 

The  first  to  score  3  coons  is  winner,  usuaUy.  Sometimes  we 
play  till  every  one  but  one  has  a  cocm;  that  one  is  the  booby. 
The  others  are  first,  second,  etc. 

Sometimes  each  is  given  her  number  in  order  of  finding  it. 
Then,  after  7  or  8  coons,  these  numbers  are  added  up,  and  the 
lawesf  is  winner. 


Rat-<m-the-Lodg« 

Each  player  has  a  good-sized  bean  bag.  This  is  the  rat  and 
is  kept  by  the  player  permanently. 

The  lodge  is  any  solid  object  su  indies  ox  more  above  the 
ground  or  floor.  A  deed  line  is  drawn  thrcwigh  the  lodge  tad 
another  p>arallel,  1 5  feet  away,  for  a  firing-line. 

The  girl  who  is  "it,"  or  "keeper,"  perches  her  bean  bag  or 
rat  on  the  lodge.  The  others  stand  at  the  firing-line  and  throw 
their  bean  bags  at  hers.  They  must  not  pick  them  up  or  touch 
them  with  their  hands  when  they  are  beymd  the  dead-line.  If 
one  does,  then  the  keeper  can  tag  her  (unless  she  reaches  the 
firing-line)  and  send  her  to  do  duty  as  keeper  at  the  rock. 

But  they  can  coax  their  rats  with  thdr  feet,  up  to  the  dead- 
line not  beyond,  then  watch  for  a  chance  to  dodge  back  to  the 
firing-line,  where  they  are  safe  at  all  times. 

If  the  rat  is  knocked  off  by  any  one  in  fair  firing,  the  keeper  is 
powerless  till  she  has  replaced  it.  Meantime,  most  of  the  play- 
«8  have  secured  their  rats  and  got  back  safe  to  the  firing-line. 

Water-Boiling  Cwtett 

Given  a  hatchet  and  knife,  i  match,  a  2-quart  pail,  7  inches  or 
Iws  m  diameter,  one  quart  of  water  and  a  block  of  K^t  wood 
about  2  feet  long  and  5  or  6  inches  through. 
'\The  record  for  water-boiling  is  said  to  be  7.59. 

First  cut  plenty  (,f  wood.  Spend  three  minutes  on  it.  Sup- 
port >-our  pail  on  four  pegs  driven  in  the  ground  or  by  a  long 
stick  driven  diagoiiuiiy  into  the  ground.  If  water  is  handy  dip 
thepegs  in  it  before  placing. 

™  water  must  be  jumping  and  bubbUng  aU  over  the  surface 
or  It  IS  not  boilmg. 

If  the  first  match  goes  out,  contestants  are  usually  allowed  a 
second,  but  are  penaliaed  by  having  a  minutes  added  to  their 


50  Woodcraft  Mastial  for  Oirig 


Medley  Scouting 

The  following  competition  in  Medley  Scouting  took  place 
at  OM  of  my  camps.  A  prize  was  offered  for  the  highest  points 
m  the  following: 

At  the  word,  "Go." 

Bring  a  leaf  of  sugar- maple;  and  tell  how  it  differs  from  other 
maples. 

Tell  a  short  story  or  give  a  recitation. 

Bring  a  leaf  of  poison  ivy  (wrapped  in  a  thick  paper,  to  avoid 
tottchmg  it),  and  describe  the  poison,  and  mode  of  counteracting 

Mark  off  on  a  stick  your  idea  of  a  yard. 
Bring  a  leaf  of  witch  hazel,  and  tell  what  it  is  good  for. 
Bring  a  leaf  of  beech,  and  tell  how  it  differs  frtmi  those  most 
like  it. 

Dance  a  step;  any— English,  Irish,  Scotch,  or  Indian. 

Strike  a  match  and  light  a  lamp;  both  of  them  imaginary. 

Make  a  map  of  North  America  from  memory  in  ten  minutes. 

Give  an  imitation  of  some  animal,  actions  or  sounds. 

Play  the  part  of  an  Indian  woman  finding  her  warrior  dead. 

For  each  of  the  first  20  competitow,  points  were  given:  the 
prize  adjudged  by  the  total. 

Some  of  these  stunts  may  seem  trivial,  but  there  was  a  pur- 
pose in  each,  and  that  purpose  was  served.  In  the  Indian  wi^, 
for  examole,  we  wished  to  select  the  best  actor  for  play.  Most 
of  the  girls  failed.  Two  were  good,  but  one,  nearly  the  smallest 
in  camp,  was  so  fine  that  she  brought  tears  mto  the  eyes  of  many. 

The  selection  of  the  various  leaves  impressed  these  kiiufa  on 
all,  especially  those  who  failed  to  bring  the  right  ones. 

The  animal  imitation  and  dance  was  introduced  to  cultivate 
the  spirit  of  going  fearlessly  in  and'  doing  one's  best,  however 
poor  It  mi^t  be.  The  imitations  of  monkey,  lynx,  cat,  panther, 
raoose,  etc.,  developed  a  keen  observation,  and  a  lot  <rf  good 
natural  history  that  was  intensely  interesting  as  well  as  amusing. 

The  water-boihng  was  particularly  instructive  and  was  tried 
twice.  The  first  time  the  winner  took  14  minutes,  and  the  sec- 
ond best  20.  The  last  time,  the  winner's  time  was  8  minutes, 
and  the  second  erne's  10. 

Still-Hunting  the  Buck,  or  the  DMr-Huat 

The  deer  is  a  dummy,  best  made  with  a  wire  frame,  on  which 
soft  hay  is  wrapped  till  it  is  of  proper  size  and  shape,  then  all » 


Tribe  Activities 


5X 


covered  with  open  burlap.  A  few  touches  ol  white  and  black 
make  it  very  realistic. 

If  time  does  not  admit  of  a  well-finished  deer,  one  can  be 
made  of  a  sack  stuffed  with  hay,  decorated  at  one  end  with  a 
smaller  sack  tot  head  and  neck,  ud  set  on  four  thin  sticks. 


1  he  side  of  the  deer  is  marked  with  a  laige  oval,  and  over  the 

heart  is  a  smaller  one. 

Bows  and  arrows  only  are  used  to  shoot  this  deer. 

A  pocketful  of  corn,  peas,  or  other  laree  grain  is  now  needed 
ior  scent.  The  girl  who  is  the  deer  for  the  first  hunt  takes  the 
dummy  under  her  arm  and  runs  off,  getting  ten  minutes'  start, 
or  uiun  she  comes  back  and  shouts  'ready!'*  She  leaves  a 
trail  of  com,  dropping  two  or  three  grains  for  every  yard  and 
making  the  tiail  as  crooked  as  she  likes,  playing  such  tricks  as  a 
<  OCT  would  do  to  baffle  his  pursuers,  fhm  she  hides  the 
deer  in  any  place  she  fancies,  but 
not  among  rocks  or  on  the  top  of 
a  ridge,  because  in  one  case  many 
arrows  would  be  broken,  and  in  the 
other,  lost. 

The  hunters  now  hunt  for  this 
deer  just  as  for  a  real  deer,  either 
following  the  tnul  or  watching  the 
woods  ahead;  the  best  hunters  com- 
bine the  two.  If  at  any  time  the 
trail  IS  quite  lost  the  one  m  charge 
Jouts  "Lost  TraUr  After  that 
the  one  who  finds  the  trail  scores  two. 

^.'"^         ^  shouting  "Deer"  U  fined  five 
Thustheygotiiltomeooefia5bthede^  5heiho«tt"SiIr 


n 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


and  scores  len  for  finding  it.  The  others  shout  Secottd," 
"  Third,"  etc.,  in  order  of  seeing  it,  but  they  do  not  score. 

The  finder  must  shoot  at  the  deer  with  her  bow  and  arrow 
from  the  very  spot  whence  she  saw  it.  If  she  misses,  the  sea>nd 
hunter  may  step  up  five  paces,  and  have  her  Aot.  If  5^0 
misses,  the  third  one  goes  five,  and  so  on  till  some  <  ic  hits  the 
deer,  or  until  the  ten-yutd  limit  is  reacli  1.  If  the  finder  is 
within  ten  yards  on  sighting  the  deer,  and  misses  her  ahot,  the 
other  hunters  go  back  to  the  ten-ya  n!  limit.  Once  the  deer  is  hit, 
all  the  shooting  must  Ix;  from  the  exact  spot  whence  the  successful 
shot  was  fired. 

A  diot  in  the  big  oval  is  a  body  woutid;  that  scores  five.  A  shot 
outside  that  is  a  scratch;  that  scores  two.   A  shot  in  the  small  oval 


or  heart  is  a  heart  wound;  it  scores  ten,  and  ends  the  hunt.  Arrows 
which  do  not  stick  do  not  count,  unless  it  can  be  provMl  that  they 
passed  right  through,  in  which  case  they  take  tht  higfacat  sowe 
that  they  pierced. 

If  all  the  arrows  are  used,  and  none  in  the  heart,  the  deer 
escapes,  and  the  girl  who  was  deer  scores  twenty-jive, 

The  one  who  found  the  dummy  is  deer  for  the  next  hunt.  A 
clever  deer  can  add  greatly  to  the  exdtonent  of  the  game. 

Originally  we  used  paper  for  scent,  but  found  it  bad.  It 
littered  the  woods,  yesterday's  trail  was  confused  with  that  of  to- 
day, etc.  Corn  proved  better,  because  the  birds  and  the 
iquirrds  kq;>t  it  cleaned  up  from  day  to  day,  and  thus  the 


Tribe  Activitiei  59 

ground  wu  always  ready  for  a  fresh  start.  But  the  best  of  all  is 
the  hoof  Ruurk  for  the  shoe.  These  iron  hoof  marks  are  fast  to  a 
pair  of  shoes,  and  leave  a  trail  muc  h  like  a  real  deer.  This  haa 
several  advantages.  It  gives  the  hunter  a  chance  to  tell  where 
the  trail  doubled,  and  which  way  the  deer  was  going.  It  is  more 
realistic,  and  a  girl  who  can  follow  this  skilfully  can  follow  a  ttv* 
ing  deer.  In  actual  practice  it  is  found  well  to  use  a  little  com 
with  this  on  the  hard  jdaces,  a  plan  quite  consistent  with  realism, 
as  every  hiinter  will  recall. 

It  is  strictly  forbidden  to  any  hunter  to  stand  in  front  of  tl  v 
firing-line;  all  must  be  back  of  the  line  on  which  the  shooter 
•stands. 

There  is  no  limit  to  the  situations  and  curious  combinations  in 
this  hunt.  The  deet  may  be  Irft  standing  or  lying.  There  to  no 
law  why  it  should  not  be  hidden  behind  a  solid  tree  trimk.  The 
game  develops  as  one  follows  it.  After  it  has  been  played  fw 
some  time  with  the  iron  hoot  nmA  as  above,  th'.^  girls  grow  so 
skilful  on  the  trail  that  we  can  dispense  with  even  the  corn.  The 
iron  mark  like  a  deer  hoof  leaves  a  very  realistic  "slot"  or  track, 
which  the  more  skilful  girls  readily  fdlow  through  the  woods.  A 
hunt  is  usually  for  three,  five,  or  more  deer,  according  to  agree- 
ment, and  the  result  is  reckoned  by  points  on  the  whole  chase 

WATER  OAMBS 

Spearing  the  Great  Sturgeon 

This  water  fpme  is  exceedingly  popular  and  is  entedally  good 
for  public  exhibition,  being  spectacular  and  lufl  01  amusement 

and  excitement. 
The  outfit  needed  is: 

(x)  A  sturgeon  roughly  formed  of  soft  wood;  it  should  b^ 


WjAf  for  /^iiUft. 

about  three  feet  long  and  nearly  a  foot  thick  at  the  head.  It 
may  be  made  realistic,  or  a  small  log  pointed  at  both  ends  wifl 
sorve.  * 


S4  Woodcnilt  Majmal  for  GIrit 


(3)  Two  spears  with  six-inch  steel  heads  and  wooden  handles 
(about  three  feet  long).  The  points  should  be  sharp,  but  not 
the  barbs.  Sometimes  the  barbs  are  omitted  altogether.  Each 
head  should  have  an  eyt  to  which  is  attached  twenty  feet  of 


one-quarter-inch  rope.  On  each  rope,  six  feet  from  the  spear- 
head, is  a  fathom  mark  made  by  tying  on  a  rag  or  cord. 

(3)  Two  boats  with  crews.  Each  crew  consists  of  a  spear- 
man, who  is  captain,  and  one  or  two  oarsmen  or  paddlers,  of 
whlJi  the  after  one  is  the  pilot.  All  should  be  expert  swhnmers 
or  else  wear  life  belts  during  the  game. 

The  game.  Each  boat  has  a  base  or  harbor;  this  is  usually 
part  of  the  shore  opposite  that  of  the  enemy;  or  it  obviates  ail 
danger  of  collision  if  the  boat  starts  from  the  same  side.  The 
sturgeon  is  left  by  the  referee's  canoe  at  a  point  midway  be- 
tween the  bases.  At  the  word  "Go!"  each  boat  leaves  its  base 
and,  making  f(  r  the  sturgeon,  tries  to  spear  it,  then  drag  it  by 
the  line  to  the  base.  When  both  get  their  spears  into  it  the 
contest  becomes  a  tug  of  war  until  one  of  the  spears  pulls  out. 

The  sturgeon  is  landed  when  the  prow  of  the  boat  that  has  it 
in  tow  touches  its  proper  base,  even  though  the  spear  of  the  en- 
emy is  then  in  the  fish:  or  it  is  landed  when  the  fish  itself  touches 
basie  if  it  is  also  in  tow  at  the  time.  The  boats  change  bases 
after  each  heat. 

Matches  are  usually  for  one,  three,  or  five  sturgeon.  Points 
are  counted  only  for  the  landing  of  the  fish,  but  the  referee  may 
give  the  decision  on  a  foul  or  a  succession  of  fouls,  or  the  de- 
lii.quent  may  be  set  back  one  or  more  boat-lengths. 

Sometimes  the  game  is  played  in  canoes  or  boats,  with  one 
player  as  spearman  and  crew. 

Rules:  It  is  not  allowed  to  push  the  sturgeon  into  a  new  po*i- 
tion  with  the  spear  or  paddle  before  striking. 

It  is  aUmoeu  to  pull  the  sturgeon  tmcm*  the  boat  or  pass  it 
around  by  using  the  line  after  spearing. 

It  is  allowed  to  lay  hands  on  the  other  boat  to  prevent  a  col- 
lisimi,  but  otherwise  it  is  fort>idden  to  touch  the  other  boat  or 
crew  or  paddle  or  spear  or  line,  or  to  lay  hands  on  the  fish  or  to 
touch  it  with  the  paddle  or  oar,  or  touch  your  own  spear  while 


Tribe  Activities 


5S 


it  is  in  the  fish,  or  to  tie  the  line  around  the  fish  excq>t  so  far  as 
this  may  be  accidentally  done  in  spearing. 

It  is  alhwed  to  dislodge  the  enemy's  spear  by  throwing  your 
own  over  it.   The  purpose  of  the  barbs  is  to  assist  in  this. 

It  is  allowed  to  run  on  to  the  sturgeon  with  the  boat. 

It  is  absolutely  forbidden  to  tkfom  the  spw  em  At  eOur  hoot 
or  am  the  heads  of  your  crew. 

In  towing  the  sturgeon  the  fathom-maik  must  be  over  the 
gunwale — at  least  six  feet  of  line  should  be  out  when  the  fish 
is  in  tow.  It  is  not  a  foul  to  have  less,  but  the  a)earman  must 
at  once  let  it  out  if  the  umput:  or  the  other  crew  cnes  "  Fathom ! " 

The  spearman  is  allowed  to  drop  the  spear  and  use  the  paddle 
ur  oar  at  will,  but  not  to  resign  her  spear  to  another  of  the  crew. 
The  spearman  must  be  in  her  boat  when  the  q)ear  is  thrown. 

If  the  boat  is  upset  the  judge's  canoe  helps  them  to  rif^t. 

Each  crew  must  accept  the  backset  of  its  accidents. 

Canoe  Tag 

Any  number  of  canoes  or  boats  may  engage  in  this.  A 

rut)l)cr  cushion,  ?  hot-water  bag  full  of  air,  any  rubber  foot- 
l>all,  or  a  cotton  bag  with  a  lot  of  corks  in  it  is  needed.  The 
game  is  to  tag  the  other  canoe  by  throwing  this  mfo  it 
The  niles  are  as  in  (uduuuy  crossrtag. 


INDOOR  GAMBS 

Odd!  and  Bvene 

Ciirls  form  in  a  single  Une  across  the  room.  One  girl  is  "it** 
She  says  she  will  call  odds;  *hen  calls  numbers  both  odd  and 
even,  but  those  in  the  line  must  run  only  on  odd  numbers.  If 
any  run  on  even  they  are  out,  also  those  are  out  w1k>,  when  the 
line  runs  (»  an  odd  nunri}er,  are  the  last  to  reach  the  given  goal 

Blind  Man's  Buff 

All  players  are  numbered,  one  player  is  blindfolded.  The 
others  form  a  ring  about  her.  The  one  m  the  centre  calls  out 
two  numbers,  the  players  having  these  numbers  change  places 
at  f)rice,  the  one  in  the  centre  trying  to  catch  one  of  them.  If 
successful  she  takes  the  place  and  number  tA  giris  cuight  and 
that  player  y)wio  the  centre  iua4  it  iatttroWiBWoMted. 


86  Woodcraft  Bfanual  for  Girls 


My  Vacation 

Make  booklets  with  the  pages  entitled  "  My  earliest  photo- 
graph, "My  latest  picture,"  "Who  went  with  me,"  "How  we 
went,"  "Where  we  went,"  "Where  we  lived,"  "Some  people 
we  met,"  "An  accident,"  "How  it  turned  out,"  "Our  happiest 
moments,"  "A  near  tragedy,"  "Finis,"  etc.  Give  each  girl 
an  old  magazine,  a  pair  of  scissors  and  paste  and  she  is  to  cut 
illustrations  for  the  pages  of  her  booklet  from  the  magazine  and 
can  make  some  very  amusing  combinations,  adding  poetry  if  she 
is  clever. 

NamM  by  Topics 

"  What  names  suggest  birds?  "   Drake,  Partridge,  Hawk,  etc. 
"  What  names  are  part  of  a  house?  "  Beam,  (^urett,  Lodte, 
Key,  Hall,  etc. 

"  What  names  are  part  of  the  body?  "   Hand,  Foote,  Hart,  etc. 

"  What  names  are  flowers,  shrubs,  or  grains? "  Lily,  Rote, 
Cotton,  Marguerite,  Rice,  Berry,  etc. 

"What  names  suggest  occupatimis?''  Miller,  Goldsmith, 
Butler,  Shepherd,  Cook,  etc. 

"What  names  suggest  geographical  formations?"  Dale, 
Beach,  Ifill,  Brooks,  Stone,  etc. 

Fortune 

Requiring  two  sets  of  numbered  cards,  the  players  are  given 
these  cards  of  one  set  only  until  all  are  distributed.  The  other 
set  of  cards,  corresponding  in  number  to  those  given  out,  are 
played  face  down  on  the  central  table  (or  6oor  if  desired).  Each 
pliyer  in  turn  goes  to  this  set,  places  her  hand  upon  the  topmost 
cards  and  says,  "The  girl  who  has  the  card  corresponding  to 
this  is  generous,  kind,  and  true,  though  perhaps  too  quick  of 
temper.  She  will  be  a  settlement  woricer."  Or,  perhaps,  she 
will  say  something  humorous,  or  impossible.  She  then  turns  the 
card  over,  holds  it  up,  ant:  rinds  the  owner  of  the  corresponding 
card.  Mudi  fun  may  be  had  if  the  description  given  was 
exactly  opposite  of  the  truth.  The  game  continues  by  having 
the  owner  of  the  last  card  tell  some  one's  character  or  fortune. 

Sloping 

The  playws  are  seated  in  a  circle.  One  of  them  begins  by 
laying:  "I  went  to  the  grocery  this  morning  and  boi^t  mmt" 


Tribe  Activities  57 

thing  that  begins  with  's.'"  The  other  players  guest— soda, 
soap,  etc.,  until  the  correct  article  (sugar)  luu  been  guessed' 
The  one  who  succeeds  continues  her  shop{Hiig  tour,  going  wher* 
ever  she  pleases— to  butcher,  baker,  etc. 

GuMdng  Gum 

The  players  sit  in  a  circle;  one  of  them  is  blindfolded  and 
stands  m  the  centre.  Each  player  is  given  a  number.  Then 
the  bhndfold«i  player  calls  3  or  4  numbers  as  i,  5,  9,  10.  The 
players  who  have  those  numbers  jump  up  and  <^mge  seats 
among  themselves.  While  this  changing  goes  on  the  blind- 
folded player  attempts  to  catch  them.  If  she  does  succeed  in 
catchmg  one  she  must  guess  who  the  captive  is  (by  feeHng  her 
dress,  features,  etc.).  If  she  guesses  correctly  her  eyes  are  un- 
covered and  the  capUve  is  "it."  U  not  the  game  is  continued  «• 
before— several  more  members  being  called  out 

Kingdom 

obwf  ^S'tf^°"^  of  hearing  unt^il  the  groiq)  chooses  an 
object.  Then  the  Guesser  is  called  and  may  ask  any  quesUon 
that  can  be  answered  by  "Yes"  or  "No,"  oily  one  quStion  cS 
or  fiK"'  ^"'^J^^  ^"*^tions  is  limited,  perhaps  ten 

or  fifteen,  accordmg  to  the  cleverness  of  the  Gu^r  and  the 
abstruseness  of  the  object  chosen.  The  Guesser  usuaUy  l^jSJ 
tLf.'^TK  TVhat.  kingdom  is  it?"  and  having  estJblffi 
n?^lT  ^  ""J^V  "  ^'fi^^b^>  or  mineral  kingdoS 

procee.ls  to  ask  such  questions  as  will  narrow  the  subject^ m 
quickly  as  possible  to  object  selected.  oown  bs 

OMgrapliy 

Any  number  of  players  allowed  for  this  game,  which  has  often 
b^n  pkyed  at  a  dinner  table  or  around  faSpfinT  ^  ftS 

fab^'rixt"  r "  ^^P^^  pla^Kas  r^o^ 
IZ'.    I  'u      '^l^*''  °""  player  gives  another 


58  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

OoM  q(  MenafBfit 

The  plavers  are  seated  in  a  circle.  One  begins  thus,  "As  I 
went  to  the  Menagerie.  "Her  neighbor  to  the  right  asks, 
"What  did  you  see  there?"  She  answers,  "I  saw  a  Hon. 
The  neighbor  then  turns  to  her  right-hand  neighbor  and  says, 
"I  went  to  the  Menagerie."  The  same  question  is  then  asked, 
"What  did  vou  see  there?"  The  second  player  must  then  re- 
peat the  answer  of  the  first,  "  I  saw  a  Hon,"  adding  to  it  an  ani- 
mal of  her  c  .yn,  "and  a  monkey."  The  game  goes  on  m  this 
wav,  each  plaver  putting  the  same  question  and  answer  of  her 
neighbor  and  adding  the  name  of  another  aninial.  'Pack  the 
Trunk"  may  be  played  in  a  similar  manner.  Any  article  suit- 
able or  grotesque  may  be  packed  in  the  trunk. 

Menagerie  Party 

Each  plaver  receives  on  a  slip  of  paper  a  number  and  the  name 
of  an  animal,  e.  g.,  i.  elephant,  2.  mouse.  The  leader  <»lls  on 
each  player  in  turn  to  come  forward  aiul  draw  on  a  blackboard 
the  animal  named  on  her  slip.  One  minute  is  given  to  exe- 
cute each  drawing.  The  other  players  try  to  guess  the  am- 
mal  on  the  board  and  write  their  guess,  correctly  numbered,  on 
papers  provided  for  the  purpose.  When  the  list  has  been  com- 
pleted the  leader  reads  the  correct  list  aloud  and  the  players 
rorrect  their  mistakes.  If  there  are  not  many  arti^  pceMOt,  the 
results  are  i^t  to  be  startling. 

4  Poftoiil  Party 

A  modification  of  the  kst  game  is  for  the  players  to  sit  in  a 
circle  and  eju  h  draw  a  portrait  of  her  left-hand  neighbor. 
The  leader  ciaiecis  the  p*)rt  raits.  p«ts  a  number  on  each  to 
idenUfy  it,  and  places  them  on  cxhibi^Mi.  The  piay«s  try  to 
guess  the  orif^ud  of  eadi  portrait. 

Magic  Mniic 

The  player  who  is  "it"  leaves  the  room,  while  the  others  de- 
cide upon  some  action  they  want  her  to  do,  for  instance-walk  to 
the  centre  of  the  room  and  recite  poetry.  The  player  then  re- 
turns  and  the  game  commences.  The  other  players  sing  or 
hum  or  one  plays  the  piano.  When  the  player  who  is  t 
nears  her  destiniition  (in  this  case  the  centre  of  the  w?™)  the 
music  grows  louder  aiidih«eant«tttl»li»lionthe  right 


Tribe  Activities  ^ 

track.  If  she  hesitates  or  Boes  in  the  wrong  directions  the  music 
continues  soft  and  low.   F&ving  at  kst  reached  the  proper  spot 

he  player  proceeds  to  try  out  all  sorts  of  stunts,  untirgdSed 
n'L  ^v)  ""ri  '^^^  *?''\".P°"  Ihe  right  action  r^ 

Hat  Tiiamioc  Contest 

Give  each  plaver  a  sheet  of  ordinary  brown  wrappinff  paper 
twoor  three  shc.ts  of  t.ssue oaper  of  bright  colors.^SSe?iSs 
a  pair  of  scissors  and  tell  ^er  to  make  and  trim  a  hat  The 
successful  hat  can  be  selected  by  judge,  or  ^op5« 

Rreaide  Trick* 

^Put  your  hands  together  a.  in  the  drawing,  palms  also  touch- 

The  thumbs  are  you 
and  your  brother.  You 
can  separate  eaaly— like 
that. 

The  first  fingers  are 

you  and  your  father,  you 
lan  sefiarato  not  quite  so 
easily— like  that. 

The  little,  fingers  are 
you  and  your  sister,  you 
can  separate,  but  that 
comes  a  little  harder  still 
—like  that. 

The  middle  fingers  are 
you  and  your  mother, 
you  can  separate,  but  it 
is  hard— see  that. 

The   ring  fingers  are 
you  and  your  sweetheart,  — .  ^, 

yjm^camiot  separate  without  everything  else  going  first  to 

The  Lone  Star  Trick* 

toolc  Ibr^S»^^L?K       '"[^^^^^i^K  ^rick  on  the  table.    He  . 
i^tlS?^^^^  -  the  middle, 


6o  Woodcraft  Ifmttl  for  Oirte 


"Now,"  he  says,  "when  our  people  got  poMenkm  of  TaaM, 
it  was  nothing  but  a  wildeniessoiGMtuiqMnei.  Seethfinthml 

Then  they  began  irrigat- 
ing. (Here  he  put  a 
spoonful  of  water  in  the 
centre  of  the  spines.)  And 
tlien  a  change  set  in  and 
kept  on  untU  they  turned 
into  the  Lone  Star  State." 

As  we  watched,  the  water  . .  ^ 

caused  the  toothpicks  to  stimig^ten  out  until  th^  made  the  pat* 
tern  of  a  star  as  in  "  B. " 


Ftathor  FoofbaU  or  Fosthor-bioir 

This  is  an  indoor,  wet-weather  game. 

The  players  hold  a  blanket  on  the  knees  or  on  the  table. 
A  soft  feauier  is  put  in  the  middle.  As  many  may  play  as  can 
get  near.  They  may  be  in  sides,  2  or  4,  or  each  for  bendf. 
At  the  signal  "Go!"  each  tries  to  blow  the  feather  oS  the 
Uanket  at  the  enemy's  side,  and  so  count  one  for  herself. 

A  game  is  usually  best  out  of  7, 1 1 ,  orxj. 


Books  Recommended 

Games  fo»  the  Playground,  Home,  School  and  Gymnasiuii.  Je«ie 
H.  Bancroft,  Published  by  the  MacMillan  Company,  450  pages.    $1 .50 

Camp  AHoOuTiNoAcrmTiss.  (Cheley-Baker.)  Published  by  Anocu- 
tioaPNM.  I1.S0 


80N08 


Sur-SpaagM  Btaaar 
OBMutifal 

lOOMT 

AlOMtte 

Oauiha  Tribal  Pnyw 


Aetiing  Songs 


Wk»  Seng 
Cloiing  LolUby 
Caaodsf  I  Lot*  Soag 

!<■  ri  ■OB-de 

MvJtllttkMiB 


The  Wmm«1  In  tlM  Wo«4 
MyMuJoha 


When  I  Was  a  Toong  OiH 
Roman  and  i^'agUah  Soldlon 


SONOS 


There  mfty  be  Woodcraf  ten  wbo  are  little  interested  in  ath- 
letics and  not  moved  by  the  charms  of  handicraft,  but  it  is  verv 
doubtful  whether  there  are  any  indifferent  to  music  AU 
cannot  produce  it,  but  all  can  enjoy  it  in  some  nNasnre. 

There  can  be  no  finer  expression  of  team  play  than  in  group 
singing,  and  no  Woodcraft  Tribe  wiU  have  done  its  best  work  untU 
its  members  have  learned  to  sing  wdl^aadiriiile  it  b  desiraUe  that 
the  leader  be  a  musician,  any  one  who  can  carry  a  tune  can  sdect 
good  singable  songs  and  teach  them  to  the  group. 

In  addition  to  the  general  songs,  whidi  may  be  found  in  all  of 
the  good  collections  of  songs,  are  the  songs  tKat  are  particularly 
native  to  America.  These  are  omddered  by  many  of  our  best 
composers  to  be  of  high  value.  Because  of  the  fact  that  these 
native  American  folk-songs  have  not  been  greatly  used  we  are 
including  several  of  them  in  this  chapter. 

It  is  the  spirit  of  the  American  folk-song  that  commends  it. 
It  is  spontaneous,  interpreting  the  world  about  us  as  well  as  the 
worid  within,  (Bering  a  song  and  a  dance  for  every  mood  and 
every  kige  evoit  m  life. 


AflMliM 

My  country,  'tis  of  (hee, 
Sweet  land  of  liberty. 

Of  thee  I  sing: 
Land  where  my  fathers  died, 
Land  of  the  Pilgrim's  pride, 
Fran  every  moimtahk  side 

Let  freedcmi  ring. 

My  native  country,  thee, 
Uuid  oi  the  noble  free. 

Thy  name  I  love: 
I  love  thy  rocks  and  rills, 
Thy  woods  and  templed  hills; 
My  heart  wiih  rapture  thrills 
like  that  above. 


U  Woodenfl  lUawd  for  Oldi 

Let  mutk  nrril  the  breeze 
And  ring  from  all  the  trees 

Sweet  freedom's  song; 
Let  Mortal  tongues  ft  wake, 

Let  rocks  their  silence  hnilk. 
The  sound  prolong. 

Our  father's  God,  to  Thee, 
Author  of  liberty, 

To  thee  we  sing; 
Long  may  om  land  be  bright 
With  freedom's  holy  Uffht; 
Protect  us  by  Thy  might. 

Great  God,  our  King. 


The  Star-Spanned  Banner 

O  say,  can  you  see,  by  the  dawn's  eariy  light, 

WhMt  so  proudly  we  hail'd  at  the  twilight's  last  gleaming? 
Whose  broad  stripes  and  bright  stars,  thro"  the  perilous  fight? 

O'er  the  ramparts  we  watched  were  so  gallantly  streaming; 
And  the  rodcet's.  red  glare,  the  bombs  bursting  in  air, 

Gave  proof  thro'  the  night  that  our  flag  was  still  that? 
0  sav,  does  that  star-spangled  banner  yet  wave 

O^Nr  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  Imve? 


On  the  shore,  dimly  seen  thro'  the  mists  of  the  <kep, 

Where  the  foe's  haughty  host  in  dread  silence  reposes, 
What  is  that  which  the  breeze,  o'er  the  towering  steep, 

As  it  fitfully  blows,  half  conceals,  half  discloses? 
Now  it  catches  the  gleam  of  the  morning's  first  beam. 

In  full  glory  reflected,  now  shines  on  the  stream — 
Tis  the  star-sjangled  banner.   O  long  may  it  wave 

O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 


And  whoe  is  that  ban  i  who  ro  vauntingly  swore, 
'Mid  the  havoc  o(  war  and  the  battte^  confink>n 

A  hotne  and  a  country  they'.  \  kn  v  •  us  no  more? 
Their  Mood  has  washed  out  iheir  fou!  footsteps'  pdlution, 


Tribe  Activitiet 


No  refuge  could  save  the  hireling  and  slave 
From  the  terror    ffight,  or  the  gloom  of  the  grave 

And  ihi-  star-span j;!ed  banner  in  triumph  shall  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 

0  hus  be  it  fver  when  freemen  shall  stand 

Between  their  loved  homes  and  foul  war's  desolation, 
Blest  with  vict'ry  and  peace,  may  the  heav'n-rescued  bad 

Pr  lise  the  Power  that  hath  m  •  le  and  preserved  ma  nation. 
Then  conquer  we  must,  whc^*  ur  cause  it  is  just, 

And  this  be  oar  mot  to,  "In  God  is  our  trust" — 
And  the  star-spangled  banner  in  triumph  shall  wave 

While  the  bmd  of  the  free  is  the  home  of  the  brave. 

•—Ffmdi  SktU  K$y,  1814. 

O  Beautiful  for  Spaciouf  SUm 
KATBBim  Ln  Batm  &  Wabo 

1.  0  ban  •  ti  •  ful  for  ipa  -  eknu  ■kiei,  For    am  .  ber 

2.  0  bMO  .  U  -  ful  for  ia-  tfrim  fw-t  WhoM  aUni.  im  . 
8.  0  bean  .  ti  -  fal  for  ka  •  roei  provml  Ib  Kb  -  ar  • 
4  0  bavi  .  ti .  f  «1  for        .  triot  dnm  Tkat  mm    ka  • 


wawa  of    grain,  For 
paa-aionod  itraaa  A 

at  -  ing   strife.  Who  moi« 

fOMd  Um    jeara  TUm  al 


Mr  < 
tkor- 


pl«  BooB'taia  aaj 
OBgh-fare  for  free  - 
Uum  aelf  their  eona 
a  •  baa  •  tar   dt  • 


ea-tiea  A  • 
doB  boat  A  • 
trylored,  Alrf 


fMoocon  nsowTiON  tbt  chart 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^    APPLIED  IIVMGE  I, 


Inc 


1653  East  Mom  Street 
Rocliester,  New  York  U609 
(716)  48?  -  0300  -  Phone 

(716':    ;rR       sqng  _ 


66 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Sides— Concluded 


i 


rrrt 


bove    the  frnit  •  ed  plaini 

eroas    the  wil  -  der  -  ness! 

mer  -  cy  more   than  life! 

dimmed  by  ha  -  man  tears! 


A  •  mer  •  i  •  ca!  A  - 

A  -  mer  -  i  -  ca!  A  - 

A  -  mer  -  i  -  ca!  A  - 

A  -  mer  •  i  -  ca!  A  - 


1 — r 


-H  y 


Bwr  -  i  •  eal  God  died  His  graee  on    ihea  And  ennni  tlj 

■er  -  i  -  ca!  God  mend  thine  ev  •  *ry    flaw,  Coa  -  fini 

■er  .  i-eal  May  God  thy  gold    re  •  line,  TDl    all  sae- 

mu  -  i  -  ca!  God  shed  His  grace  on    thee  And  erawa  thy 

good  with  broth  •  or- hood  From         to  aUa*  ias  Mai 

ionl  fai    aetf  •  eon-trol.  Thy    lib  -  er  -         b  law! 

ce«  be     no  -  b!e-nen,  And    ot  -  'ry  gam    di  •  Tine! 

good  with  broth  -  erohood  Ftihb  aea    to  ahiB-  ing  aea! 


Tribe  Activities  67 
RooMT  or  ReveiUe 


Ho,  sleepers,  a  -  rise!  the  sun's  la  the  skies.The  summer  mist 


flies  from  the  lake  and  the   lea.  The  Red  Gods  do  call:  Ho, 


r  J- J 

high,  Hi-kers  all,  Come  drink  of  the  Life-cup  you  nev-er  will  see. 


Then  blow  ye  winds  high,  or  blow  ye  winds  low,  Or  blow,  ye  wet 


east  wind  o  ■  ver  the  sea.  Well  face  ye  and  fight,  and 


langh  when  you  * mite,For  storm  was  the  trainer  that  tonghened  the  tree. 


Yo  hot        a -rise,  a  •  rise!  A  ■  rise,  a- rise,  yo  ho 


ot 


68 


Tribe  Activities 


69 


Alouette  is  an  unusually  fine  song  for  group  singing.  The 
idea  is  that  of  caressing  a  beautiful  bird.  A  leader  sings  the 
verse  up  to  end  of  "je  te  plumerai  la  tete"  and  the  group  repeats 
this,  running  down  scale.  The  soloist  sings  "et  la  tete"  and  the 
chorus  repeats  twice.  All  sing  chorus.  In  the  next  verse  the 
soloist  uses  "cou"  and  just  before  the  chorus,  adds  to  it  the  word 
used  in  the  previous  verse  as:  "et  le  cou"  response  by  crowd, 
then  "et  la  tete"  response  from  crowd,  then  on  to  diorus.  After 
each  verse  the  previous  verse  words  are  added  until  all  the  ports 
of  the  bird  have  been  used. 


The  Omaha  Tribal  Prayer 

HwmooiMdbjrFitov.  J.  C>  VUAMora. 

Slow.  Crave.  SoUmn. 


jj'^P  wm  ^     /ts  /»> 

iJfLddMj  (9  >s  

BP'          V     \       \       ■  : 
Wa-kon-da   dhe  -  dha  Wa^ia  d 

^  8-  p  p 

bin  t 

i  •  ton -he. 

^  1— 

CoH  Ped. 

A                      ^^  ^ 

'  ■ 

* 

i 


Wa-kon-da    dhe -dim  Wa-pa-dhin    a  -  toa«he. 


By  penniaaioQ  {nm  Alkx  C.  Ffetdwr*! ''In^  Stoiy  Mid  SoBg.** 

Translation: 

Father  a  needy  one  stands  before  thee; 
I  that  sing  am  he. 


70 


Woodcraft  Manual  ft>r  Girls 
Hike  Song 


Mnsic  by  Jos.  S  JoNV 


1.  Way  down  in  yon-der  val-Iey     The  mist  b  IOm  a 

2.  We   van-der  by  the  wood-land  That  hangs  tip  -  on    the  hill, 

3.  We  gaze  np  -  on  tiie  streamlet.    As  o'er  the  bridge  we  lean; 


'u' —  "-»'  0  »  — 


Tho'  the  Bun  be  scarce-ly  ris  -  en.  There  is  light  e-nongh  fo:  me. 
We     hear  the  birds  »-tun-ing.    Their  mom-ing  elw- ion  shrilL 
W«   ira(ehUslnir>riedri{>-plei,   Thai  ertditiMBMrB^OMa. 


alt  <L*- 


□tat 


For     be    it  ear  -  ly  mom-ing.    Or     be    it  late  at  night; 
For    hnr-ried-^    a-wak-ing,    From  midat the  dew  •  y  spray; 
OhttheWoodenftBeyaanatahrarti  AndtheWoodenfkGirtoaniair; 


It  M  h  ^  ^ 


± 


  ^ 

Cheer     •  ly  ring  onr  foot-steps,       Bight,  left,  right! 
Cheer  -  i  •      now  the  black-bird.  Whist-ling  greets  the  day. 
And  cheer  -  i  Aji  bieathea  aroond  ns,  The  bracing  wood-land  air. 

Chobus 


For  be     it  ear  -      aum-lng,  Or   be    it  late  idi^ 


Cheer  -  i  -  ly  ring   our  foot-steps,     Bight,  left,  rig^t  lOd 


eve- nings dusk  -y  shad-owd.    In  mom-ing  roe  •  7  U^it, 

•^it^-.h  h  1^  ^  ^  ^  '  — i — j- 


i 


Cheer -i  -  ly  ring  our  foot-steps.  Bight,  left,  right. 
FMB**VBlTCnity  of  XoroBto  Sobs  Book."  V.tooUbc* 


Tribe  ActbitiM  7x 
Cloting  LulUby 

(DedieaUd  to  E.T.S,bii  Franee$  Demmon.) 

Qtippem  Cradla  Bone 


Bend-ing  km  to     Mrth,  We  will    Bour  ov    si-l«M  kMp; 


Win-ter  killed  aU    oar  nirtb.  And  tb*    Pin  •  fiM  limf. 


The  Canoeigt*!  Love  Soof 


WiM  ardor,  rather  slowly 


OJIBWAY 


Ckek-ak-bay  U  Mk  on 
I  ThrougtMut  the  night  I 
*    In  my  birch  CMoe  I 

Where  canst  thou  be,  O 


dait- day-akn, 
keep  arwake, 
aeelc  for 


my 


chtk-ak  •  —J  . — ~  --- 
Through -out  the  night  I 
rvon,    to  m   bfardiak-Boe  1 
i(£wt?Whcrc  ctnttiMvbo,  O 


doH-day-ahn,  ah 
keep  a-walce.  Up 
leelL  for  you.  Up 
mysweet-neartf  I 


gah-mah  st  -  it  oh 
on    a  riv  -er  I 
on    a  riv-er  I 
wake  and  seek  thee.O 


daihday-ahM. 
keep  a -wake, 
seek  fo;'  you. 
{Omit 


.)  my  swtel-licart 


By  pei-nission  from  Frederick  R.  Burton's  "Ameiicul  Primitive  Mtt«C," 
with  adaptation  by  Wm.  Brewster  Hunq>htey. 


7* 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Oida 


Deatii  Song 

Ofibway 


Vtrjf  modirat$  -  . 


r  r  >  1- 

IfoA-iiM  m-imA  -  mak'jah,    mah-noo  ne-nak, 

I    am  go  •  iag   on    a     jour  -  ney    Far  and  lone  be  • 


i 


i 


"f  ^ 


•{••^  •  mak  •  joA,  ^  •  0  •  (fa  -  iM  wtii  -  I  mtii^a- A  • 
Tondthe  wt-ting  na.    To  the  Spir- it-land  now  I  am  de  • 

J.      J         J  -I 


-Oh 


i 


J  1- 


-J  I 


SB 


/dL          lfa&  -  noo    ne  -  na.^    nt.i  -  ga  nah  -  jah  -  men, 

part  -  iag,    In     the    trail  luade   by   my  fore  -  fa  -  thers, 
J  W  


h4— > — 


-\ — ^ 


3^ 


f-   151  •  ?r 

il.o-tfa  •na  -  in'n  -  (      %in-ga    it...  jtuL...... 

To   the  Spir  -  it  -  land     e   -   ter-nal    I  am    go  -  ing, 


1 


-«  «>■ 


5^ 


From  "American  Primitive  Music,"  by  Frederick  R.  Burtnu  Aduted 
by  Wm.  Brewster  Humphrey  fd  the  American  Indiu  Leagoa.  Uied  ay 
fpf^-fg]  pensluioD* 


Tribe  Activities 
Zon-zi-mon-de 


73 


{By  ptTmitsumjTom  A/tc<  C.  FUlchtr's  "Indian  Story  and  5m|") 

Omaha 

Wiik  ^teial  SHtliikiB»rd$  V  Mt  in  inImmIm     ImmrU pud  i» 
the  Wooder^OnnM 

HummM  bj  PnC  J.  C.  nuimui 

Spiriled.    M.  At.  J\  =  152 


I         I     I    T  7 

Yt  ka    ht      pi  $    kt  dha     ye  ka   hi      ya  t    ka  dka 

Ho  ho  ho  ho  ha  comes  Shout  a-loud  re  Roll  the  dnnni 
Dorau  Dbux  Bsat 


Him  that     we     now  greet  Giro  to  him 


an      hon- or 


ika  kadkae.  Soik-ti-maiM  •  •  ma  $ka  t  dke.  Ak  ka 
ed  seat      (Urn  ki$  mum.)     We    hail    thee  chief  Fame  thj 


ya  e  ke  ihi  ye  ka  'he 
name   did  bring  Wel-come  to 


r 


ya  «   ka  dka  dha  km  ika. 

onr    eotin-cU  ring. 

^  .AAA 


74 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 
Mttje  Muketin 


Jtalhet  fast 


This  Moccasin  Song,  "Worn  out  Moccasins  I  am  Wearin£^l»&om  Fitd- 
crick  R.  Burton's  "American  PrimiUvc  Music,"  lyog,  by  penniMMIl. 

Bi^ar  Thimdtrl 


yon. 


Ay.        yl  ay   y.^ 


From  "The  Indians'  Book"  by  Natalie  Curtis;  pub.  Haiper  Bios.,  by 
spedal  peimissimi. 

ACTING  SONGS 
The  Weasel  in  tiie  Wood 

This  is  a  French  song  game,  somewhat  fflce  our  "Button, 
Button."  The  players  sit  in  a  circle  with  hands  on  a  cordwmch 
goes  all  around  On  the  cord  is  a  ring,  which  is  passed  secreUv 
from  one  to  another  as  they  sing  the  song  on  next  page,  taja 
t^^  ^e  singing  ends,  the  one  in  the  midd  e  ha J  to  f^^^° 
Ss  the  ring.  If  she  fails  she  pays  a  forfeit  If  she  wins  the 

k>ser  takes  her  place. 


Le  Furet 


78 


U   court,    il   court    le      fu  •  ret     du  boit  jo  •  U; 


U    a  pas  •      par  1  •  d     1«  fa  •  r«t  da  bote  jo  •  U. 


ENGUSH  SUBSTITUTE 


He  runs,  be  runs,  the   wea>Ml      it.  the  wood ^ ay  boy  <!, 


)      .1    ^  1  "j 

r 

^^^^  1 

He    runs,    he    runs,  the   wea-sel      in....  the 


He  has  pass'd  by  here.he's  pass'dijnMTd  os^  Ub  if  yw  oooU,  mg  lifs 


He  hat  pass'd  by  lwre,b«'s  paM'd,]raa*d  catch  htm  U  yott  coidd. 


76 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Oirlf 
My  Man  John 
Ctmnictm:  Maater     My  Man  John      Lady  Fair 


OUy  BN(.USH  BALLAD 


L  Akt  ]|f  aaa  Jokm^aaa  tka  aal  •  tar  ba  (StamptfitL) 


^ — 1 — ' — ■ — — ^ 

Tkit  lakoaldlovaa  U-^T  Mr  aad  aiMaiMiIdaallaia  aat 


rir  r  r 


fta   wiO  Mt    l>»    pjr  Mda,  ■/   Joj   aad    wf  km» 

III 


-m  m 


-0  


SlMwUlBottaka    a    walkwitkaa  aa.j 


Mr  i'  '  rl|  \m 


2.  Woo   bar,  daar- aat   liaa- tar,  «oo   bar  with  •  o«t  faai^ 


u 

1  , 

* — 

h# — ■ — = — 1 

*  1  1 

Aad  Toa  ahall  wia  tba  La-  4)r  fab  ia  tba  eaaa  «f  balf 


And    aha    will    ba    jour  brida,  yonr  joy    aad    yoor  daar 


lib 


?  ii  K 


^   win  taka    a    walk  witt  jroa    aa  •  y  • 


Trib«  ActbitiM 


77 


Oh!  Madam  I  will  g.  e  to  you  a  fine  ivory  ccmb 
To  fasten  up  your  golden  focks  when  I  am  not  ftt  home, 
If  you  will  be  my  bride,  my  joy  and  my  dear, 
If  you  will  take  a  walk  with  me  anywhere. 


No,  Sir,  I  can't  accept  your  fine  ivory  comb 

To  fasten  up  my  golden  locks  when  you  are  not  at  hoOMk 

I  will  nut  be  your  oride,  your  joy  and  your  dear, 

I  will  not  take  a  walk  with  you  utynhgn. 


Ohl  My  man  John,  what  r;    e  ntttor  be  (tcpMU  fint  vne). 


Woo  her,  deareat  Matter  (repeat  second  vene). 


Oh !  ^{adam  I  will  give  to  you  a  fine  white  bound 
And  every  hair  upon  his  back  will  cost  a  thouaaad  pOMMl, 
If  you  will  be  my  brie**!,  my  joy  and  my  dear, 
li  you  will  take  a  walk  with  me  anywhere. 


No,  Sir,  I  can't  accept  your  fine  white  hound 

With  everv  hair  upon  his  back  that  costs  a  thousand 

I  will  not  be  your  ttride,  etc. 


Myt  •j.John,whatcantiiefflattcibe(i«|Mntfintverie). 


Woe  her,  dearest  Master  (npeat  ntcaod  vuse). 


Madam  I  will  give  to  you  tlie  keys  of  my  heart 

To  lock  them  up  forever  that  we  never  more  may  part. 

If  you  will  be  my  bride,  my  joy  and  my  dear. 

If  you  will  take  a  walk  with  me  anywlien. 


S  1         ^  *ccept  of  you  the  keys  of  your  heart 
wckUiem  up  forever  that  we  never  more  may  pa 
And  I  wUl  be  your  bride,  your  joy  and  your  dear 

And  I  wiu  take  a  walk  with  you  anywhere. 


(Master  takes  her  hand  and  leads  her  to  John) 
^or  m  will  be  my  txide,     joy  and  my  dear 


■■♦/. 


78  Woodcxaft  Manual  for  Girls 

Whan  I  was  a  Yonaf  (Hri 


OLD  ENGLISH  BALLAD 


-J    1    1  4- 

' — — H 

1.  Whoi  I    WW  .  a  jtnaf  gtA,  •  jmig  girt,   *  jtmg  gH 


When    I     was     a  jonng  girl,    oh,    this  way    went  I: 
( Pretend$  holding  an  imaginary  book  open  and  swayingfrom  tide  to  tide) 

i^~rr  ^  J  N  J  .'  '  I '  .  '  1 1 

Twas  this  way  and  that  way  and  this  way    and  that  wqr; 


if.  J  I      J I  -I      J  J  M   '  I  II 

When    I     WM     »  yonag  giri,   tA,    this  way  went  L 


When  I  was  a  schoolteacher,  schoolteacher,  schodteadier, 
When  I  was  a  schoolteacher,  this  way  went  I : 
(Shakes  finger  fint  on  rif^t  side,  then  on  left  aide,  swaybig  to 

music.) 

Twas  this  way  and  that  way,  etc. 

When  I  had  a  lover,  a  lover,  a  lover. 
When  I  had  a  lover,  oh ,  this  way  went  I : 

(Throws  kisses,  first  right  ude,  then  left  ucte,  swaying  to  nuisic.) 
Twas  thb  way  and  that  way,  etc. 


When  I  had  a  husband,  a  husband,  a  husband. 
When  I  had  a  hud>and,  oh,  this  way  went  I : 

(Anns  akimbo,  head  <q>,  swaying  ftom  side  to  side  to  music) 
Twas  this  way  and  that  way,  etc. 


When  I  had  a  baby,  a  baby,  a  baby. 
When  I  had  a  baby,  oh,  tins  way  went  I : 

(Mi^es  cradle  arms,  rocking  fn8B  ^  to  ^  to  ^^.} 
TwM  tUs  way  and  that  way,  rtc 


Tribe  Activities  79 

When  my  huiband  died,  died,  died, 

When  my  hiubMid  died,  oh,  thb  way  went  I: 

(ImiUte  ciying,  swaying  to  right  side,  then  to  left  tide.) 
Twas  this  way  and  that  way,  etc. 


When  I  took  in  washing,  in  washing,  in  wadiing, 
When  I  took  in  washing,  oh,  this  my  wmtl: 

(Imitates  rubbing  on  washboard  to  t^t  and  left) 
Twas  this  way  and  that  way,  etc. 


When  I  was  a  beggar,  a  beggar,  a  beggar. 
When  I  was  a  beggar,  oh,  tUs  way  went  I : 
(Holds  out  right  hand  at  for  alas,  6nt  to  ri^t,  then  to  left, 
swa^^ing  to  music.) 
Twas  this  way  and  that  way,  etc. 


When  I  was  dead,  was  dead,  was  dead, 
When  I  was  dead,  oh,  this  way  went  I: 

(Lies  down  and  sings) 
Twas  this  way  and  that  way,  etc 


Ronuui  and  EaifiA  SoUiera 

Line  up  on  two  rides  fadng  each  oth».  Altonat^  advance  and  leticat 

while  singing, 


 1  -K—^  

—J 

1  0  #  m  

Win    JOB    1^  « 


ef  vtM? 


• 


For     we      are      the      Ro  -  man 

(AU  English) 


-(S»- 

Sol 


Wa     iraat  gh« 


-Oh  • 

dien. 


'or     we     art  tka 


ffish  iel 


8o  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

We  wffl  set  our  dogs  upon  you,  for  we  are  ^«  ^o™*" 

We  (km't  care  for  your  dogs  <w  you,  for  we  are  the  En^kh  bolcHers. 

We  wiU  teU  the  Pope  of  you,  for  we  are  the  Soldier^^^ 
We  d<m't  care  f<w  the  Pope  or  you,  for  we  are  the  Entfish  bofcHHi. 

Are  you  ready  ior  a  fight?  for  we  are  the  Roman  Soldiers. 
We  are  ready  for  a  fight,  for  we  are  the  English  Soldieit. 
Each  pool  finger  at  other  and  say  "  Bang  I  ) 

(Go  around  in  a  circle,  limping,  singing  together.) 
Now  we  have  only  one  leg,  for  we  are  the  Roman  Soldiers. 
Now  we  have  only  one  leg,  for  we  are  the  English  Soldiers. 

(Each  point  finger  at  the  other  and  say  "Bang  I  ) 

(Hold  one  hand  over  one  eye,  continue  to  Hmp  around  in  circle  on 
right  leg  and  sing  together.) 
Now  we  have  only  one  eye,  for  we  are  the  Roman  boldiers. 
Now  we  have  only  one  eye,  for  we  are  the  English  Soldiers. 

(Each  point  finder  at  the  other  and  say  "Bonf  /") 

(Hold  up  other  arm  as  in  a  sling,  continue  to  hold  eye  and  limp,  sing- 
ing together.) 

Now  we  have  raaly  one  arm,  for  we  are  the  Ronun  »>^'*. 
Now  we  have      <»e  arm,  for  we  are  the  Ei^nn  SMdieis. 
(Say  "Ban*/") 
(AO  bU.) 

Now  we  drop  to  rise  no  more,  for  we  are  the  Itomtt  Sjddieit. 
Now  we  drop  to  rise  no  more,  for  we  are  the  En^lsh  ScMieii. 


Most  Popuiar  Hohe  Songs,  G.  C.  Noble. 

Most  Popular  Coluece  Songs,  Hinds,  Noble  jk  Eldndge. 

Sowoa  y<»  SaKXH.8,  Charles  H.  Famswrnrth,  MacMillan  Co. 


DANCING 


Storm  Cloud  Lone  Hunter 

Hopi  Com  Dances  Fire-Fly  Dance 

a.  ^rinc  CaitiMm  Dane* 

6.  Paa  Asiaul  Dance  ef  NaaaFfee-joa 


DANCmO 


John  Ruskin  surprised  the  world  some  fifty  years  ago  by  his 
eloquent  plea  for  dancing  as  a  mental  training.  Our  Mutators 
have  slowly  accepted  tb  iea  and,  some  twenty  years  ago,  began 
to  seek  in  Europe  for  foU-dances  that  would  furnish  amusement 
combined  with  rhythmic  exercise  and  the  chance  for  dramatic 
expression. 

Many  good  dances  were  brought  from  England,  Russia,  and 
Hungary,  etc.,  before  we  awakened  to  the  fact  that  in  this  de- 
|)artment  the  richest  of  all  lands  to-day  is  our  own  country, 
I  here  are  more  and  better  folk-dances  in  America  than  in  any 
other  country  that  we  know  of. 

There  are  scores  of  charming  Indian  folk-dances  vrhich  the 
Woodcraft  Girl  would  like  to  loiow,  a  few  of  which  are  given 
here,  f  hey  have  been  tried  out  many  times  and  approved  by 
leading  educators.  More  than  any  oUiers  at  present  available, 
they  contain  the  possibL'ity  of  graceful  movement,  exercise,  and 
dramatic  expressiou 

It  is  unfortimate  that  the  crouch  of  one  certain  dance  h^s 
Ixen  accepted  by  many  of  the  pubUc  as  the  only  position  in  the 
Indiar  dances,  for  it  has  blinded  us  to  the  real  beauties  of  their 
t;  pica!  performances.  , 

It  is  difficult  for  us  to  realize  how  much  dancing  means  to  the 
Red  Men.  It  figured  in  all  their  social  and  athletic  life.  The 
(laiKC  was  a  great  pubUc  opportunity  to  tell  in  pantomime  either 
historical  facts  or  interpret  ideas.  The  vital  things  of  their 
e\  eryday  life,  as  well  as  the'*^  dramatic  adventures,  were  pre- 
sented at  the  Council  Ring  L'  jh  the  dnn^  e.  The  chase,  the 
thiiifTs  connected  with  their  r.  ^ion;  love  and  hate,  peace  and 
war,  were  all  set  forth  to  music  and  movement  at  the  council 
li  re. 

The  time  most  used  for  these  dances  is  two-time;  a  heavy 
and  light  beat  on  the  tom-tom,  with  or  without  the  chant  that 
especially  belongs  to  each  particular  dance. 

The  fundamental  step  is  the  two-step,  which  consists  of  a  very 
short  step  ind  a  short  hop  on  each  foot,  with  a  shaip  upward 
V  linn  of  u\c  knee.  This  was  meant  originally  to  jingie  a  string 
of  bells  or  rattles  that  were  worn  oa  eadi  knee. 

U 


84  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

The  one-time  and  three-time  are  less  frequently  used  and  are 
more  difficult  to  do. 

The  arms  and  body  are  swayed  and  freely  used  to  express  the 
dramatic  story;  always,  of  course,  rhythmically. 

The  Storm  Ctoud 

One  of  the  ^est-known  ritive  dances  is  the  Storm  Cloud,  the 
story  of  the  Rising  Wind  ana  the  Cloud  done  into  a  dance.  The 
first  time  I  saw  it  was  at  an  Indian  village  on  Lake  Huron,  when 
a  taU,  sturdy  Indian  did  it  with  a  buffalo  robe.  Btit  it  is  used 
widely  m  the  west,  and  the  weight  of  the  robe,  ^diich  is  the  doud, 
is  proportional  to  the  strength  of  the  dancer. 

It  is  danced  by  one  girl  (or  boy)  using  a  white  drape  for  the 
doud.  For  a  child  this  should  be  of  canton  flannel  or  muslin  about 
two  yards  long  and  a  yard  wide.  For  a  stronger  person  a  heav- 
ier drape,  even  a  white  blanket  is  sometimes  used.  This  dance 
needs  a  huge  circle  and  should  not  be  attempted  m  a  small 

room.  .  «  1    .       •  u     1  J 

It  portrays  the  strong  and  rismg  wmd  playmg  with  a  cloud, 
beginning  slowly  but  ending  in  a  cyclone  when  the  dancer 
spins  and  shrieking  falls  flat,  while  the  cloud  settles  on  her 

face.  ,  , 

The  music  is  chiefly  drum,  sometimes  only  drum. 

Trailer  means  the  hands  raised  high  and  wide  apart  holding 
the  cloud  so  that  it  floats  behind. 

The  Dip  consists  in  bending  low  to  one  side  so  that  one  hand 
points  straight  up,  and  one  straight  down,  it  is  given  first  on 
one  side  then  the  other,  the  doud  floating  behind. 

The  Eagle  Swoop  is  given  every  six -beats  and  it  takes  three 
beats  to  do  it  beginning  with  the  hands  raised  m  the  trailer, 
lower  the  left  hand  to  near  the  chest,  raise  the  right  straight  up 
but  forward,  swing  both  down  to  left,  then  by  swmging  the 
right  hand  round  the  head  and  both  hands  m^o  traihng 
position  the  doud  swmgs  dear.  After  six  more  beats  repeat  at 

^^The^Flying  Scud  or  Driving  Cloud  thus,  hold  one  end  of  the 
drape  in  left  hand  tight  against  the  right  shoulder,  the  other  end 
in  the  right  hand  with  arm  fuUy  extended  and  level  tbe  drape 
tight  between  the  two  hands,  then  runmng  very  fast  once 
around  wave  the  right  hand  up  and  down  so  that  the  doud 
undulates.  ,  , 

The  Double  Swoop  is  much  like  the  Eagle  Swoop,  but  the  dancer 
turns  face  to  the  rig  it  when  the  left  hand  swings  over,  thrt 


Tribe  Activities 


85 


turns  and  faces  the  left  as  the  hands  change  so  that  the  right  is 
up. 

Jn  ihSpin  the  cloud  is  held  tight  to  the  shoulder,  as  in  Ffying 
Scud  once  around  is  enough  for  each  spin  except  the  final. 

In  the  final,  thief;  or  four  spins  will  do  with  grand  crescendo, 
time,  etc,  then  with  a  scream  the  dancer  drops,  jerks  the  cloud 
toward  her  feet,  back  over  her  head,  then  slightly  back  so  it 
settles  over  her  face  and  body. 

While  the  drum  is  sufficient  for  the  dance  the  effect  is  better 
if  a  low  humming  chant  in  correct  time  is  kept  up  by  the  drum- 
mer. This  should  increase  in  volume,  and  in  the  climax  all 
should  gi\  e  a  high-pitched,  prolonged  shout  while  the  drum  boLts 
a  heavy  tattoo. 

Then  all  is  still. 

Sometimes  when  necessar>  to  shorten  it  the  5th  and  7th  figures 
are  left  out,  but  it  always  begins  with  the  Walking  Trailer  and 
ends  with  the  Spin.   The  exact  and  full  scenario  is  as  foUows: 
(Each  figure  goes  once  around) 

ist.  Walking  Trailer  brisk  march  time 

2nd.       "       "       with  side  dip.    .      "      "  " 

3rd.  Running  Trailer  double  quick  " 

4th.        "        "        with  side  dip.    .        "      "  " 
5th.  Eagle  Swoop,  6  beats  to  the  trailer  pause  and  3  beats 
tu  the  c'ip. 
6th.  FlymgScud. 

7th.  Trailer  and  Double  Eagle  Swoop,  6  b«ats  trailer  and  3 
beats  for  each  swoop. 
8th.   Flying  Scud,  with  a  spin  for  each  of  the  four  Winds. 
9th.   Double  Eagle  Swoop  without  trailer, 
loth.  Spin  m  centre,  wind  screams  as  the  dancer  drops  flat 
then  dies. 

Dead  Calm. 
The  Uopl  Com  I^  ces 

A.  SPRING — B.  FALL 

The  first  of  these  attractive  da.ices  symbolizes  the  planting  of 
jrn  and  the  second  its  gathering,  husking,  and  shelling.  Each 
lane    is  complete  in  itself,  but  they  are  often  givei  in 

sequ  nee. 

i  he  (kiicers  should  be  in  ceremonial  costume,  or  all  in  white, 
and  any  number  from  four  to  twelve  <x  mme  can  take  part, 


86  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

according  to  the  rize  of  the  CouncU  Ring.  Eight  is  perhaps 

The  "  grain  of  corn  "  and  the  "  ear  of  corn"  are  imaginary.  ^ 
The  "Sun  aU  shimmer  sign"  indicates  the  sunshme  pouring 
down  bv  holding  up  high  the  outside  hand,  usurily  the  ri^t, 
J?rfore-finger  and  thumb  forming  an  "O,"  at  the  same  time 
moving  the  other  hand  with  the  f^K"^,  ^^1^^^^^^ 
spread  to  and  fro  in  a  direct  hne  from  the   O   to  the  earth 
SnUe  waving  or  quivering  the  fingers  of  the  second  hand  to 
symbolize  the  shimmering  beam  of  sunhpht. 
^The  "ram  sign"  is  made  by  holding  up  both  hands  high  in 
front,  palms  do^.  and  allowing  the  fingers  to  slightly  spread  out^ 
hang  ng  down,  and  in  time  with  the  music  the  fingers  are  ms^ 
and  quickly  and  sharply  dropped  again,  as  if  sprinkling  water 

^Thf^^sL^  is  the  principal  step  in  these  Indian  dances,  it 
is  a  step  and  a  hop  on  each  foot,  that  is  two  beats.  The  hop 's 
very  sUght.  Sometimes  only  the  heel  is  raised  and  the  knee 
Sn  ismphatic  to  jingle  the  bells  or  rattles  that  are  often  used 
attached  to  the  knee,  much  as  Morris  Dances. 

The  side-step  is  done  very  slowly  the  right  ^o^t  ^^^^^^^ 
sidewise  step  on  the  heavy  beat  of  the  drum,  and  then  the  Mt 
foot  sUdes  slowly  up  to  the  right  foot  on  the  light  beat  of  the 
drum;  then  repeat.    Note  the  ankles  are  never  crossed. 

In  the  Corn  Dance  when  the  dancers  sit  down  they  must  all  sit 
at  the  same  moment  and  in  the  same  fashion,  the  ^me  foot  must 
be  in  front  and  the  same  hand  used  to  support ^ch  m  rismg.  A 
good  plan  is  to  have  the  right  foot  over  the  left  and  use  the  Irft 
Km  support  in  gettini  up.  The  dancers  go  the  opposi  e 
^v  of  the^n,  or  to  the  right.  They  form  a  complete  arde 
wiOi  equal  distance  between  each.  The  o«e7h°?>?^^*J^,^* 
is  the  leader.  This  one  always  goes  out  first,  and,  Jact  cu- 
rects  the  dance,  although  it  is  done  m  umson  The  kadter 
should  be  the  best  dancer  and  should  also  be  tall  and  weU  cos- 

^"rhf  usual  accompaniment  needed  is  the  regular  beat  in  double- 

^^^he"-Mmurmur"  is  a  continuous  soft  sound  made  by  pro- 
longing the  "oo"  of  "whoo"  in  unison  and  softly,  rising  and 
falling  a  Uttle  in  mtensity.  f«rku»>„„^ 
The  Indian  whoop  is  made  by  singmg  the  sound  of  Oh  and 
at  the  same  time  rapidly  tapping  the  hps  with  flat  right-hand 


finger  tips. 
The  "fire"  means  the  centre. 


Tribe  Activities  97 
The  Spring  Dance,  or  the  Planting  of  the  Com 
Rain  Song 

Tigua. 

Trantcribed  and  harmo&ixed 
hf  Vwor.  John  Comvokt  Fiummb. 


HU  -  chi 
Rain  Rain 

-i 

d 

i — 

..ain 

•  nin, 
Peo-ple, 

ila  -  chi 
Rain  Rain 

dai     •  nin. 
Rain  Peo-ple 



J 

I— 

i-behmakunwhi  niweh,  da'wingu  ba  hinah. 
Rain  upon  our  plain  peofde.  Rain  Rain  Rain  Rain 


'  By  pemdsskm  fitmi  "Indian  Story  and  S(mg,"  by  Alice  C.  Fletdier. 

1.  Enter  marching  to  drum,  holding  up  grain  of  com  in  one 
hand. 

2.  Hop-step  (as  above)  once  aroimd,  stop  equal  distances 
apart,  forming  complete  circle  around  fire.  Kneel  on  left  knee. 
Plant  corn  (make  hole,  drop  in  grain,  and  cover  with  two  motions 
as  though  scraping  the  soil  with  the  hands  from  four  points  of 
compass,  i.  e.,  right  and  left  hands  approach  each  other  from  east 
and  west  and  then  from  north  and  south  in  covering  hole). 

3.  Rise,  from  circle  facing  the  fire,  and  sing  Rain  Song, 
making  the  rain  sign  (as  noted). 

4.  Hop-step  to  the  right,  making  sun  sign  with  outer  or 
right  hand,  and  the  slmnmer  sign  with  the  left.    Go  around  once. 

5.  Rain  song,  making  rain  sign.  Then  all  kneel  on  left 
knee,  facing  fire,  put  back  of  right  hand  on  ihe  ground  with 
fingers  closed  except  index,  which  points  up,  raise  it  in  four 
jerks  at  four  b^ts  of  the  drum,  to  make  the  com  grow  knee- 
high. 

6.  Rise,  take  four  steps  in,  spin  in  four  steps,  then  take  four 
steps  backward. 

7.  Rain  song,  making  rain  sign.  Kneel,  make  com  grow 
from  knee  to  waist  in  four  beats. 

8.  Rise,  take  four  steps  in,  take  four  steps  around  self,  i.  e., 
spill  in  four  steps  then  take  four  steps. 


88  Woodcraft  Mamial  for  Oirli 


9.  Pnin  song,  rain  sign.  Grow  com  from  waist  to  head  high 
In  four  beats. 

10.  The  hands  high  weaving  com,  sway  forward,  backward, 
left  and  right,  twice  each  four  beats,  uttering  Wind  Mur- 
mur. 

11.  All  face  in,  step  sidewise  in  circle  with  side-step,  and 
every  four  steps  give  the  Indian  yell  or  whoop.  Repeat  four 
times  and  hop-step  out,  with  head  bent  downward  on  folded 
arms  In  sign  of  Night. 

The  Fall  Dance,  or  fh»  HnaUng  of  tiie  Com 

(Note:  For  this  use  the  Com  Grinding  Song,  page  i,  "Soms 
of  Ancient  America,"  by  Natalie  Curtis,  published  by  G. 
Schirmer,  New  York,  or  the  Zuni  Sunrise  Call,  Carlos  Troyer, 
at  the  same  place,  price  50  cents.) 

1.  Enter  marching  holding  up  corn-cob  In  <me  hano.  Farm 
complete  circle  facing  fire. 

2.  Stop,  raise  both  hands,  and  sing  the  Invocation.* 

3.  Hop-step  around  twice,  corn  in  hand. 

4.  Face  fire — ^four  steps  in,  four  steps  around  self  to  right,  and 
four  steps  back.   (Indiui  whoop.) 

5.  Backs  to  fire  repeat  No.  4.   After  Indian  whoop  face  fire. 

6.  Odd  numbers  dance  four  steps  to  fire,  holding  up  com. 
Bend,  offering  com  to  fire  in  four  beats — four  steps  back. 

7.  Even  numbers  repeat  No.  6. 

8.  Sit,  huskinz  com  to  singing  of  Chek  ah  bay  tebik  (Bark 
Canoe)  then  shemng  com  to  same  song.  They  throw  husks  into 

fire  and  rise. 

9.  Hold  up  com  in  hands  and  sing  "*Wah!  Taho!"  Go 
once  around  in  march  step  and  march  out. 

The  Lone  Hunter 

The  Lone  Hunter  is  a  favorite  for  a  single  dancer.  The 
dancer  should  be  in  white  for  the  best  effect  and  carry  a  light 
fifteen-inch  wooden  shield  on  the  left  arm  and  a  light  six-foot 
spear  of  wood  in  the  left  hand.  The  making  of  these  is  suffi- 
ciently shown  in  the  cut. 

It  tells  the  story  of  a  scout  who  went  forth  alone  to  himt,  but 
carrying  the  shield  as  he  may  venture  into  the  hunting  grounds 
of  another  tribe. 

*The  Invocation  mentioned  is  from  Alice  C.  Fletchers'  "Indian  Games 
and  Dances,"  1915. 


89 


First  the  drum  gives  a  long  roll  to  notify  the  audience  the  scout 
is  coming  in,  then  three  thumps  for  the  scout  to  appear. 

She  steps  into  the  Ring,  holding  the  spear  high  in  one  hand, 
and  the  shield  in  the  other.  She  gives  a  loud  shout  then  changes 
the  spear  to  the  left  hand  with  the  shield  (she  pats  her  moath 
with  the  flat  right  hand  to  make  the  rolling  call);  then  dances 
to  the  two-time  (Zonzi-mondi  or  Mujji  Miikesin  will  ,  »  to 
accompany  the  drum)  around  the  ring  twice,  ihowing  r  ^ 
is  supposed  to  be  in  the  village,  swinging  the  spear  ai  Jer 
high  in  the  air  or  clashing  them  together;  making  play  aes 
at  the  spectators,  tossing  back  her  long  hair  or  feathers  <  ing 
behind— doing  all  in  graceful  gesture  to  the  music  '^^  tht 
show  off  in  the  vOlage. 

Next  the  dancer  goes  on  the  real  hunt.    Crouching  lat 
now,  shading  her  eyes  with  her  hand  on  the  shield,  li       ag  for 
every  sound,  peering  here  and  there,  and  sometimes  st     mg  tls 
spear  into  thmgs  to  pick  them  up  for  wAminyti^      iau  ^ 
goes  once  around  to  two-time  music 

Now,  at  the  bc^nning  of  the  fourth  round,  shf     ops  am! 
starts,  she  has  found  a  trail  and  by  her  action  must      w  th;! 
she  has.  The  music  now  changes  to  slow  march  out.  TV 


two-step  dance  is  ended.  The  dancer  follows  an  imaginary  track 
all  around,  picking  up  leaves  and  trying  the  wind  or  looking 
for  helpful  signs.  When  at  length  back  to  the  starting  point, 
the  next  act  begins. 

;  uJdcnly  she  descries  a  deer  quietly  feeding,  unconscious 
of  enemies,  and  is  all  tense  excitement.   Now  she  crawls  up, 
keeping  step  to  the  march  time,  putting  in  all  possible  expres- 
sions to  tell  the  story,  until  nearly  within  throwing  distance,  she 
s,  makes  a  "stodf^"  or  feint  with  the  spear,  then  another, 


90  Woodcraft  Mantud  for  Girls 


and  at  the  third  or  last  (rising  higher  each  time)  finally  is  just 
about  to  let  go  when  a  noise  out  to  one  side  suddenly  attracts 
her  attention.  She  turns  quickly  to  realize  that  close  at  hand  is 
a  band  of  her  tribal  enemies  and  that  s^  is  in  a  trap.  Her  ex- 
pression  of  triumfA  chances  to  fear.  She  shrinks  to  the  ground 
and  swiftly  runs  away  tillat  the  exit  there  she  turns,  and,  fling- 
ing back  a  defiant  yell,  shakes  her  spear  at  the  foes  and  it  loat 
to  view. 

A  kmg  drum  roll  doaes  the  scene. 

The  Fire-Fly  Dance 

(Music  by  Frances  Densmore) 

This  should  be  played  in  an  open  space  at  night  or  late  enough 
in  the  evening  to  insure  a  dhn  hght. 

The  fire-flies  are  ten  to  thirty  in  any  costume,  each  bearing  a 
stick  that  is  afire,  but  not  blazing.  If  played  indoors,  dim  little 
candle-lamps  on  sticks  could  be  used,  and  in  any  case  out  of 
doors  it  would  be  well  to  have  prepared  torches  of  fire-holding 
punk  which  can  be  bought  of  fireworks  dealers,  or  made  by 
soaking  rotten  wood  hi  saltpetre  sdution.  This  can  be  carried 
in  a  split  stick.    In  some  cases  electric  lamps  might  serve. 

The  fire-flies  come  in,  making  many  dazzhng  and  beautiful 
figures  of  fire.  They  dance  and  evolute,  waving  their  tordies. 
A  good  figure  is  made  by  all  standing  in  a  circle  and  each  re- 
volving his  torch  overhead  in  an  upright  circle;  another,  by 
every  other  one  zigzagging  it  up  and  down  like  lightmng.  TTie 
best  singer  stands  in  the  centre  and  sings,  using  either  me  tune 
of  Jingle  Bells,"  the  music  given  below,  or  the  tune  of  "The 
Spider  and  the  Fly,"  given  at  the  end  <rf  the  dance. 

Fire-Flies'  Song 

FRANon  DBNaMon 

L  W«  intlMBter.iy    Ilia-ffies,   A.|^t-%  thie' tbt  tms. 

^l=s:==^-&   N      I       .        j'^  I  _     ^    h    iL  I  I  i 


Trib*  AgHMam 


OaoBtn 


-I— 1- 


Twiakpk,  twtak-la,  twink-l^  glM-dag,  Bieap-j    all  Um  dtjr; 


^AUJoin  in  Chorus) 

Ckoms,  Twinkle,  twinkle,  twinkle,  glancing, 
Sleepy  all  the  day. 
But  wiu  ihade  of  night  advancing 
CamtM  our  time  to  play. 


We  haven't  got  a  single  cars, 
We  twinkle  all  the  night, 

And  eadi  one  does  his  Uttle  best 
To  fiU  hU  world  with  Uc^t. 


{Chorus) 


We  never  heard  of  enemies, 
From  every  fear  we're  free, 

And  the  blacker  that  the  night  is 
The  better  pleased  are  we. 

iCkmu) 


(Now  an  Owl  ap^  ^s.  A  - .  uket  draped  across  the  arms  will 
do  for  wings,  and,  mask,  is  sufficient  make-up.  He 

comes  swo(^ing  and  ^uog  into  the  ring.  The  Fire-flies  open, 
but  close  abbttt  him  dancing  and  singing  0 


9* 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Owl*i  Song 

By  Fkamcbs  Dxini«»s 


TIm    BttriMt    tiiM    of   dof    ta  n^H- 


And  iMRiait  kind  of  f  onri, 


If  miytUag  «■  Mrtk  ^ 


Tight   Wodd  ta,  of  ooMiO,  tt»  OmL.....  

(The  Owl  hoots  and  hisses  angrily.  They  laugh  and  shout  b 

(CW) 

Oh  hear  him  try  to  frighten  us 

That  never  knew  a  fear, 
And  if  he'll  neither  dance  nor  smg 

We'll  chase  him  out  of  here. 

(They  flash  thdr  torches  in  his  face  and  he  flies  away,  hooting 
and  shrieking.) 

(Chorus) 

(A  very  big  Bear  now  comes  blundering  in. 
around  him  singing:) 

Ho,  shaggy,  surly,  burly  Bear! 

So  pleased  yoi*  cume  to-night. 
Come,  dance  among  the  trees  with  us, 

Twill  make  a  pretty  sight 
(The  Bear  starts  bade  and  growls.) 
{Chorus) 

What!  No!  You  will  not  join  with  us? 

Go,  seek  your  wand'ring  wits. 
This  is  no  place  for  such  as  you, 

We'd  scare  you  into  fits. 


The  Fireflies  flash 


I 


Tribe  ActiTitiefl 


98 


(The  Bear  rears  up  and  runs  this  way  and  that  way  as  they 
ci^jer  around  and  flash  their  torches  in  his  face.  He  grumbles 
and  growls  in  comical  fear,  louder  and  louder.  Then,  when  a 
chance  occurs,  he  rushes  away  and  disappears.) 

(Chorus) 

(Now  distant  thunder  is  heard.  It  can  be  made  by  rolling 
a  big  bowling-ball  in  a  barrel,  or  by  use  of  a  dnun.  It  comes 
nearer  and  louder.  Flashes  of  lightning  (gunpowder)  are  seen. 
The  Fire-flies  dance  away  and  sing:) 

Oh,  hear  that  funny  Thunder  Storm, 

A-bumbling  in  the  sky; 
He  thinks  he'll  stop  otir  dancing  now 

Just  wait  and  see  him  try. 

(The  storm  grows  fearful;  a  gun  fired  with  heavy  blank  charges 
of  powder  would  help  the  effect.  The  Fire-flies  think  it  all  up- 
roariously funny,  and  simply  dance  more  and  moxt  merrily 
laughing  and  singing  the  Chwus:) 

Twinkle,  twinkle,  etc 

(The  thunder  dies  aw?y,  defeated.) 

Ami  thus,  you  know,  we  dance  away 

The  merry  summer  long. 
For  we're  the  Wild-wood  Fairies  that 

You  learn  about  in  song. 

(Ckorus) 

(Now  a  tall,  white-blanketed  form  (\^ter)  comes  slowly  into 
view.  The  Fire-flies  stop  dancine  and  march  slowly  around, 
hdding  the  tordies  up  tremblingly  as  they  sing  to  different 
music— preferably  a  lullaby,  pos^bfy  an  ad^»tatkm  of  "  JuaBtta" 
or  using  music  given:) 


94 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Giris 

Winter  Song 
By  Frances  Densuoke 

(Stotwr  than  prtetding)  

•      J  - 


L  Tet  thart    ]■<»•«•  f»«>.V  Win  •  ter     M  chill. 


#1  1  1  1 

 r-^ 

H — ^ — n 

^— J-^ 

-H  

-  '  •  . — d 

[_...  J 

1  J — 

When  •  ev  •  er     he     draws  near  Wild  woods   are  stilL 

(Winter  approaches  and  throws  into  air  a  handful  of  snow 
(paper).   The  Fire-flies  continue:) 

Long  ere  the  snowflakes  fly  Done  is  our  summer  chase. 

We  should  be  gone  Now  we  retire, 

Back  to  our  Mother  Earth,  Dancing  hghts  yielding  place 

Ere  the  chill  dawn.  To  the  campfire. 

(They  pile  their  torches— that  is,  the  punks  slipped  out  of  the 
sticks— in  the  middle  at  a  place  prepared  with  shavings,  etc  ,  t«  r 
a  blaze,  and  they  lie  down  in  a  ring  and  sing  by  the  light  of  the 
campfire:) 

Closing  Lullaby 

(ZMioated  to  E.T.S.by  Praneei  Denmore.) 

Chippewa  Cndk  Stag 


BmA-ieg  low  to     earth,  We  wUl    bow  our    d  •  bDoa  koq^; 


tlower 


1 


WlB.ter  killed  all   ear  mirth,  And  the  Kre  -  iieo  dMp. 

(Repeat  last  two  lines,  then  again  the  last,  fainter  eadi  time 
till  It  dies  away,) 


Tribe  Activities 


95 


Winter  stands  over  and  gently  sprinkles  them  with  snow. 

Curtain  now,  if  indoors. 

If  outdoors,  Winter  might  also  sprinkle  water  on  the  fire  till 
it  is  out.  As  he  retires  from  view  the  Medicine  Man,  by  clap- 
ping, marks  the  end  of  the  Play,  and  all  rise  and  run  to  their 
seats. 

The  Spider  and  the  Fly 

The  music  of  which  may  be  used  for  the  song  and  chorus  of 
the  dance. 

(Fram  300  "(Xd  Time  Songs.") 


1.  "Wfllyoainft  fai-to  bj  pw.krfMid  a  q^-te  to   •  tr» 


N  ^  ^ 


N    S  N 


*    *  # 


0    .0  0- 


'Tb  ttapnMiMtlH-tb   ptf  •  lor  that    •  «r  yoB  4kl  qir, 


— 0- 


0    0    0  ^H 


V — ^ — V — — V    \^    V  V-^ 


i- 


Too  haT«  on  •  ly  got  to  pais  your  head  with-in  side  of  the  door. 


T««n  aaa  ao  na-aj  eB>iiewtkiagayoaB«f>iWaav  ba-f«n. 


WiU  700.  will  yon,  viU  yoB,  vm  70B  walk  ja.  liia-tar  Flyt 


Will  you,  will  yon,  will  yon,  will  yon  walk  in,  W»  < 

XKD 


96 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


TlM  CaiflKMi  Dance 

The  easiest  of  our  campfire  dances  to  learn,  and  the  best 
lor  quick  presentation,  is  the  Caribou  Dance.  It  has  been  put 
on  for  public  performance  after  twenty  minutes'  rehearsing, 
with  those  who  never  saw  it  before;  and  it  does  equally  wdl  for 
indoor  gymnasium  or  for  campfire  in  the  woods. 

In  the  way  of  fixings  for  this,  you  need  four  pairs  of  horns 
and  four  tails.  Real  deer  horns  may  be  used,  but  they  are 
scarce  and  heavy.  It  is  better  to  go  out  where  you  can  get  a 
few  crooked  limbs  of  oak,  cedar,  hickory,  or  apple  tree;  and 
cut  eight  pair,  as  near  like  a,  b,  c,  in  the  cut  as  possible,  each 
.'bout  two  feet  long  and  one  inch  thick  at  the  butt.  Peel 


these;  point  the  square  ends  of  the  branches,  then  lash  them  in 
pairs,  thus  (</).  A  pair,  of  course,  is  needed  for  each  caribou. 
These  are  held  in  the  hand  and  above  the  head,  or  in  the  hand 
resting  on  the  head. 

The  ta'  <-t  rnde  each  out  one-third  of  a  flat  barrel 
hoop  of  1.  At  uue  end  of  the  hoop  make  four  holes  in 
pairs,  an  a.  apart;  thus  (see  /  in  cut).  These  are  for  cords 
that  pass  over  the  wearer's  belt  and  through  the  hoop.  The 
hoop  is  then  wraf^ied  with  white  musUn  and  finid^  with  a 


Tribe  Actlyltloi 


97 


tuft  of  white  muslin  strips  on  the  end.  The  tail  finished,  looks 
like  (g),  and  is  stuck  inside  the  wearer's  belt,  which  goes  through 
the  two  cord  loops  (A),  shows  a  way  ci  fastening  on  the  tail  with 
cord  only. 

The  four  caribou  are  best  in  white.  Three  or  four  hunters 
are  needed.  They  should  have  bows  but  no  arrows.  The 
Medicine  Man  should  have  a  drum  and  be  able  to  sing  che  Mujje 
Mukesin,  as  given,  or  other  Indian  dance  time.  One  or  two  per- 
sons who  can  howl  like  wolves  should  be  sent  off  to  one  side,  and 
another  that  can  yell  like  a  lynx  or  a  panther  on  the  other  side, 
well  away  from  the  ring.  Otherwise  the  Medicine  Man  or 
leader  can  do  the  imitations.  Now  we  are  ready  for 

1BE  DASCE  OF  IKE  WHITE  CAXIBOU 

The  Medicine  Man  begins  by  giving  three  thim^ips  on  his 
drum  to  call  attention;  then  says  in  a  loud,  singing  voice: 
"The  Caribou  have  not  come  on  our  hunting  grounds  for 
three  snows.  We  need  meat.  Thus  only  can  we  bring  them 
back,  by  the  big  medicine  of  the  Duribou  Dance,  by  the  power  of 
the  White  Caribou." 

He  rolls  his  dnun,  then  in  turn  faces  each  of  the  \^ds, 
beckoning,  remonstrating,  and  calling  them  by  name:  Kitchi- 
nodin  (West);  Keeway-din,  (North);  Wabaninodin  (East); 
Shawani-nodin  (South).  Calling  last  to  the  quarter  whence 
the  caribou  are  to  come,  finishing  the  call  with  a  long  Ko — Kee — 
No.  Then  as  he  thumps  a  slow  single  beat  the  white  caribou 
come  in  at  a  stately  pace  timed  to  the  drum.  Their  heads  are 
high,  and  they  hold  the  horns  on  their  heads,  with  one  hand,  as 
they  proudly  march  around.  After  going  round  once  in  a  sun 
drde  (same  way  as  the  sun),  they  go  each  to  a  coma*.  The 
drum  stops;  all  four  approach  to  salute  the  great  mystery  in 
the  middle,  the  fire.  They  bow  to  it  together,  heads  low,  tails 
high,  uttering  a  long  bellow. 

Then  they  circle  once,  close  to  the  fire;  stop  on  opposite 
sides  of  it,  facing  outward;  march  each  to  a  corner  or  compass 
point;  and  then  bow  or  honor  that  wind,  bellowing  long. 

Now  the  Medicine  Man  begins  any  good  dance  song  and 
beats  double  time.  The  i  aribou  dance  around  once  in  a  circle. 
The  music  stops.  The  first  and  second,  and  third  and  fourth, 
close  in  combat.  They  lower  their  heads,  lock  horns  held  safely 
away  from  the  head,  lash  tails,  snort,  kick  up  the  dust,  and  dance 
around  each  other  two  or  three  times. 

The  muac  begins  again,  and  thty  drde  cmce. 


98  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

The  music  stops.  Now  the  first  and  fourth  and  second  and 
third  lock  h<»rns  and  fi^t. 

After  a  round  or  so  the  music  begins  agam  and  they  drde, 
dancing  as  before. 

Now  the  howling  of  wolves  is  heard  in  the  distance,  from  the 
fellows  already  posted. 

The  caribou  rush  toward  that  side  and  face  it  m  a  row,  threat- 
ening, with  horns  low,  as  thejr  snort,  stamp,  and  kidc  .up  the 
dust. 

The  wolf-howling  ceases.  The  caribou  are  victorious.  They 
turn  away  and  drde  once  to  the  music,  holding  thdr  heads 

The  wolf-howling,  panther -yelling  (or  other  menacing  sound) 
is  now  heard  in  the  other  direction. 

Again  the  caribou  line  up  and  defy  it.  When  it  ceases,  they 
dance  proudly  around,  heads  up,  chests  out  as  they  step,  for 
they  have  conquered  every  foe. 

But  a  band  of  hunters  appears,  crawling  flat  on  their  breasts 
and  carrying  bows.  They  crawl  half  around  the  ring,  each  tell- 
ing those  behind  by  signs,  "Here  they  are;  we  have  found  them." 
"  Four  big  fellows."  "  Come  on,"  etc.  When  they  come  oppo- 
site the  caribou,  the  first  hunter  lets  off  a  short  "ydp."_  The 
caribou  spring  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  ring,  and  then  line  up 
to  defy  this  new  noise;  but  do  not  understand  it,  so  gaze  m  fear. 
The  hunters  draw  their  bows  together,  and  make  as  though  each 
let  fly  an  arrow,  then  slap  their  hands  to  make  a  loud  "crack." 
The  first  caribou  drops,  the  others  turn  in  fear  and  run  around 
about  half  of  the  ring,  heads  low,  and  not  dancing;  then  they 
dash  for  the  timber.  The  hunters  run  forward  with  yells.  The 
leader  holds  up  the  horns.  All  dance  and  yell  around  the  fallen 
caribou  and  then  drag  it  off  the  scene. 

The  Medicine  Man  says:  "Behold,  it  never  fails;  the  Caribou 
dance  brings  the  Caribou.  It  is  great  medicine.  Now  there  b 
meat  in  the  lodge." 

The  Animal  Dance  of  Nana-bo-jou 

For  this  we  need  a  Nana-bo-jou;  that  is,  a  grown-up  who  can 
drum  and  sing.  He  has  a  drum  and  drumstick,  and  a  straw  or 
paper  club;  also  two  goblins,  these  are  good-sized  boys  or  girls 
wearing  ugly  naasks,  or  at  least  black  hoods  with  two  eye  holes, 
made  as  hideous  as  possible;  and  any  number  of  children,  from 
three  or  four  up,  for  animals.  If  each  has  the  attributes  of  some 
bird  or  heeat,  so  much  the  better. 

First,  Nana-bo-jou  is  seen  chasing  the  children  around  the  out- 


Trib6  ActhritiM 


09 


side  of  the  circle,  trying  to  catch  one  to  eat;  but  failing,  thinks 
he'll  try  a  trick  and  he  says,  "Stop,  stop,  my  brothers.  Why 
should  we  quarrel?  Come,  let's  baid  a  council  togetfaa  and  I 
will  teach  you  a  new  dance." 

The  animals  yddspet  togethtt  and  the  coyote  oomes  forward, 
barks,  then  says: 

"Nana-bo-jou,  I  am  the  Coyote.  The  animals  say  tha*  they 
will  cmne  to  coundi  if  you  wiU  really  make  peace  and  {day  no 
tricks. 

"Tricks! "says Nana-bo-jou,  "I  only  want  to  teach  you  the 
new  songs  from  the  South." 

Then  all  the  animals  troop  in  and  sit  in  a  circle.  Nana-bo-jou 
takes  his  drum  and  begins  to  sing, 

"  New  songs  from  the  South,  my  brothers, 
Dance  to  the  new  songs." 

Turning  to  one,  he  says:  "Who  are  you  and  what  can  you 
dance?" 

The  answer  is,  "  I  am  the  Beaver  (<«  whatevo:  it  is)  and  I  can 
dance  the  Beaver  dance." 
"Good!  Come  and  show  me  how." 

So  the  Beaver  dances  to  the  music,  slapping  the  back  of  ioB 
flat  right  hand,  up  and  under  his  left  hand  for  a  tail,  holding  up 
a  stick  in  both  paws  to  gnaw  it,  and  lumbering  along  in  time  to 
the  music  at  the  same  time  imitating  the  beaver's  waddle. 

Nana-bo-jou  shouts:  "Fine!  That  is  the  best  Beaver  Dance 
I  ever  saw.  You  are  wonderful;  all  you  need  to  be  porfect  is 
wings.  Wouldn't  you  like  to  have  wings  so  you  could  fly  over 
the  tree-tops  like  the  eagle?  " 

"  Yes,"  says  the  Beaver. 

"I  can  make  strong  medicine  and  give  you  wings,  if  all  the 
animals  will  help  me,"  says  Nana-bo-jou.   "  Will  you?  " 
"Yes,"  they  aU  cry. 

"Then  all  close  your  eyes  tight  and  cover  them  with  yoiu: 
paws.  Don't  look  imtil  I  tell  you.  Beaver,  close  your  eyes  and 
dance  very  fast  and  I  will  make  magic  to  give  you  wings." 

All  close  and  cover  their  eyes.  Nana-bo-jou  sings  very  loudly 
and,  rushing  on  the  I  iver,  hits  him  on  the  head  with  the 
straw  dub.  The  Beaver  falls  dead.  The  two  goUins  run  in 
from  one  side  and  drag  off  the  body. 

Then  Nana-bo-jou  shouts:  "Look,  look,  now.  See  how  he 
flies  away!  See,  there  goes  the  9«iver  over  the  tree-tops." 
All  look  as  he  points  and  seem  to  see  the  Beaver  going. 


100         Woodcnft  MamiAl  for  Oiiii 


Different  animals  and  birds  are  brought  out  to  dance  their 

dances  and  are  killed  as  before.  Then  the  Crow  comes  out, 
hopping,  flopping,  cawing.  Nana-bo-jou  locks  at  him  and  says: 
"You  are  too  thin.  You  are  no  good.  You  don't  need  any 

more  wings,"  and  so  aeadi  him  to  sit  down. 

Then  the  Coyote  comes  out  to  do  the  Coyote  dance,  imitating 
Coyote,  etc. ;  but  he  is  very  suspicious  and,  m  answer  to  the  ques^ 
tions,  cays,  "No;  I  don't  want  wings.  The  Great  Spirit  gave 
me  good  legs,  so  I  am  satisfied    then  goes  back  to  his  seat. 

Next  the  Deer,  the  Sheep,  etc.,  come  out  and  are  killed;  while 
all  the  rest  are  persuaded  that  the  victims  flew  away.  But  the 
Coyote  and  the  Loon  have  their  doubts.  They  danced  in  their 
turns,  but  said  they  didn't  want  any  change.  They  are  satisfied 
as  the  Great  Spirit  e  them.  They  are  very  slow  about 
hiding  their  eyes.  A  they  peek  and  realize  that  it  is  all  a 
trap  and  the  Loon  sh. .  "  Nana-bo-jou  is  killing  us!  It  is  all 
a  trick !   Fly  for  your  Uves  1 " 

As  they  all  run  away,  Nana-bo-jou  pursues  the  Loon,  hitting 
hun  behind  with  the  club,  which  is  the  reascm  that  the  Loon  has 
no  tail  and  has  been  lame  behind  ever  since. 

The  Loon  shouts  the  Loon  battle-cry,  a  high-pitched  quaver- 
ing lul44-l-o-o-o  and  faces  Nana-bo-jou;  the  animals  rally 
around  the  Loon  and  the  Coyote  to  attack  the  magician.  All 
point  their  fingers  at  him  shouting  "Wakankan  Seecha"  (or 
Black  Magic).  He  falls  dead  in  the  drde  and  all  the  animab 
do  their  dances  around  him. 

Before  beginning  the  story  of  the  dance  should  be  told  to  the 
audience. 

Books  Ree(»nm«td«d 

Folk  Dances  and  Singing  Games,  by  EUxabeth  BuidwisL  Pub- 
lished by  G.  Schirmer.  $i  .50 

Indian  Games  and  Dances,  by  Alke  Fletcher.  PuUished  by  C.  C.  Bir- 
chard  &  Co.,  Boston.  $1.00 

Flays,  Pagesais,  and  Masques 

The  following  books  will  be  found  of  giest  value  in  the  putting  on  <rf 

Plays,  Pageants,  and  Masques. 

Song  of  Hiawatha,  words  by  Longfellow,  dramatisatioa  by  Florasoe 
Holbrook.    Published  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  Co.  $.is 

Hiawatua's  Wkduimo  Ft,AST  (Caniau),  words  by  LongfeBow,  mnnc 
by  S.  Coleridge-Taylor.   Published  by  Novello  &  Co.  J.ys 

Holiday  Plays,  Marguerite  Merington,  Duffield,  $1.25. 

IPiAYS  ow  THE  PioNEESS,  CoDstancc  D'Arcy  Mackay,  Harpers,  $z. 


CAMPilRS  STORIES  AND  POEMS 

Bead  to  ntflaad  Oiteh-e  O-kok-^-ltoo 

The  Fairy  Lamps  The  Corn-Smut  Giri 

Oriciii  of  the  Bluebird  The  Fint  Gang 

Twin  Sttn  The  Serea  Swua 

How  Mm  Fooad  ttw  Gnat  BtMt 


CAMPFIRE  STORIES  AND  POEMS 


The  Roftd  to  Fairyland* 

Do  you  seek  the  road  to  Fairy- 
land? 

I'll  tell  it's  easy,  quite. 
Wait  till  a  yellow  moon  gets  up 

O'er  puiple  seas  by  nig^t, 
And  gilds  a  shining  pathway 

That  is  sparkling  diiunond 
bright. 

Then,  if  nor  il  power  be  nigh 

To  thwart  you,  out  of  spite, 
And  if  you  know  the  very  wwds 

To  cast  a  spell  of  might. 
You  get  upon  a  thistledown, 

And,  if  the  breeze  is  right, 
You  sail  away  to  Fairyland 

Along  this  track  of  light. 


The  Faiiy  Lamps* 

There  was  once  a  little  bare-legged  brown-limbed  boy  who 
spent  all  his  time  in  the  woods.  He  loved  the  woods  and  all  that 
was  in  them.  He.  used  to  look,  not  at  the  flowers,  but  deep 
dowTi  into  them,  and  not  at  the  singing  bird,  but  into  its  eyes,  to 
its  little  heart;  and  so  he  got  an  insight  better  than  most  others, 
and  he  quite  gave  up  collecting  birds'  eggs. 

But  the  woods  were  full  of  mysteries.  He  used  to  hear  little 
bursts  of  song,  and  when  he  came  to  the  place  he  could  find  no 

*  See  Footnote  p.  io6. 

.109 


Z04  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


bird  there.  Noises  and  movements  would  just  escape  him. 
In  the  woods  he  saw  strange  tracks,  and,  one  day,  at  length,  he 
saw  a  wonderful  bird  making  these  very  tracks.  He  had  never 
seen  the  bird  before,  and  would  have  thought  it  a  great  rarity 
had  he  not  seen  its  tracks  everywhere.  So  he  learned  that  the 
woods  were  full  of  beautiful  creatures  that  were  skilftil  and  quick 
to  avoid  him. 

One  day.  is  he  passed  by  a  spot  for  the  hundredth  time,  he 
found  a  bird's  nest  It  must  have  been  there  for  long,  and  yet 
he  had  not  seen  it;  and  so  he  learned  how  blind  he  was,  and  he 
exclaimed:  "Oh,  if  only  I  could  see,  then  I  might  understand 
these  things!  If  only  every  bird  w(Hild  wear  over  its  nest  this 
evening  a  Uttle  lamp  to  show  me! " 

The  sun  "was  down  now;  but  all  at  once  there  was  a  soft  light 
on  the  path,  and  in  the  middle  of  it  the  brown  boy  saw  a  Little 
Brown  Lady  in  a  long  robe,  and  in  her  hand  a  rod. 

She  smiled  pleasantly  and  said: " Little  boy,  I  am  the  Fairy  <rf 
the  Woods.  I  have  been  watching  you  for  long.  I  like  you. 
You  seem  to  be  different  from  other  boys.  Your  request  shall  be 
granted." 

Then  she  faded  away.  But  at  once  the  whole  landscape 
twinkled  over  with  wonderful  little  lamp> — long  lamps,  short 
lamps,  red,  blue,  and  groups;  wherever  he  looked  were  lamps — 
twinkle,  twinkle,  twinkle,  here  and  everywhere,  ur.  il  the  forest 
shone  like  the  starry  sky.  He  ran  to  the  nearest,  and  there, 
surely,  was  a  bird's  nest.  He  ran  to  tb«  next;  yes,  another  nest. 
And  here  and  there  each  different  kind  of  lamp  stood  for  an- 
other kind  of  nest.  A  beautiful  purple  blaze  in  a  low  tangle 
caught  his  eye.  He  ran  there,  and  found  a  nest  he  had  never 
seen  before.  It  was  full  of  purple  eggs,  and  there  was  the  rare 
bird  he  had  seen  but  once.  It  was  chanting  the  weird  song  he 
had  often  heard  but  never  traced.  But  the  eggs  were  the 
marvelous  things.  His  old  egg-collecting  instinct  broke  out. 
He  reached  forth  to  clutch  the  wonderful  prize,  and — in  an 
instant  all  the  lights  went  out.  There  was  nothing  but  the  black 
woods  about  him.  Then  on  the  pathway  shone  again  the  soft 
light.  It  grew  brighter,  till  in  the  middle  of  it  he  saw  the  Little 
Brown  Lady — the  Fairy  of  the  Woods.  But  she  was  not  smil- 
ing now.  Her  face  was  stem  and  sad  as  she  said:  "I  fear  I  set 
you  over-high.  I  thought  you  better  than  the  rest.  Keep 
this  in  mind: 

"Who  reverence  not  the  lamp  of 
life  can  never  see  its  light." 

Then  she  faded  from  his  view. 


Tribe  Activities 


Z05 


The  Oricin  of  the  Bluebird* 

Ninna-bo-jou,  the  Sun-god,  was  sleeping  his  winter's  sleep  on 
the  b  z  island  just  above  the  thunder-dam  that  men  call  Niagara. 
Fotur  moons  had  waned,  but  stiU  he  slept.  The  frost  draperies 
of  his  couch  were  gone;  hi:;  white  blanket  was  burned  into  holes; 
he  turned  over  a  little.  Then  the  ice  on  the  river  cracked  like 
near  thunder.  When  he  turned  again  it  began  to  slip  over  the 
big  beaver-dam  of  Niagara,  but  still  he  did  not  awake. 

The  great  Er-Beaver  in  his  pond  flapped  his  tail,  and  the 
waves  rolled  away  to  the  shore  and  set  the  ice  heaving,  cracking, 
and  groaning,  but  Ninna-bo-jou  slept. 

Then  the  Ice-demons  pounded  the  shore  of  the  island  with  their 
clubs.   They  pushed  back  the  whole  river-flood  till  the  cha.  -^1 

was  dry,  then  let  it  rush  down  like  the  end  of  all  tUngs,  and  t  '  - 
shouted  together: 

Nmna-bo-jou!  Ninna-bo-jou!  Ninna-bo-jou  I 
But  still  he  slept  cahnl^  on.  Then  came  a  soft,  sweet  voice, 
more  gentle  than  the  naatmg  turtle  of  Miami.  It  was  in  the  air, 
but  it  was  nowhere,  and  yet  it  was  in  the  trees,  in  the  water, 
^d  it  was  in  Ninna-bo-jou,  too.  He  felt  it,  and  it  awoke  him. 
He  sat  up  and  looked  about.  His  v/hite  blanket  was  gone;  only 
a  few  tatters  of  it  were  to  be  seen  in  the  shady  places.  In  the 
snowy  spots  the  shreds  of  the  fringe  with  its  beads  had  taken  root 
and  were  growing  into  little  flowers  with  beady  eyes.  The 
small  voice  kept  crying:  "Awake;  the  Spring  is  commg! " 

Nmna-bo-jou  said:  "Little  voice,  where  are  you?  Come 
here." 

But  the  little  voice,  being  eversrwhere,  was  noiriiere,  and 
could  not  come  at  the  hero's  call. 

So  he  said:  "Little  voice,  you  are  nowhere  because  you  have 
no  place  to  live  in;  I  will  make  you  a  house." 

So  Ninna-bo-jou  took  a  curi  of  Birch  bark  and  made  a  little 
wigwam  and  because  the  voice  came  from  the  skies  he  painted 
the  wigwam  with  blue  mud,  and  to  show  that  it  came  from  the 
Sunland  he  painted  a  red  sun  on  it.  On  the  floor  he  spread  a 
scrap  of  his  own  white  blanket,  then  for  a  fire  he  breathed  into 
it  a  spark  of  life,  and  said:  "Here,  Rttle  voice,  is  your  wigwam." 
The  little  voice  entered  and  took  possession,  but  Ninna-bo-jou 
had  breathed  the  spark  of  life  into  it.  The  smoke-vent  wings 
began  to  move  and  to  flap,  and  the  little  wigwam  turned  into  a 
beautiful  Bluebird  with  a  red  sun  on  its  breast  and  shirt  of  white 
Away  it  flew,  but  every  Spring  it  comes,  the  Bluebird  of  the 

*See  FootB^  p.  106. 


io6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Spring.   The  voice  still  dwells  in  we  feel  that  it  1ms  lc«t 

nothing  of  its  earUest  power  wh.  i  ve  hear  M  crv:  "Awake,  the 
Spring  is  coming!" 

The  Twiu  iiitrc* 

Two-Bright-Eyes  went  wandering  out 

To  chase  the  Whippoorwill; 
Two-Bright-Eyes  got  lost  and  left 

Our  teepee — oh,  so  still! 

Two-Bright-Eyes  was  lifted  up 

To  sparkle  in  the  skies 
And  look  like  stars— but  we  know  weU 

That  that's  our  lost  Bright-Eyes. 

She  is  looking  for  the  camp ; 

She  would  come  back  if  she  could; 
She  is  peeping  thro'  the  tree-tops 

For  the  teepee  in  the  wood. 

The  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo* 

After  the  Great  Spirit  had  made  the  world  and  the  creatures 
in  it  he  made  the  CMtch-e  0-kok-o-hoo.  This  was  like  an  Owl. 
bu t  biggrfhan  anything  else  alive,  and  his  voice  was  like  a 
rlter  plunging  over  a  rocky  ledge.  He  was  so  big  that  he  thought 
he  did  it  all  himself,  and  was  puffed  up.  j      «  • 

The  Blue  Jay  is  Ihe  mischief-maker  of  the  woods.  He  is  ve^^ 
smart  and  impudent;  so  one  day  when  the  G'tch-e  akol^o-hoo 
was  making  thunder  in  his  throat,  the  Blue  Jay  said.  Pooh, 
Such-e  0-kok-o-hoo,  you  don't  caU  that  a  big  nmse!  You 
should  hear  Niagara ;  then  you  would  never  twitter  again. 

Now  Niagara  wa^  the  last  thing  the  Mamtou  had  made;  it 
never  ceases  to  utter  the  last  word  of  the  Great  Spirit  in  creating 
if  "Forever!    Forever!  Forever!" 

But  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo  was  nettled  at  hearing  his  song 
called  a  "twitter."  and  he  said:  "Niagara  Niagara!  I m  sick 
S  hearine  about  Niagara.  I  will  go  and  silence  Niagara  for 
always"'  So  he  ttew  to  Niagara  and  the  Blue  Jay  smckered  and 
followed  to  see  the  fun. 

*  This  and  the  preceding  four  stories  and  poems  we  from  "Woo<hnyth 
«nd?i   EmertmSp>on  Seton.  Acknowiedgiiieixt  to  Century  Co. 


Tribe  Activities 


Z07 


When  they  came  to  Niagara  where  it  thundered  down,  the 
Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo  began  bawling  to  drown  the  noises  of  it, 
but  could  not  make  himself  heard. 

"Wa-wa-wa,"  said  the  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo,  with  great  effort 
and  only  for  a  minute. 

"  WA-WA-WA-WA,"  said  the  river,  steadily,  easUy,  and  for- 
ever. 

"Wa-wa-wa!"  shrieked  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo;  but  it  was  so 
utterly  lost  that  he  could  not  hear  it  himself,  and  he  began  to 
feel  small;  and  he  felt  smaller  and  smaller,  until  he  was  no  bigger 
than  a  sparrow,  and  his  voice,  instead  of  being  like  a  great  cata- 
ract, became  like  the  dropping  of  water,  just  a  little 

Tink-tank-tink, 
Tink-tank-tink. 

And  this  is  why  the  Indians  give  to  this  smallest  of  the  Owls 
the  name  of "  the  water-dropping  bird." 

When  the  top  is  wider  than  the  root,  the  tree  goes  down. 

The  Story  of  Corn-Smut  Girl 

By  permission  from  "Indian  Tales  of  Long  Ago,"  by  Edward  S.  Curtis. 
Pub.  World  Book  Co.,  Yonkers,  N.  Y,  f  1.00 

In  one  of  the  Hopi  villages  was  a  handsome  young  man 
named  Rainbow  Youth.  Every  day  before  sunrise  he  practised 
running,  and  made  offerings  to  the  Sun  and  to  the  other  gods, 
that  he  might  become  strong  and  swift.  During  the  day  and 
the  night  he  remained  in  the  house. 

One  day  he  announced  that  he  would  marry  the  girl  ix^ose 
com  meal  was  ground  so  fine  that  it  would  stick  to  a  large  shell 
hanging  on  his  wall.  Then  all  the  girls  began  to  grind  meal, 
and  to  make  it  just  as  fine  as  they  could.  For  all  me  maidens 
wished  greatly  to  marry  this  handsome  young  man. 

"One  after  another  they  came  to  the  home  of  Rainbow  Youth 
and  threw  their  meal  against  the  shell.  But  it  alwasrs  fell  to 
the  floor,  and  the  maidens,  one  by  one,  would  go  away  ashamed. 

"Now  in  this  village  lived  Corn-smut  Girl,  and  she  was  dark- 
skinned  and  dirty.  Her  brothers  teased  her,  asking  why  ^e 
did  not  marry  Rainbow  Youth,  and  she  said  she  would  try. 
But  they  laughed  and  said  they  did  not  think  Rainbow  Youth 
would  keep  his  promise  if  her  meal  should  stick  to  the  shell. 

''When  Corn-smut  Girl  had  her  meal  ready,  she  took  it  in  a 
basket  to  the  young  man's  house.  He  spoke  kindly,  and  asked 
her  to  enter  and  sit  d6wn. 

"Then  he  said,  'What  is  it  you  wish?' 


io8  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


"'I  have  come  for  you,'  she  answered. 
" '  Very  weU,'  said  Rainbow  You  th. 

"  He  took  a  handful  of  her  meal  a.  id  threw  it  against  the  large 
shell,  and  it  stuck  fast. 

"'Good!'  said  he.  'It  is  my  own  word.  I  have  agreed  to 
marry  the  girl  whose  meal  stuck  to  my  shell.  Your  meal  has 
done  so.    Therefore  I  go  with  you.' 

"So  the  two  stirted  to  the  home  of  Corn-smut  Girl.  For 
when  a  Hopi  man  takes  a  wife,  he  lives  with  her  family. 

"The  brothers  and  the  mother  of  Corn-smut  Girl  were  sur- 
prised that  the  handsome  youth  had  married  such  an  ugly  girl, 
but  they  were  glad  to  welcome  him  into  the  family.  When 
the  evening  mealtime  drew  near,  Corn-smut  Girl  went  into 
another  room.  Soon  a  beautiful  young  woman  came  out  and 
sat  with  the  others  to  eat.  Rainbow  Youth  wondered  why 
his  wife  did  not  join  them,  but  he  asked  no  questions. 

"As  bedtime  came  on,  his  brothers-in-law  explained  to  him 
that  this  beautiful  young  woman  was  his  bride.  Corn-smut  Girl. 
Her  dark,  smutty  skin  was  really  only  a  mask  which  she  wore 
during  the  day.  Every  day  she  wore  this  mask,  but  at  night 
she  removed  it  and  showed  Iier  true  self  to  her  family.  For  in 
truth  she  was  not  an  ordinary  person,  but  a  goddess! 

"Now  the  girls  who  had  wished  to  marry  Rambow  Youth 
were  angry  and  jealous,  and  they  made  fun  of  the  yoimg  man 
and  his  dirty  bride.  But  he  did  not  care,  for  he  knew  that  his 
wife  was  really  more  beautiful  than  any  of  them. 

"After  several  years  had  passed,  Corn-smut  Girl  said  that 
since  she  was  a  goddess,  it  was  not  right  for  her  to  live  among 
mortal  people.  So  with  all  her  family  she  one  day  disappeared 
into  the  ground.  And  in  the  place  where  she  went  into  the 
earth  the  Hopi  now  pray  to  Corn-smut  Girl  as  a  goddess, 
b^^ing  her  to  send  them  good  crops  of  com." 

The  First  Gang 

From  "Around  the  Fire,"  by  H.  M.  Burr,  Association  Press. 

The  years  went  by  and  Om  and  Sut  were  almost  men.  They 
had  trapped  the  smaller  animals,  now  and  then  shooting  a  deer 
with  the&  arrows  or  driving  one  mto  a  pitfall.  But  now  they 
aspired  to  bigger  game.  They  wanted  to  sit  with  the  men 
about  the  campfire,  to  be  treated  by  the  women,  and  especially 
by  the  girls  of  their  own  age,  as  if  they  were  grown  up.  And 
there  was  just  one  way  to  denmstrate  to  the  satisfaction  of 


Tribe  AetMties 


109 


all  that  they  had  arrived  at  man's  estate,  and  that  was  to  prove 
themselves  hunters  strong  enough  and  cunning  enough  to 
match  their  wits  and  weapons  against  the  strength  and  fury 
of  the  bear  and  the  wild  buffalo. 

TTiey  spent  long  days  in  the  woods  together  planning  and 
contriving.  They  provided  themselves  with  bows  of  the  strong- 
est and  arrows  of  the  sharpest,  with  saw-edged  knives,  lances, 
and  stone  axes.  For  hours  they  shot  at  a  mark,  taking  turns 
and  criticismg  each  other's  shooting  and  haiiJung  of  the  bow. 
Sometimes  the  men  found  them  and  smiled  at  them  indulgently. 
But  the  women  and  girls  laughed  and  jibed  at  the  boys  and 
pretended  to  be  very  much  alarmed  at  the  idea  of  two  smooth- 
faced boys  going  hunting  alone  in  the  woods.  That  made  the 
bo)rs  work  all  the  harder  and  keep  more  and  more  by  themselves. 

Now  in  a  valley,  some  distance  away,  there  was  a  herd  of 
wild  buffaloes,  the  most  dreaded  of  all  the  wild  beasts.  The 
bear  was  ugly  only  when  hungry  or  wounded.  The  leopards 
rarely  attacked  men  in  the  daylight  and  in  the  open.  Even 
the  wolves  did  not  like  to  fight  men  unless  they  could  take  them 
at  a  disadvantage.  But  the  buflfalo  bulls  seemed  to  have  in 
their  breasts  the  concentrated  fury  of  all  the  savage  creatures 
of  the  wild.  They  feared  nothing.  Their  thick  hide  and 
powerful  muscles  defended  their  vital  parts  from  the  arrows 
and  spears  of  men.  They  would  charge  at  sight,  and  when 
their  keen  eyes  did  not  detect  their  enemies  their  sensitive 
nostrils  did.  The  only  possibility  of  escape  was  to  climb  the 
nearest  tree,  and  sometimes  the  mad  bull  would  lie  in  wait  at 
Uie  foot  of  tihe  tree  till  the  man  dropped  from  cold  or  exhaustion. 
Many  men  had  been  already  killed.  Even  the  boldest  and  the 
hardiest  rarely  ventured  near  the  buffalo  valley.  The  boys 
were  warned  ftom  it  as  from  sure  death. 

For  that  reason,  perhaps,  it  had  a  peculiar  fascination  for  Om 
and  Sut.  They  talked  about  it  and  dreamed  about  it.  They 
climbed  hills  from  which  they  could  look  down  into  it.  They 
never  forgot  the  time  when  they  first  saw  the  herd  in  the  dis- 
tance, the  bulls  feeding  on  the  outside,  the  cows  and  calves  on 
the  inside.  Now  and  then  some  young  bull  would  get  too  bold 
and  rouse  the  anger  of  one  of  the  kings  of  the  herd  and  there 
would  be  a  terrible  battle.  When  the  dust  hid  the  fighters 
from  the  bovs*  sight,  they  could  hear  the  terrible  bellowings. 

As  time  went  on,  buffalo  valley  had  a  greater  and  greater 
attraction  for  the  boys.  They  ventured  nearer  and  nearer. 
They  lay  on  the  bluffs  overlooking  the  valley  and  boasted  to 
eadi  othorliow  they  would  kill  a  bullock  and  cany  it  back  to 


11 


mm 


xzo  Woodcnft  Manual  for  GIris 


their  cave  homes;  and  they  imagined  how  envious  the  men  and 
boys  who  had  been  afraid  would  be  and  how  humble  the  girls. 

But  one  day  they  ventured  a  little  too  near,  and  a  stray  bullock 
caught  sight  of  the  boys  and  immediately  charged.  Each  boy 
climbed  a  tree  with  a  swiftness  which  did  credit  to  his  bringing 
up,  and  there  they  stayed  hour  after  hour  during  the  long  day, 
the  bull  watching  them  from  blood-red  eyes.  Now  and  then 
he  would  stroll  away  to  browse  and  drink,  but  at  the  slightest 
tnovement  would  dash  back  to  the  foot  of  the  trees  where  the 
boys  roosted.  As  night  came  on  the  boys  grew  colder  and 
colder  and  hungrier  and  hungrier.  They  remembered  the 
men  who  had  gone  into  the  buffalo  valley  and  never  came  back, 
and  they  wished  they  were  at  home,  even  thou^  the  girls 
did  laugh  at  them  and  they  had  to  sit  back  of  the  men  at  the 
fire. 

Finally  they  escaped,  but  by  good  fortune,  not  by  any  prowess 
of  their  own.  A  great  bear  came  out  of  the  wood,  looking  for 
something  to  fill  his  empty  ^tomach.  He  had  missed  a  deer 
as  it  came  to  drink.  He  was  tired  of  the  roots  and  ants'  nests. 
He  wanted  meat — good  red  meat  and  plenty  of  it.  When  he 
saw  the  bullock,  he  hesitated  for  a  moment,  for  big  as  he  was 
he  usually  {)assed  bulls  by;  a  fight  with  one  was  such  uncertain 
business,  and  even  if  he  killed  the  bull  the  appetite  was  likely 
to  be  killed  to.  But  the  bear  was  very  big  and  the  bull  not  very 
large,  and  he  was  out  of  sorts  and  he  hesitated  too  long.  The 
bull  spied  him  and  charged  instantly.  The  bear  stood  up  on 
his  hind  feet.  As  the  bull  struck  him,  Bruin  gave  him  a  blow 
with  his  great  paw  which  would  have  broken  the  neck  of  any 
other  animal,  and  buried  his  great  fangs  in  his  shoulder.  But 
the  bull's  sharp  horns  pierced  the  chest  of  the  bear  and  bore 
him  back  to  the  ground.  Deeper  and  deeper  the  cruel  horns 
reached,  while  the  claws  of  the  bear  tore  great  strips  from  the 
bull's  flanks.  It  was  a  terrible  spectacle,  but  the  boys  were  too 
near  to  enjoy  it.  Quick  as  a  flash  they  slid  down  and  ran  up 
the  cliffs  above  them  like  two  monkeys.  At  the  top  they 
stopped,  panting  for  breath,  and  looked  down  into  the  valley. 
The  air  was  filled  with  terrible  roarings  and  bellowings.  In  the 
dim  light  they  could  see  a  huge  brown  mass  rolling  back  and 
forth  below  them.  Now  they  thought  the  bear  had  won  and 
now  the  bull. 

By  and  by  the  dark  settled  down,  and  nothing  could  be  seen, 
the  sounds  grew  fainter,  and  finally  all  was  still.  The  boys  did 
not  dare  to  go  through  the  woods  in  the  dark,  so  they  found  a 
bed  oi  leaves  and  lay  down  where  they  were.  But  there  was 


Tribe  Activities 


III 


not  much  sleeping  that  night.  A  leopard's  shrill  cry  woke  them 
from  their  first  doze;  the  baying  of  wolves  awaketied  them  from 
the  next;  and  when  a  great  owl  gave  his  weird  wail  just  above 
their  heads,  they  gave  it  up. 

The  crackling  of  twigs  told  them  that  they  were  being  hunted 
bv  some  night  prowler.  In  lie  dark  and  with  no  weapons — 
for  they  had  dropped  everything  but  their  knives — they  were 
at  the  mercy  of  any  wild  beast  which  discovered  their  hiding 
place.  Then  Om  remembered  the  fire  which  had  saved  his 
life  when  a  child,  the  fire  which  no  animal  was  bold  enough  to 
come  near.  Could  he  make  a  fire.  The  moss  upon  which  they 
lay  was  dry.  A  rough  flake  of  flint  which  had  not  been  shaped 
was  in  his  skin  pouch  and  his  flint  knife  was  in  his  belt.  He 
had  seen  his  father  call  the  Red  Spirit  from  the  moss  by  strik- 
ing flints  together.  Once  or  twice  he  had  succeeded  in  doing  it 
himself,  but  it  was  no  easy  task.  Still  there  was  nothing  for  it 
but  to  try.  With  trembling  hands  he  gathered  the  driest  of 
the  moss  into  a  little  pile  and  puUed  together  some  dry  twigs. 
Sut  got  on  his  knees  ready  to  blow  the  smallest  spark  into  flame. 
Om  took  the  flint  flake  in  his  left  1  J  and  struck  it  a  glancing 
blow  with  his  knife.  A  dull  spark  flew,  but  did  not  light  the 
moss.  Again  and  again  he  tried,  but  in  vain.  Meanwhile, 
soft  but  ominously  heavy  footfalls  came  nearer  and  nearer. 
It  was  now  or  never.  In  desperation  he  struck  a  terrific  blow 
which  shattered  the  knife  and  brought  the  blood  to  his  battered 
hand.  He  saw  nothing,  but  Sut  suddenly  stooped  lower  and 
blew  gently,  and  then  more  strongly.  A  tiny  glow  appeared, 
a  wisp  of  smoke  and  then  a  red  flame.  Om  crouched  by  the 
fire,  exhausted,  speechless,  and  helpless;  but  Sut  skilfully  fed 
the  growing  flames  till  they  leaped  high,  and  the  hunter  in  the 
dark  leaped  away  with  great  bounds  into  the  deep  woods. 

All  night  the  boys  sat  by  the  fire,  hungry  and  exhausted, 
but  happy  and  safe.  In  the  morning  they  looked  down  on  the 
open  spot  below  them  which  had  been  the  scene  of  the  terrible 
fight  of  the  night  before;  and  there,  still  locked  together  by  horn 
and  claw  and  jaw,  were  the  bear  and  the  bull,  both  dead  and 
both  victorious.  A  fox  came  out  of  the  brush  and  sniffed  at 
the  pool  of  blood  in  which  they  lay;  a  flock  of  red-eyed  buzzards 
hovered  in  the  air  above  and  finally  alighted  on  a  dead  tree  near- 
by. 

The  boys  were  looking  with  mingled  awe  and  delight  at  the 
bodies  of  their  savage  foes  of  the  day  before,  when  a  brilliant 
thought  came  to  Sut.  "Om!  The  horns  and  dawsl  We  will 
take  them  to  Uie  camp,  and  who  will  lavgfx  at  us  then!"  No 


XX2  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


sooner  thought  than  done.  Down  the  cliff  they  clambered, 
forgetful  of  everything  but  the  coveted  trophies.  At  the  foot 
they  found  their  weapons  where  they  had  dropped  them.  The 
fox  skulked  away,  the  buzzards  screamed  and  flapped  to  a  little 
more  distant  tree,  while  the  boys  hacked  off  with  rude  knife 
and  stone  bludgeon  one  of  the  bear's  claws  and  the  horns  of 
the  bull.   Then  they  fled  up  the  cliff  again  and  started  hot  foot 

for  home.  ,  .    ,  c 

As  they  approached  the  stream  by  which  they  lived,  Sut 
began  to  hasten,  but  Om  went  slower  and  slower.  "Hurry, 
you  snail,"  said  Sut,  "the  women  and  girls  will  be  pounding 
the  meal  and  making  ready  for  the  men  to  eat  and  they  will  see 
by  these  that  we  are  not  boys  to  be  laughed  at."  "But,"  said 
Om,  "we  did  not  kill  them;  we  ran  away."  "Oh!  but  we  don't 
need  to  tell  all  that,"  said  Sut;  "  hurry  up,  hurry  up! "  But  Om 
would  not  hurry.  He  went  more  and  more  slowly  and  finally 
sat  down  to  think  it  out.  The  temptation  was  a  very  strong 
one.  Perhaps  all  they  would  need  to  do  would  be  to  be  silent, 
and  it  would  be  very  pleasant  to  be  treated  like  mighty  hunters 
and  men.  But  the  trouble  was  that  deep  down  in  thdr  hearts 
they  would  know  that  they  had  not  proved  it. 

Then  a  thought  came  to  Om  which  settled  his  uncertainty. 
If  it  had  not  been  for  Odin  who  sent  the  bear  to  fight  the  bull, 
and  sent  the  Red  One  at  the  prayer  of  the  flints  to  drive  away 
the  leopard,  they  would  not  be  here  and  there  would  be  no  story 
to  tell.  Then  he  remembered  that  his  father  had  said  that  the 
Great  One  loved,  truth  as  he  loved  light.  He  turned  to  Sut 
with  aU  his  indecision  gone.  "  We  will  tell  the  truth!  We  will 
not  win  the  man-right  by  telling  a  lie."  Sut  grumbled  a  little, 
but  yielded,  as  he  always  did  to  the  stronger  will  of  Om. 

When  the  boys  came  to  the  river  bank  there  was  a  great  shout, 
and  all  went  out  to  meet  them,  for  the  villagers  had  grown 
anxious  at  their  long  absence.  And  they  were  pleased  that  no 
one  laughed  at  them,  not  even  the  girls.  As  the  boys  were 
being  fed,  they  told  the  story  of  their  adventures  amid  the  eager 
questionings  of  the  home  group.  The  horns  of  the  bull  and 
the  paws  of  the  bear  were  passed  about,  and  the  older  men 
told  how  large  the  bear  must  have  been  from  the  size  of  the  paw. 
They  then  told 'stories  of  bears  which  they  had  seen  and  fights 
of  many  kinds  in  ihe  forest  till  Om  and  Sut  were  forgotten. 
But  Om  was  pleased  Jo  notice  that  his  father  looked  at  him  with 
quiet  approval  in  his' eyes,  and  he  heard  him  say  to  Oma:  "Our 
son  will  be  a  great  himter,  for  his  feet  are  swift  and  hb  hands 
are  stnmg,  and  Ids  head  is  chief  over  them  all,  and,  more 


Trib6  Acti?itl6S 


113 


than  that,  he  is  beloved  by  the  Great  One."  And  Om  was 
glad. 

For  a  while  the  boys  brooded  over  their  adventure  and  kept 
away  from  the  buffalo  valley.  But  the  horns  and  the  great 
daws  kept  reminding  them,  and  again  all  their  hunting  trips 
seemed  to  lead  toward  the  dangerous  valley.  Oma  had  tried 
to  make  Om  promise  that  he  would  not  go  there  again,  but 
Ang  had  said:  "Do  not  make  him  promise.  He  must  prove 
his  man-right  as  we  all  have  done,  and  the  Great  One  loves  him." 

FinaJly  Om  said  to  Sut:  "We  cannot  escape  the  call  of  the 
death  valley.  Something  tells  me  that  we  will  either  leave  our 
bones  there  or  win  our  man-right.  I  have  been  thinking  it  over, 
and  it  seems  to  me  that  one  of  the  reasons  why  so  many  men 
have  lost  their  lives  there  is  that  they  have  not  used  their  brains 
and  they  have  not  worked  together.  Why  shouldn't  we  be  the 
first  to  do  it?  My  idea  is  this.  We  will  get  together  ten  boys 
of  our  own  age  and  ^e  will  have  only  those  who  will  promise 
under  the  sacred  oak  tree  to  hunt  together  and  not  each  for  him- 
self. Then  we  will  choose  one  who  shall  be  to  the  others  as  the 
head  is  to  the  hands  and  feet.  All  shall  obey  him.  When  we 
have  learned  to  work  together,  we  will  go  where  the  cliffs  which 
overlook  the  haSaio  valley  draw  together,  and  we  will  pile  great 
stones  where  a  push  will  send  them  crashing  down.  Then  we 
will  keep  watch,  and  some  time  when  the  wind  blows  up  the 
valley  and  the  herd  is  well  up  to  where  the  cliffs  are  too  steep  to 
climb,  where  they  come  together  like  two  streams,  we  will  pray 
to  the  Fire  Spirit  and  take  burning  brands  from  the  fire  and  light 
the  tall  dead  grass  at  the  opening  of  the  valley.  Six  will  start 
from  one  side  and  six  from  the  other,  and  we  must  outrun  the 
deer.  The  buffalo  will  run  from  the  wall  of  fire  farther  and 
farther  up  into  the  narrow  part  of  the  valley,  and  when  they  are 
bunched  together  like  fish  in  a  trap  we  will  hurl  down  great  stones 
and  shoot  our  arrows,  and  there  will  be  meat  enough  for  all  the 
men  of  the  north  country,  and  every  cave  shall  have  its  bu£blo 
skin  at  the  going  in." 

So  Om  and  Sut  got  the  other  boys  together  with  great  secrecy, 
and  every  one  was  made  to  take  the  oath  of  loyalty  to  the  gang 
under  the  sacred  oak.  And  Sut  was  chosen  Chief,  because  he 
was  the  best  talker.  Om  could  make  the  plans  and  carry  them 
out.  In  the  working  of  the  thing  Sut  did  most  of  the  talking, 
but  he  always  kept  his  eye  on  Gin  and  did  what  Om  wanted, 
and  when  it  came  to  doing  things  Om  was  leader. 

For  weeks  the  clan  soHited  the  valley,  <rften  having  hair- 
breadth escKpa  mhea  they  ventured  too  near.  It  seemed  as  if 


IZ4  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


the  wind  would  never  be  in  the  right  direction  when  the  herd  was 
at  the  small  end  of  the  runway.  But  the  delay  was  a  good  thing. 
The  boys  learned  to  hang  together  and  obey  the  commands  of 
their  chief.  One  boy  nearly  lost  hh  life  by  disobeying,  but  the 
lesson  was  learned,  and  the  gang  hung  together  as  no  boys  had 
ever  done  since  the  man-story  began. 

At  last  the  day  came  when  the  lookout  reported  the  herd  well 
up  in  the  narrow  end  of  the  valley  and  the  wind  blowing  in. 
Nothing  was  said,  but  by  common  consent  Om  was  leader  for 
the  day.  He  sent  Sut  and  five  other  boys  to  the  south,  while  he 
and  five  more  went  to  the  north.  Each  gang  was  to  build  a 
fire  where  the  smoke  would  not  blow  up  the  valley,  and  dry 
torch  sticks  were  made  ready  to  light.  At  midday,  when  a  spear 
driven  into  the  ground  cast  no  shadow,  Om  shot  an  arrow  high 
into  the  air.  Each  boy  seized  a  torch  from  the  fire  and  dashed 
across  the  mouth  of  the  valley,  lighting  the  dry  grass  as  he  ran. 

It  was  a  wild  rush.  Never  had  the  boys  ran  as  they  ran  that 
day.  In  the  years  after,  they  told  the  tale  to  their  children  and 
grandchildren  and  they  set  the  pace  faster  with  each  telling. 
In  less  time  than  it  takes  to  tell,  the  boys  had  spread  their  net  of 
fire  and  the  wind  was  drawing  it  for  them. 

When  the  boys  reached  the  cliffs,  the  frightened  herd  was  al- 
ready crowding  up  into  the  narrow  end  of  the  wedge-shaped 
valley,  fleeing  in  terror  from  the  pursuing  wall  of  fire.  Then  the 
boys  rolled  the  great  stones  down  upon  the  seething  mass  below 
the  n;  shooting  their  arrows  till  the  supply  was  exhausted.  The 
mac  lened  buffaloes  trampled  on  and  gored  eadi  other  until 
scarcely  more  than  half  the  herd  escaped  alive. 

The  young  hunters,  exhausted  but  triumphant,  danced  along 
the  ledges,  filling  the  air  with  savage  yells. 

The  next  thing  was  to  send  word  to  the  scattered  homes. 
Three  boys  were  left  to  keep  watch,  and  the  rest  ran  as  if  running 
a  race  to  carry  the  news  of  the  feast  that  was  waiting  for  all  who 
would  come. 

Before  night  every  man,  woman,  and  child  within  a  distance 

of  twenty  miles  was  on  the  spot.  Old  suspicions  were  forgotten 
and  old  grudges  ignored,  for  the  time  being,  at  least.  A  great 
fire  was  built,  and  the  men  stripped  the  hides  from  the  dead 
buffaloes  and  the  women  rolled  therr!  v,p  tn  rarn.'  .away  fnr  t.an- 
ning.  One  of  the  largest  of  the  bulls  was  dragged  to  the  fire 
and  roasted  whole.  Far  into  the  night  they  worked  and  feasted. 
Finally,  as  they  stretched  themselves  about  the  fire,  exhausted 
but  satisfied,  Ang  spoke: 
"I  have  seen  the  Cold  Spirits  come  and  go  many  times,  but 


Tfibe  Actiyities 


115 


I  have  never  seen  so  many  men  together  as  now.  Men  have  not 
been  like  the  wolvtis,  which  hunt  in  packs,  or  like  the  buffaloes, 
which  feed  in  droves,  or  like  the  ducks  and  geese,  which  come  and 
go  in  flocks.  Each  man,  with  his  mate,  has  lived  apart  like  the 
bear  or  the  lion.  There  have  been  fear  and  hatred  between  us 
because  each  man  feared  that  some  other  man  would  spoil  his 
hunt  or  rob  his  t  raps.  And  we  have  lived  far  apart.  To-night 
we  sit  about  the  same  fire  as  some  of  us  have  sat  before  at  the 
feasts  of  the  Great  One.  As  I  look  into  the  fire,  into  the  cave  of 
the  Red  One  within  it,  I  see  that  whenever  men  come  together  to 
hunt,  to  feast,  and  there  is  no  hatred  in  their  hearts,  it  is  a  feast 
of  Odin.  I  have  told  you  many  times  before  of  the  will  of  Him 
whose  voice  I  am  as  I  watch  the  tongues  of  flame.  It  is  His  will 
that  men  learn  to  live  together.  These  boys  have  heard  the 
whisper  in  the  heart  which  we  have  not  heard.  They  have  killed 
more  buffaloes  since  the  sun  rose  this  morning  than  we  have  done 
in  all  our  lives  and  our  fathers  before  us.  They  have  not  come 
to  their  full  strength;  they  have  not  learned  to  shoot  as  far  or  as 
straight  as  we  have  done,  but  together  they  have  done  what  no 
one  of  us  could  do." 

Then  Ang  picked  some  long  grasses  from  a  tuft  beside  him 
and  took  out  a  single  one.  Holding  it  where  all  could  see,  he 
snapped  it  as  if  it  were  a  spider's  web;  then  he  put  two  together 
and  snapped  them;  afterward  more  and  more  until  he  bad  twisted 
a  rope  of  grass  which  the  strongest  nuin  could  not  break.  He 
passed  it  about  the  circle,  and  each  tried  m  vam  to  break  it. 
Then  Ang  took  it  and  held  it  high  above  his  head  where  all 
could  see,  the  women  and  boys  as  well  as  the  men.  "The  single 
grass  which  the  child  can  break  is  man  alone;  this  rope  of  twisted 
grass  is  man  united." 

A  shout  of  assent  broke  from  the  group:  "It  is  the  will  of  the 
Great  Spirit."  Then  Wang,  who  had  been  restleF"^  in  his  place, 
leaped  to  his  feet:  "If  we  are  to  hunt  together  like  the  wolf,  we 
must  learn  from  him.  Each  pack  has  its  head  which  all  the 
others  obey.  When  the  geese  fly  to  the  south,  a  great  bird  who 
is  wise  always  leads  the  flock.  Let  us  learn  from  the  b.jasts  and 
the  birds.   Who  shall  be  our  chief?  " 

They  all  looked  at  Ang,  and  some  one  said,  "Let  Ang  be  our 
chief."  But  Ang  shook  hi:",  head:  "I  have  told  you  for  many 
years  the  will  of  Odin.  I  will  do  so  still  as  I  see  it  m  the  fire 
or  hear  it  in  the  whisper  to  the  heart,  but  my  eyes  do  not  see  as 
they  did,  my  feet  are  not  so  swift  in  the  chase,  or  my  hands  so 
strong  at  the  kill.  The  head  of  the  wolf  pack  is  the  strongest  and 
the  most  cunning,  not  the  okiest  The  whimper  within  tdls  me 


1x6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


that  it  is  not  time  to  choose  a  chief  to-n^t.  He  must  be  proven 

first." 

The  men  looked  about  on  each  other  and  knew  that  the  words 
of  Ang  were  wise.  There  was  no  one  that  they  could  all  follow 
without  question.  The  time  to  choose  had  not  come  yet.  It 
came  when          But  that  is  a  tale  for  another  telling. 

Then  Om  and  Sut  and  the  boys  who  had  followed  them  were 
brought  into  the  men's  circle  by  the  fire,  and  they  told  the  story 
of  how  they  had  trapped  the  buffaloes.  It  was  Sut  who  told  the 
story,  and  his  eyes  shone  Uke  stars  and  his  voice  bubbled  like  the 
brook.  As  he  talked  on,  Wang  would  wag  his  head  now  and 
then,  as  much  as  to  say:  "See!  Like  father,  like  son."  The 
girls  listened  eagerly  to  Sut,  but  the  older  ones  looked  at  Om, 
who  sat  a  little  back  where  the  light  did  not  shine  so  bright  on  his 
face,  and  nodded  their  heads  and  said  to  ea«*  other:  "Some  day, 
perhaps,  if  the  Great  One  wills." 

From  that  time  on  men  began  to  do  things  together  as  they 
had  never  done  before.  They  hunted  together  and  fished  to- 
gether. Groups  of  related  and  friendly  families  lived  near,  as 
Ang  and  Wang  had  done.  And  they  had  more  to  eat  and  more 
to  wear.  Fewer  lost  their  lives  in  hunting  the  more  dangerous 
animals.  The  women  and  children  were  safer  in  the  little  vil- 
lages than  they  had  been  in  their  lonely  caves  and  huts. 

And  Om  and  Sut  were  remembered  in  the  sagas  of  the  tribe 
as  those  who  taught  men  how  to  live  together. 


The  Seven  Swans 

"  The  L«ends  of  Vancouver,"  by  Pauline  Johnson,  by  pennission  of  pub- 
lishers, McClellaiKl,  Goodchild  &  Stewart,  Ltd.,  Cuada. 

"Did  you  ever  know  a  mother  who  did  not  love  her  crippled 
baby  more  than  all  her  other  children?"  asked  the  old  klootch- 
man,*  glancing  up  from  her  basket-weaving,  and  for  a  moment 
idlowing  her  slender  lumds  to  lie  idly  in  her  lap. 

"One  always  loves  the  weak  ones,"  I  commented.  "We  ad- 
mire the  strong,  we  are  proud  of  the  deft,  the  agile;  we  applaud 
the  skilful,  the  clever,  but  we  love  the  weak." 

"  II  is  always  so,"  she  agreed.  "  Always  so  when  the  one  who 
loves  is  a  mother-woman,  and  when  the  weak  one  is  a  baby." 
As  she  spoke  the  old  klootchman  looked  away  across  the  canjron; 
her  eyes  ymce  very  dttamy,  and  I  knew  her  thoughts  were  wing- 


*  Woman.' 


Tribe  ActMtieg 


ing  their  pathless  way  \mk  to  the  olden  yean  and  the  eariier  hift> 

tonr  of  her  tribe. 
I  crouched  down  beside  her,  settling  comfortably  in  a  natural 

shelf  of  rock,  and  for  a  time  watched  in  silence  the  mad  tumble 
of  the  sleepless  Capilano  River,  as  it  crowded  through  the  throat 
of  the  canyon  three  hundred  feet  below  us. 

A  swirl  of  melodies  arose  from  its  myriad  waterfalls,  its  count- 
less rapids — melodies  soft  and  fresh  as  a  robin's  whistle,  and  their 
singing  intensified  the  fragrance  of  damp  mosses  and  pungent 
firs  and  cedars  that  frame  this  most  exquisite  beauty-qwt  in 
British  Columbia. 

"There  are  not  many  song  birds  here,"  I  remarked.  "I 
sometimes  think  that  Nature  so  richly  favored  this  wonderful 
province  that  she  kept  the  birds  for  some  less  beautiful  country. 
Here  the  forests  and  the  rivers  sing  to  us.  Their  voices  are  more 
like  a  heavenly  orchestra,  like  unseen  hands  playing  on  a  thou- 
sand strings.  The  winds,  the  firs,  the  whispering  rivers,  are  like 
Chopin  Prelude  sobbed  from  the  throat  of  a  violin." 

The  klootchman  looked  at  me  longingly,  and  I  caught  myself 
back — I  had  been  voicing  my  thoughts  unmindful  of  her  dear, 
uncomprehending  mind.   I  smiled. 

You  no  savvy  what  I  talk  of,  eh,  klootchman?  "  I  said. 

"Some  savvy,"  she  answered,  using  the  native  phrase  with 
quaint  delight. 

"  What  I  mean  is  that  here  we  cannot  hope  to  have  every- 
thing," I  hastened.  "The  less  lovely  country  east  of  the  Rockies 
must  be  given  some  things  that  are  denied  to  us.  We  have  so 
much  beauty  that  Nature  balanced  things  a  Uttle  by  giving  the 
East  its  song  birds." 

"Yes,"  she  agreed;  "but  we  have  many  other  birds.  The 
Sagalie  Tyee  (God)  gave  us  birds  for  food  here,  not  for  song. 
Hie  winds  sing,  but  cannot  feed  the  Indian  people.  The  waters 
laugh,  but  cannot  keep  us  from  starving  by  their  pretty  voices. 
So,  the  Sagalie  Tyee  gave  us  the  fish  and  the  birds  for  food — 
many  gray  geese,  russet  pheasants,  wild  ducks,  whistling 
swans  " 

"Oh,  klootchman  1"  I  interrupted,  "yesterday  I  saw  a  band 
of  magnificent  white  swans  fly  directly  over  the  city — seven  of 
them.   They  were  heading  for  the  southeast." 

She  turned  abruptly  and  looked  at  me  with  a  half-curious, 
half-affecti<»iate  expression  illuminating  her  rugged  old  hcc. 

"  You  see  seven  swans?  "  she  asked  with  intense  interest. 

"Yes,"  I  assured  her.  "Seven  wonderful  white  swans. 
Th^  were  the  most  giaceful  things  I  ever  saw.  Th^  sailed 


zi8  Woodcraft  Maniud  for  Girls 


overhead  like  delicate  white-winged  yachts  drifting  on  the  bhie 
sea — the  far  waterless  sea  of  the  skies." 
"Very  good  sign,"  she  said  emphatically.   "Very  good  hick 

for  you — for  sure  you  count  seven  of  them?  " 

"Yes,"  I  assured  her.  Then  I  told  her  how  I  happened  to  be 
at  the  door  of  my  "wigwam"  when  I  heard  a  faint  whistle  sky- 
ward, an<l  looking  aloft  T  saw  then'  -seven  white-feathered 
beauties  sailing  southward  into  the  lands  ot  sun  and  warmth. 
I  could  picture  them  idling  away  the  winter  in  some  far  southern 
lagoon,  while  the  lazy  tropic  weeks  drifted  by  as  they  waited  for 
the  call  of  the  North  that  would  come  with  the  early  days  of 
April — the  sweet  clear  call  of  the  North  that  would  mean  mating 
time — that  would  mean  days  oi  i-.v.'sting  along  the  reeds  r'"^  rocks 
of  cooler  climes,  and  a  long,  joyous  summer  in  the  far  •  i  i  of 
the  upper  Pacific  Coast. 

I  watched  them  for  many  moment'^;  their  slender  white  throats 
were  outstretched  with  the  same  keen  eagerness  to  reach  the 
southern  suns  as  a  finely  bred  horse  displays  near  the  finish  of  a 
race.  Their  shining  pinions  were  like  silken  sails  swelling  to  the 
breeze,  and  lofty  as  their  flight  was,  I  could  distinguish  a  hint  of 
orange  from  the  web  of  their  trailing  feet.  Their  indifference  to 
the  city  beneath  them,  their  direct  though  deliberate  course, 
their  unblemished  whiteness  were  like  a  glimpse  of  some  far 
perfect  thing  that  human  hands  may  not  defile.  Farther  and 
farther  they  winged  their  way,  fainter  and  fainter  drifted  back- 
ward their  clear  whistling,  until  they  were  but  a  bhir  against 
the  blue;  like  an.  echo  of  a  whisper  their  voices  still  floated  be- 
hind them,  then  a  pearl-gray  scarf  of  cloud  enveloped  them — 
they  were  gone. 

The  klootchman  listened  like  one  absorbed.   "Very  good 
sign,"  she  repeated,  as  I  concluded  my  story. 
" In  what  way?  "  I  asked. 

"What  is  it  the  palefaces  call  the  one  who  loves  you?"  she 
questioned.  Then  answering  her  own  query  with:  "Sweetheart 
— ^is  that  not  it?  Yes?  Well,  sign  is,  your  sweetheart  very 
true  to  you.  He  not  got  two  faces,  one  for  you,  another  for 
when  he  is  away  from  you.    He's  very  true." 

I  laughed  sceptically.  "A  woman's  sweetheart  is  never  true 
to  her,  but  a  man'?  always  is,"  I  remark r  1,  %vi-^  a  cynicism  bom 
of  much  observation  and  some  little  exf>erience. 

"You  know  the  big  world  too  well  for  be  happy,"  she  began. 

"Oh,  I  am  the  happiest-hearted  woman  alive,"  I  hurried  to 
explain.  Then,  teasingly,  "and  I'll  be  happier  still  if  what  you 
say  <^  the  seven  swans  is  reaUy  true." 


Tribe  ActhdtiM 


"9 


"It's  true,"  she  replied  in  a  tone  that  compelled  belief.  "It 
b  stnwge  thing  that  you  see  and  talk  of  seven  swans,  when  an 
hour  ago  I  speak  to  you  of  crippled  baby  and  how  the  mother- 
women  love  them,  care  for  them,  protect  them.  You  see, 
tillicum  (friend),  there  is  a  Squamish  story— what  you  call  it? 
Legend?  Yes,  legend  about  a  crippled  child  and  a  band  of 
seven  swans." 

I  edged  nearer  to  her.  Then  die  told  me  the  whimsical  tale, 
while  the  restless  Capilano  murmured  and  chanted,  laughed 
and  rollicked,  sang  and  sobbed  out  its  music  far,  far  below  us. 

"The  little  girl  was  bom  a  cripple.  There  was  not  ugliness, 
nothing  crooked  in  her  form,  just  one  little  foot  that  was  weak 
and  limp  and  nerveless,  and  when  she  learned  to  walk,  this  foot 
trailed  slightly  behind  the  other.  But,  oh!  the  love  of  her 
Squamish  mother  that  hovered  over  her,  protected  her,  petted 
her,  nursed  her,  waited  on  her;  it  was  the  all-powerful  love  of  a 
mother-woman  for  a  weak  child,  and  the  baby  grew  into  girl- 
hood, then  to  womanhood,  wrapped  around  with  this  wonderful 
garment  oS  love,  as  the  clinging  fragrant  moss  wraps  the  foot 
of  a  tree. 

"Her  mother  called  her  'Kah-lo-ka'  (accent  on  lo),  which  in 
the  Chino(&  means  'The  Swan*  for  the  girl  was  very  beautiful. 
Her  face  was  as  a  flower,  her  form  slender  and  filled  with  grace, 
only  the  trailing  foot  stood  between  her  and  the  perfection  of 
young  womanhood.  But  her  soul  was  yet  more  beautiful  than 
her  face.  She  was  kind,  joyous,  laughter-loving.  She  never 
said  a  bitter  word,  never  gave  a  sneering  smile.  Her  heart 
waa  light,  her  hands  skilful,  her  voice  gentle.  Her  fingers  were 
swift  to  weave  baskets  and  bla..!  ets,  her  eyes  keen  and  lustrous 
m  selecting  the  dyes  for  the  quills  and  fibres  and  furs,  for  her 
home-making  and  her  garments,  and  she  loved  little  duldren 
as  her  mother  had  done  before  her. 

"And  many  a  brave  wanted  her  for  his  wife— many  a  young 
fisherman,  many  a  warrior,  many  a  trapper,  but  her  heart  loved 
none,  until  a  young  hunter  came  from  the  North,  and  said, 
'I  will  be  strong  for  both  of  us:  I  will  be  fleet  of  foot  for  both.' 
My  arrows  are  true  and  never  fail;  my  lodge  is  filled  with  sdft 
warm  furs,  your  frail  little  feet  will  rest  upon  than,  and  your 
heart  will  rest  in  my  heart — will  you  come? ' 

"The  shadows  crossed  her  face  as  she  looked  at  her  trailing 
foot.  'But  I  can  never  run  to  meet  you  when  you  return  from 
the  forest  with  the  deer  across  your  shoulders  or  the  b^ver 
across  v-  arm,'  she  regretted.  'My  step  is  slow  and  halting, 
nots\     iikctntotherinaidensof  my  tribe.  I  am  never  dance 


130 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


for  you  at  the  great  potlatches  Ici  hours  and  hours,  while  the 
old  people  sing  and  the  young  people  admire.  I  must  sit  with 
the  old  womm— akme  with  the  <m  ones  and  the  u^y  ones — 
alone! ' 

"  'You  will  never  be  old,  never  be  ugly,'  he  assured  her.  'Your 
face  and  your  soul  are  things  of  beauty.  They,  with  your  laugh- 
ing heart,  will  always  be  young.  Your  mother  named  you 
Kah-Io-ka,  The  Swan,  and  you  are  always  that — shall  ever  be 
that  to  me.  Come,  will  you  come  with  me — ^will  you  come 
from  your  mother's  love — to  mine? ' 

"And,  womanlike,  she  went  with  him,  and  her  father's  lod^ 
knew  her  no  more. 

"But  daily  her  mother  would  come  to  see  her,  to  rejoice  in 
the  happiness  of  the  young  wife — the  happiness  that  made  her 
forget  her  trailing  foot,  that  made  her  ever-lovely  face  still  more 
beautiful,  and  she  would  call  the  little  bride-wife,  'Be-be,  Be-be,* 
as  though  she  were  still  her  frail  baby  girL  It  is  the  way  with 
mothers  and  a  crippled  child. 

"  The  years  drifted  on,  and  Kah-lo-ka  bore  her  hunter-husband 
ax  b^utiful  children,  but  none  of  them  had  the  trailing  foot, 
nor  yet  the  lovely  face  of  their  laughter-loving  mother.  She 
had  not  yet  grown  old  to  look  upon  as  the  Squamish  women 
are  apt  to  do  while  even  yet  young,  and  her  face  was  like  a 
flower  as  she  sat  among  the  old  and  ugly  at  the  great  potlatches, 
while  the  maidens  and  the  young  men  danced  and  chanted, 
uid  danced  again.  How  often  she  longed  to  join  them  none 
ever  knew,  but  no  shadow  ever  blurred  her  eyes,  no  ache  ever 
entered  her  always  young  heart  until  the  day  her  husband's 
cousin  came,  a  maiden  strong,  lithe,  tall  as  the  hunter  himself, 
and  who  danced  like  the  sunlight  on  the  blue  waters  of  the 
Pacific. 

"For  hours  and  hours  this  cousin  would  dance  tirelessly,  and 
through  all  the  hours  he  watched  her,  watched  her  sway  like 
the  branches  of  the  Douglas  ^r  when  storm  beaten,  watched 
her  agile  feet,  her  swift,  light  steps,  her  glorious  strength,  and 
when  she  ceased,  Kah-lo-ka's  husband  and  the  voung  braves 
and  warriors  gathered  about  her  with  gifts  of  shell  necklaces 
and  fair  speeches. 

"And  Kah-lo-ka  looked  down  at  her  own  poor  trailing  foot — 
and  the  laughter  died  in  her  eyes.  In  the  lodge  with  her  ibt 
little  children  about  her  she  waited  for  him  many  days,  many 
weeks,  but  the  hunter-husband  had  left  her  for  one  who  had  no 
trailing  foot  to  keep  her  sitting  among  the  old  and  the  ugly. 

"So  Kah-b-ka  waited,  and  waited,  k»g,  long  yean  through* 


Tiibo  Activities 


xax 


and  the  friends  of  her  youth  grew  old  a..  ^  wrinkled,  her  tribes- 
people  grew  infirm  and  feeble  with  age,  but  the  face  ci  the  woman 
with  the  trailing  foot  remained  as  beautiful,  as  young,  as  unlined 
as  when  die  first  met  and  loved  the  young  hunter  who  had  gone 
out  of  her  life  many  scores  of  moons  ago. 

"And  far  away  in  his  distant  lodge  the  hunter-husband  grew  . 
old  and  weakened  in  body  and  mind;  his  aim  was  no  longer  sure, 
hht  eye  no  longer  keen,  and  at  his  side  sat  his  coudn,  she  who 
was  once  so  light  of  foot,  so  joyous  in  the  dance,  so  strong  and 
straight  and  agile,  but  the  years  had  weighted  her  once  swift 
feet,  nad  aged  her  face,  had  stooped  her  shoulders,  had  stiffened 
her  muscles,  her  ankles,  her  hands.  Old  and  wrinkled  she 
crouched  in  her  blanket,  for  her  blood  ran  slowly,  her  youth 
was  gone — she  danced  no  more. 

"And  one  day  he  returned  to  look  upon  her  whom  he  had 
left,  to  hear  her  laugh,  and  to  learn  that  a  true  woman's  love 
wiU  keep  her  young  and  flowerlike  forever.  With  a  great  cry 
he  bowed  himself  before  her,  and  though  he  was  old  and  feeble 
and  ugly,  although  he  was  false  and  had  failed  her,  and  had 
forgotten  her — ^womanlike  she  outstretched  her  arms  toward 
him,  for  was  he  not  the  father  of  her  children? 

"But  the  Sagalie  Tyee  (the  Ahnighty)  spckt  out  of  the  sky, 
and  word  is  law  to  all  races,  to  all  people.  'You  shall 
not  have  her  again,  O  Hunter  1'  spoke  the  voice.  'You  have 
been  untrue.  She  has  been  true.  Untruth  cannot  mate  with 
truth,  dishonor  cannot  mate  with  honor,  falsity  caimot  mate 
with  fidelity.  I,  the  Sagalie  Tyee,  chief  of  the  skies  and  of 
earth  and  of  the  seas,  sb^  place  bar  and  her  (Mdren  where 
their  youth  and  their  beauty  and  their  laughter  shall  forever 
taunt  and  reproach  your  axx^ced,  misshapen  heart  They  shall 
never  grow  or  ugly,  and  she  with  her  trailing  foot  afaaU  be- 
come that  most  beautiJful  and  graceful  thing  that  I  have  ever 
created.  Watch  the  morning  skies,  O  Hunter  of  the  double 
face,  theKkrable  heart,  and  <»  the  first  light  of  the  rising  mm  you 
wfll  see  seven  perfect  things.  Beauty,  Grace,  Laughter,  Youth, 
Fidelity,  Love,  and  Truth— seven  gknious  things  that  you  have 
forfeited,  have  cast  aiddet ' 

"In  the  morning  the  aged  hunter  sought  Kah-lo-ka's  lodge. 
It  was  empty,  but  against  iht  gokl  of  the  rising  sun  there  arose 
a  group  ol  sevn  peut-n^te  swans.  They  poised  above  him 
for  a  moment,  then  winged  their  way  southward.  He  watched 
in  an  agony  of  Imidiness  thdr  gracdul  flight;  he  listened  in  an 
agony  of  heartadie  to  their  aear,  wikl  pipbg  laughter,  HmX 
ditftad  btdtiiud  Hk«  tbe  note*  of  a  dittut  itate;  Idt  afad  ^ 


122  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


watched  and  watched  as  those  seven  beautiful  birds  sailed  away 
on  wings  like  silken  webs,  and  whose  feet  trailed  a  blur  of 
orange  against  the  blue  of  the  morning  sky.  He  bowed  his 
head  then— for  he  knew  that  those  trailing,  graceful  feet  were 
his  Kah-lo-ka's  one  defected— glorified." 

"  Do  they  always  travel  in  flocks  of  seven?  "  I  asked. 

"  Not  always,  but  often  so,"  she  repUed.  "  So  when  you  count 
seven  white  ones,  it  will  be  sure  to  be  Kah-lo-ka  and  her 
children;  that  is  why  I  say  you  have  good  luck,  and  a  tyue 
sweetheart.  It  is  only  an  old  Indian  story,  but  it  means 
much." 

"I  suppose,  klootchman,  it  means  that  like  begets  like?"  I 
half  questioned.  "That  truth  bears  truth.  That  fidelity 
bears  fideUty — is  that  it?  " 

"Yes,  did  not  the  SagaUe  Tyee  say  that  truth  could  not  ti-dte 
with  untruth?"  die  said  very  reverently. 

How  Men  Found  tiie  Great  Spirit 
From  "Around  the  Hie,"  by  H.  M.  Buir.  Permissioii  Astodatkm  Press. 

In  the  olden  time  when  woods  covered  all  the  earth  txcept 

the  deserts  and  the  river  bottoms,  and  men  lived  on  the  fruits 
and  berries  they  foimd  and  the  wild  animals  which  they  could 
shoot  or  snare,  when  they  dressed  in  skins  and  lived  in  caves, 
there  was  httle  time  for  thought.  But  as  men  grew  stronger 
and  more  cunning  and  learned  how  to  live  together,  they  had 
more  time  to  thkSs.  and  more  mind  to  think  with. 

Men  had  loamed  many  things.  They  had  learned  that  cold 
weather  followed  hot,  and  spring,  winter;  and  that  the  sun  got 
up  in  the  nraming  and  went  to  bed  at  night.  They  saw  that  the 
great  water  was  kindly  when  the  sun  shone,  but  when  the  sun 
hid  its  face  and  the  wind  blew  upon  it,  it  grew  black  and  angry 
and  upset  then*  canoes.  They  had  found  that  knocking  fl&ts 
together  or  ribbing  dry  sticks  would  light  the  dry  moss,  and 
that  the  flames  which  would  bring  back  summer  in  the  midst  of 
winter  and  day  in  the  midst  of  night  were  hungry  and  must  be 
fed,  and  when  they  escaped  devoured  the  woods  and  only  the 
water  could  stop  them. 

These  and  many  other  things  men  learned,  but  no  one  knew 
why  i  all  was  or  how  it  came  to  be.  Men  began  to  wonder, 
and  that  was  the  beginning  of  the  path  which  led  to  the  Great 
Spu-it. 

In  the  age9  when  men  began  to  wonder  there  was  bom  a  boy 


Tribe  ActMtiet 


"3 


whose  name  was  Wo.*  As  he  lay  in  his  mother's  arms,  she 
loved  him,  but  wondered:  "His  body  is  of  my  body,  but 
whence  comes  the  life — the  spirit  which  is  like  mine  and  yet 
not  like  it?"  And  his  father,  seeing  the  wonder  in  the  mother's 
eyes,  said,  "Whence  came  he?"  And  there  was  no  one  to 
answer,  and  so  they  called  him  Wo,  to  remind  them  that  they 
knew  not  v^ence  he  came. 

As  Wo  grew  up,  he  was  stronger  and  swifter  of  foot  than  any 
of  his  tribe.  He  became  a  mighty  hunter.  He  knew  the  ways 
of  all  the  wild  things  and  could  read  die  signs  of  the  season. 
As  he  grew  older,  they  made  him  a  chief  and  listened  while  he 
spoke  at  the  council  board,  but  Wo  was  not  satisfied.  His 
name  was  a  question,  and  questioning  iSlled  his  mind. 

Whence  did  he  come?  Whither  was  he  going?  Why  did 
the  sun  rise  and  set?  Why  did  life  burst  into  leaf  and  flower 
with  the  coming  of  the  spring?  Why  did  the  child  become  a 
man  and  the  man  grow  old  and  die? 

The  mystery  grew  upon  him  as  he  pondered.  In  the  morning 
he  stood  on  a  mountaintop  and,  stretching  out  his  hands,  cried, 
"  Whence?  "  At  night  he  cried  to  the  moon,  "  Whither?  "  He 
listened  to  the  soughing  of  the  wind  in  the  trees  and  to  the  song 
of  the  brook  and  tri«i  to  learn  their  language.  He  peerad 
eagerly  into  the  eyes  of  little  children  and  tried  to  read  the 
mystery  of  life.  He  listened  at  the  still  lips  of  the  dead,  wait- 
ing for  tliem  to  tell  him  whither  they  had  gone.  He  went  about 
among  his  fellows  silent  and  absorbed,  always  looking  for  the 
unseen  and  listening  for  the  unspoken.  He  sat  so  long  siloit 
at  the  council  board  that  the  elders  questioned  him.  To  their 
questioning  he  replied  like  one  awakening  from  a  dream: 

"Our  fathers  since  the  beginning  have  trailed  the  beasts  of 
the  wood.  There  is  none  so  cunning  as  the  fox,  but  we  can 
trail  him  to  his  lair.  Though  we  are  weaker  than  the  great 
bear  and  buffalo,  yet  by  our  wisdom  we  overcome  them.  The 
deer  is  more  swift  of  foot,  but  by  craft  we  overtaJie  him.  We 
cannot  fly  like  a  bird,  but  we  snare  the  winged  one  with  a  hair. 
We  have  made  ourselves  many  cunning  inventions  by  which 
the  beasts,  the  trees,  the  wind,  the  jmter  and  the  fire  beoHne  our 
servants. 

"Then  we  speak  great  swelling  words:  'How  great  and  wise 
we  are!  There  is  none  like  us  in  the  air,  in  the  wood,  or  in  the 
water!'  But  the  words  are  false.  Our  pride  is  like  that  of  a 
partridge  drunmiing  on  his  log  in  the  wood  before  the  fox  lei^s 


*Wo  meant,  in  the  language  of  the  tine,  "wbnoe." 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


upon  him.  Our  sight  is  like  that  of  the  mole  burrowing  under 
the  ground.  Our  wisdom  is  like  a  drop  of  dew  upon  the 
grass.  Our  ignorance  is  like  the  great  water  whfch  no  eye  can 

measure.  ,  ,  .  » 

"Our  life  is  like  a  bird  coming  out  of  the  dark,  flittenng  for 
a  heartbeat  in  the  hut  and  then  going  forth  into  the  dark  again. 
No  one  can  tell  us  whence  it  comes  or  whither  it  goes.  I  have 
asked  the  wise  men,  and  they  cannot  answer;  I  nave  listened 
to  the  voice  of  the  trees  and  wind  and  water,  but  I  do  not  know 
their  tongue;  I  have  questioned  the  sun  and  the  moon  and  the 
stars,  but  they  are  silent. 

"But  to-dav  in  t\e  silence  before  the  darkness  gives  place  to 
Ught  I  seemed'  to  hear  a  still  small  voice  within  my  breast  saying 
to  me:  "Wo,  the  questioner,  rise  up  like  the  stag  from  his  lair; 
away,  alone  to  the  mountain  ci  the  sun.  There  thou  shalt 
find  that  which  thou  seekest. 

"I  go,  but  if  I  fall  by  the  trail  another  will  take  it  up.  If  I 
find  the  answer,  I  will  return." 

Waiting  for  none,  Wo  left  the  council  of  his  tribe  and  went  his 
way  toward  the  mountain  of  the  sun.  For  six  days  he  made  his 
way  through  the  trackless  woods,  guided  by  the  sun  by  day  and 
the  stars  by  night  On  the  seventh  day  he  came  to  the  great 
mountain — ^the  mountain  of  the  sun,  on  whose  top,  according  to 
the  tradition  of  his  tribe,  the  sun  rested  each  night.  All  day 
long  he  cUmbed,  saying  to  himself:  "I  will  sleep  to-night  m  the 
hut  of  die  sun,  and  he  will  tell  me  whence  I  came  and  whither 
I  go." 

But  as  he  climbed,  the  sun  seemed  to  climb  higher  and  higher. 
As  he  neared  the  top,  a  cold  cloud  settled  like  a  night  bird  on  the 
mountain.   Chilled  and  faint  with  hunger  and  fatigue,  Wo  strug- 

fled  on.   Just  at  sunset  he  reached  the  top  of  the  mountam, 
ut  it  was  not  the  mountain  of  the  sun,  for  many  days'  journey 
to  the  west  the  sun  was  sinking  in  the  Great  Water. 

A  bitter  cry  broke  from  Wo's  parched  lips.  His  long  trail  was 
useless.  There  was  no  answer  to  his  questions.  The  sun  jour- 
neyed farther  and  faster  than  men  dreamed,  and  of  wood  and 
waste  and  water  there  was  no  end.  Oveiwme  with  mtaay 
and  weakness,  he  fell  upon  a  bed  of  vaaa  with  his  back  toward 
the  sunset  and  the  unknown. 

And  Wo  slept,  although  it  was  unlike  any  sleep  he  had  ever 
known  before,  and  as  he  slept  he  dreamed.  He  was  alone  upon 
the  mountain  waiting  for  the  answer.  A  cloud  coveied  the 
mountain,  but  all  was  silent.  A  mighty  wind  roit  thedoud 
and  rushed  roaring  throuf^  the  crags,  but  theie  was  no  voioe  m 


Tribe  Activities 


"5 


the  wind.  Thunder  pealed,  lightning  flashed,  but  he  whom  Wo 
sought  was  not  there. 

In  the  hush  that  followed  the  storm  Wo  heard  a  voice  low 
and  quiet,  but  in  it  all  the  sounds  of  earth  and  sky  seemed  to 
mingle — the  song  of  the  bird,  the  whi^jcring  ci  the  trees,  and 
the  murmuring  of  the  brook : 

"Wo,  I  am  He  whom  thou  seekest;  I  am  the  Great  Spirit;  I 
am  the  All-Father.  Ever  since  I  made  man  of  the  dust  of  the 
earth  and  so  child  of  the  earth  and  brother  to  all  living  things, 
and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of  life,  thus  making  him 
my  son,  I  have  waited  for  a  seeker  who  should  find  me.  In  the 
fullness  of  time  thou  hast  come,  Wo,  the  questioner,  to  the 
Answerer. 

"Thy  body  is  of  the  earth  and  to  earth  returns;  thy  spirit 
is  mine;  it  is  given  thee  for  a  space  to  make  according  to  thy  will; 
then  it  returns  to  me  better  or  worse  for  thy  making.  Thou 
hast  found  me  because  thy  heart  was  pure  and  thy  search  for  me 
tireless.  Go  back  to  thy  tribe  and  be  to  them  the  Voice  of  the 
Great  Spirit.  From  henceforth  I  will  speak  to  thee  and  to  the 
seekers  that  come  after  thee  in  a  thousand  voices  and  appear  in  a 
thousand  shapes.  I  will  speak  in  the  voices  of  the  wood  and 
streams  and  of  ^ose  you  love.  I  will  appear  to^ou  in  the  sun 
by  day  and  in  the  stars  by  night.  When  thy  people  and  mine 
are  in  ne^  and  wi^  for  the  will  of  the  Great  Spirit,  then  shall 
my  spirit  brood  over  thine  and  the  words  that  thou  shalt  speak 
shall  be  my  words." 

And  Wo  awoke,  facing  the  east  and  the  rising  sun.  His  body 
was  warmed  by  its  rays.  A  great  gladness  Med  his  souL  He 
had  so^t  and  found,  and  prajrer  came  to  him  like  acmg  to  the 
bird: 

"0  Great  Spirit,  Father  of  my  spirit,  the  sun  is  Thy  messenger, 
but  Hiou  art  brighter  than  the  sun.  Drive  Thou  the  darkness 
befwe  me.   Be  Thou  the  light  of  my  spirit," 

As  Wo  went  down  the  mountain  and  took  the  journey  back 

to  the  home  of  his  people,  his  face  shone,  and  the  light  never 
seemed  to  leave  it,  so  that  men  called  him  He  of  the  Shining 
Face." 

When  Wo  came  back  to  his  tribe,  all  who  saw  his  face  knew 
that  he  had  found  the  answer^  and  they  gathered  again  about  the 
council  fire  to  hear.  As  Wo  stood  up  and  lodged  into  the  eager 
faces  in  the  circle  of  the  fire,  he  remembered  that  the  Great 
Spirit  had  given  him  no  message  and  for  a  moment  he  was  dumb, 
llxen  the  words  ci  the  Great  Spirit  came  to  him  again:  "When 
thy  peopk  Mid  m»  tM  peed     know  my  will,  my  spirit 


136  Woodcraft  Mamial  for  QM» 


shall  brood  over  thine  and  the  words  that  thou  shalt  speak  shall 
be  my  words."  Looking  into  the  eager  faces  full  of  longing  and 
questioning,  his  spirit  moved  within  him  and  he  spoke. 

"I  went,  I  sought,  I  found  the  Great  Spirit,  who  dwells  in 
the  earth  as  your  spirits  dwell  in  your  bodies.  It  is  from  Him 
the  spirit  comes.  We  are  His  children.  He  cares  for  us  more 
than  a  mother  for  the  child  at  her  breast,  or  the  father  for  the 
son  that  is  his  pride.  Ifis  love  is  like  the  air  we  lM«athe;  it  is 
about  us;  it  is  within  us. 

"The  sun  is  the  sign  of  His  brightness,  the  sky  of  His  great- 
ness, and  mother-love  and  father -love  and  the  love  of  man  and 
woman  are  the  signs  of  His  love.  We  are  but  children;  we  can- 
not enter  into  the  council  of  the  Great  Chief  until  we  have  been 
proved,  but  this  is  His  will,  that  we  love  one  another  as  He  loves 
us;  that  we  bury  forever  the  hatchet  of  hate;  that  no  man  shall 
take  what  is  not  his  own,  and  the  strong  shall  help  the  weak." 

The  chiefs  did  not  wholly  understand  the  words  of  Wo,  but 
they  took  a  hatchet  and  buried  it  by  the  fire,  saying,  "Thus 
bury  we  hate  between  man  and  his  brother,"  and  Uiey  took  an 
acorn  and  put  it  in  the  earth,  saying,  "Thus  plant  we  the  love  of 
the  strong  for  the  weak."  And  it  became  the  custom  of  the 
tribe  that  the  great  council  in  the  spring  should  bury  an  axe 
and  plant  an  acorn. 

Every  morning  the  tribe  gathered  to  ^eet  the  rising  sun,  and 
with  right  hands  raised  and  kit  up<m  thar  hearts  prayed, "  Great 
Spirit,  hear  us;  giMt  us  to-day;  inake  our  wills  Thy  mil,  our  ways 
Thy  ways." 

And  the  tribe'  grew  stronger  and  wiser  than  all  the  other 
tribes  <rf  men. 

Books  Roeommottdod 

Aboomd  TBI  Fiix,H.M.  Burr,  Associatua  Press,  Lts 
Legends  or  Vanooovek,  E.  Pauline  Johoaon.  McOelland,  GoodchiU 
&  Stewart. 

The  GAtnra  Gkay  Wou,  Dillon  Wallace.   Fleming  Revelle,  $1.25. 
Wild  Anuaks  I  Have  Known,  Emat  Thompann  Setoa.  Scribaers, 
$1.75- 

Wild  Andial  Ways,  Ernest  Hkm^mmi  Settm.  Doubkday,  Psfs  k  Co., 
Inoiam  Talis  or  Long  Ago,  Edwwd  S.  Curtb,  $1^ 


SECTION  m 
THINGS  TO  KNOW  AND  DO 


CHAPTBR  I-CITY  WOODCRAFT 

CHAPTBR  n--CAlIPBRCRAFr 

CHAPTBR  m— WOODLORB  AND  HANDICRAFT 

CHAPTER  IV— FRIENDS  IN  THE  OUT-OF-DOORS 


Chapter  I 


aty  Woodcraft 
Woodcrtft  in  Town 
The  Value  of  Doing 
Needleworic , 

Sowing 

Bond  Work 
Bomokoojing 
Totems  in  Town 
Fire— Socmat  or  IEmIv? 
Hoaldi 

AO«odBedy 


Tho  Uf 0  Fofco 

bvocatlMi 

Health  Hints 

Sooi^  and  Ready  Hdp 
Patriotiam  and  Otisonrii^ 
Hiking 

SignLangoago 
PIctwo  Writing 
Womkor  Mgndt 
BnflfMid  ^Mf**** 


CHAPTER  I 


CITY  WOODCRAFT 

Woodcnft  in  Town 

Woodcraft  in  the  beginning  was  the  only  science  of  man.  It 
meant  masterful  touch  with  the  things  of  his  daily  life,  indoors 
and  outdoors,  near  or  far.  So,  also,  by  growth  and  transference 
we  define  Woodcraft  in  our  city  to-day  as  seeing,  comprehending, 
and  mastering  the  ordinary  things  of  our  daily  life. 

The  boy  or  girl  who  looks  both  ways  before  crossing  the 
street,  who  knows  what  all  the  signs  on  the  lamp-post  mean,  who 
avoids  breathing  through  the  mouth,  especially  when  there  is 
dust  flying,  who  knows  the  warnings  of  the  different  colored 
lights,  who  knows  the  number  on  the  motor  car  that  rudied  by  so 
recklessly,  who  keeps  the  chest  expanded  and  the  toes  nearly 
straight  m  walking,  who  can  tell  a  man's  track  from  a  woman  "sor 
a  young  man's  from  that  of  an  old  man  on  the  wet  pavonent,  who 
realizses  that  the  telephone  book  is  the  key  to  the  business  life  of  a 
city,  who  recognizes  and  acts  on  all  the  hand  signals  given  by 
the  traflSc  policeman— he  is  practising  good  woodcraft  and  cultJr 
vating  something  that  in  the  life-game  spells  "SUCCESS." 

There  are  three  separate  fields  for  Woodcraft  in  the  City. 

The  first  is  that  of  the  mddental  things  of  wiM  life  that  are 
found  in  our  parks,  suburbs,  and  water  front.  No  less  than  one 
hundred  forest  trees,  one  hundred  wild  flowers,  sixty  different 
wild  birds,  twenty  different  funy  four-foots,  a  doawi  turtks, 
snakes,  etc.,  are  found  in  New  York  Qty,  while  ever  the  same, 
overhaul,  are  the  stars. 

The  second  fi«M  is  m  the  museums  and  libraries.  Every  one 
of  our  great  cities  is  rich  in  material  of  priceless  value,  gatliered 
here  from  the  wilderness,  stuff  reallv  relating  to  woodcraft. 
The  material  is  composed  not  only  of  coilecti<ms  of  birds,  animals, 
trees,  etc.,  but  uf  robes,  boats,  songs,  dances,  ceremonies, 
l^ends,  pictures,  carvings,  and  a  myriad  of  things  that  stir  the 
kiving  imi^ffinntiftn  ctf  tluB  red-blooded,  bbje-diy      w  gixL 

But  thelitis  the  largest  and  most  imwrtant  d^Murtmcnt,  for 

129 


Z30  Woodcraft  Maimal  for  Girls 


it  offers  the  newest  field  of  purely  city  work.  These  are  some  of 
its  headings: 

Signs  and  bhzes  on  the  main  street  (a  blaze  or  Indian  sign  is 
understood  to  be  a  simple  mark  conveying  information  wi&out 
using  words  or  letters.)  There  are  on  Broadway  at  least  fifty 
signs  and  blazes  descended  from  those  used  in  the  wilderness  by 
savages;  in  some  cases  the  very  same  mark  is  used.  A  totem  is  a 
simple  form,  usually  a  natural  form  used  as  the  symbol  of  a  man, 
a  group  of  men,  or  an  idea.  It  has  no  reference  to  words,  letters 
or  language.  In  this  light,  there  are  200  or  300  totems  of  daily 
use  in  every  big  city.  Some  trade  marks  and  all  armorial  bear* 
ings  are  of  the  nature  of  totems.  Every  great  railway  company 
has  a  totem,  though  it  was  not  so  fifty  years  ago.  The  change 
has  come  because  a  totem  is  copyrightable,  rememberable,  ad- 
vertisable,  visable  afar  and  comprehensible  by  all,  no  matter 
what  the  language  or  lack  of  learning  may  be. 

The  old  sign  language  of  the  plains  exists  among  us  to  the 
extent  that  over  one  hundred  of  the  gesture  signs  are  in  daily  use 
among  the  school  children  and  the  folk  from  Southern  Europe. 
The  policeman  regulating  the  traflSc  uses  at  least  fifteen  of  these 
signb  dctily  and  hardly  realizes  it,  yet  every  one  understands  them 
and  obeys.  Here  they  serve  the  same  purpose  as  in  the  wilds; 
they  convey  information  when  it  is  impossible  to  be  heard  and 
thev  do  it  in  the  universal  language  of  ideas  which  all  can  com- 
prehend no  matter  what  his  speech  may  be. 

The  tracks  of  different  human  beings  as  well  as  of  dogs,  cats, 
rats,  mice,  horses,  sparrows,  etc.,  are  seen  after  every  shower, 
when  the  gutter  is*wet  and  the  pavements  dry,  as  wdl  as  after  a 
snowstorm;  and  they  all  have  a  stoiy  to  tell  to  the  eyes  <A  wood- 
craft wisdom. 

City  crcrft — the  knowledge  of  the  th-'nu  whidi  are  particularly 

a  development  of  the  city:  how  the  si.eets  are  paved,  how  the 
garbage  is  disposed  of,  where  the  city  water  is  obtained  and  its 
quality,  these  and  many  other  things  relating  to  making  life 
in  the  city  produce  the  best  results,  are  an  open  field. 

All  of  these  and  a  thousand  more  are  to  be  found  in  the  city. 
And  the  value  of  city  Woodcraft  is  r.ot  merdy  in  die  things 
themselves  but  in  being  able  to  see  the  things  about  you.  Begin 
to-diij  to  see,  comprehend,  and  master  the  ordinary  daily  things 
of  your  life. 

The  Value  of  Doing 

Our  grandmothers  gathered,  dyed,  and  prq)ared  matoial  iat 
their  own  clothes;  made  their  rugs  and  carpets,  thdr  own  can- 


Things  to  Knov   -  r  ;  ) 


X 


dies,  their  own  soap,  their  own  medici*  cs  uunc  in  the  wildex- 
ness,  they  were  sufficient  unto  themselves,  for  th^  were  true 

Woodcrafters — they  mastered  the  things  about  them.  Con- 
ditions have  changed  and  now  most  of  th^se  things  have  been 
taken  from  the  home  to  the  factory,  so  the  old  home  training  is 
no  longer  in  reach. 

The  big  value  of  all  this  knowledge  was  in  that  it  bestowed 
power.  For  learning  to  (to  gives  more  power  to  do,  and  when 
you  let  some  one  else  do  a  thing  for  you,  you  eventually  lose  the 
power  to  do  that  thing.  Through  the  ability  to  dc  have  peoples 
prospered  and  nations  become  great. 

Vfhtn  the  Romans  put  in  the  hands  of  slaves  the  doing  of 
everything,  they  thereby  lost  the  f)ow»^r  to  do,  and  were  defeated 
by  themselves  in  their  national  life  and  then  by  their  enemies  in 
battle.  The  Vikings  sailed  their  ships  fearlessly  and  far,  for 
they  had  proved  themselves  on  many  seas.  In  time  of  stress, 
each  leader  took  the  helm  of  his  own  ship;  and  the  proud  boast 
often  heard  among  these  world-subduing  northern  folk  was: 
"I  am  a  noble.  My  father  owns  his  own  forge."  Always  in 
the  WOTld's  history,  those  who  valued  the  ability  to  do  have 
been  strong  and  sturdy.  The  Persians'  battle  flag  in  their 
strongest  time  was  a  blacksmith's  apron.  Emerson  recog- 
nized the  value  of  doing  things  well  when  he  said:  "If  a  man  can 
write  a  better  book,  preach  a  better  sermon,  or  make  a  better 
mousetrap  than  hb  neighbor,  though  he  live  in  the  woods,  the 
world  will  nuke  a  beaten  path  to  hb  doorway." 

So  the  Woodcraft  Girl  of  to-day  will  learn  to  do,  if  she  would 
be  happy  and  healthful;  for  life  b  made  worth  while,  not  by  the 
few  great  moments,  but  by  the  making  of  the  daily  life  pleasant 
and  full  of  meaning.  The  difference  in  homes  islargely  in  what  one 
knows  and  can  do.  One  is  of  value  in  the  office  from  this  stand- 
point. And  the  managing  of  a  home  so  that  it  is  clean,  bright, 
and  attractive,  is  one  of  the  largest  jobs.  It  pays  the  largest 
dividends  because  it  brings  satisfaction  to  all,  not  to  mention  the 
financial  gain  in  knowing  how  to  can  and  preserve,  how  to  make 
one's  own  clothes,  etc. 

Probably  nothing  is  sadder  than  to  go  into  a  home  where 
everything  is  bought  ready  prepared;  clothing  ready  made,  food 
bought  in  small  quantities  at  a  delicatessen  shop,  amusement  had 
at  me  movies  or  at  some  place  where  it  can  be  bought.  The 
clothing  is  commonplace — no  brain  or  pnde  has  gone  into  the 
making;  the  food  was  bought  in  a  hurry  and  haphazardly.  The 
amusenwnts  are  (rften  flat,  and  mostly  superfidaL 

(Ml,  Woodcraft  Qui,  woukl  you  rtaSfy  live?  Thai  htf^,  not 


Wooow^oit  MaaoAl  lor  Girls 


bv  arc.iming  oi  -.otiK  w  field  to  ente-  '  orkis  to  conquer, 
but  by  knowing  and  using  aU  the  tin  4  nmi  >  ou.  Know  the 
pkmsure  of  workmanship,  the  hai>pmes>.  whkh  comes  from 
closer  touch  with  the  fundan  -.-ntal  ih.  igs  of  life  and  con- 
sciousiiessof  being  of  v«.mct(»  -  u-  w*  rid 


Sewu' s 

Of  all  the  *«)ols  1  \V«  f 

stand,  the  n   die  and  ui   .1,  the  -  ssor. 
doubtedly  prove  to  N'  the  nost  Uk  fiil.  ' 
that  thc^o  hill!'  v  liah  a-    \v  can 
clever  fingers  is  surprisi  lcv(  t 

may  produce  many  i  ii  -^u  '  an.  'rapl. 
clothes  to  a  chart  'ng  or  fi  ii- 

none  too  even,  t      centr       e  att 

Toeverv  Woo    aft  (  wir 


t,'«?"' 

V»r 


inder- 
,  will  un- 
of  t!  ngs 


^eld. 

from 

-vith  still 
ered. 


'>v 


from  ''^e 


Mtmk  'f 

'  Whu.  is  tl      >e  of  L 
it  up  again:      She  i 
a^Mressing  h<  -.ell 
sewing  craff  whm 
thing  either  ^nal  d. 

Si  '  ing  is  ootrd  in  the 
tim<  lat  ni.in  tirst  began 
ing  em  t(^tl^  »n  cres 
cov  t  i  in 
pre^'^' 
is  tt 

A 

seeku^ 
know: 


-01 


t  IH 

awake  t( 

lugii  'he 


Ati 

ibro 

isa  mcr-sage  (juite  different 
said  about  embroidery, 
11    .  piece  of  cloth  just  to  sew 
he  wonderful  possibilities  of 
ndy  little  iin];^ments  of  the 
r  own  desire  to  creite  some- 


•voh .  <i 
Tiaking 


un  il 
arti5 


1  ur     orded  past.    From  the 
r  >Jdi.    iome  method  of  fasten- 
■ffi  rt    »i  prodmx  warmth  and 
the  present  <ky  tiie  highest  ex- 
for  persona!  adornment  perhaps 


1)1 

-rk    '    he     n  i  lace-maker 

rou  ut  however,  is  what  the  average  girl  is 
and  ti=    iotio^         itches  she  will  surc'>   want  to 


T    -s^^  Stitciws 
From  "Schod  Needleworii"  by  CXt v  ^  C.  i  lapgood.  PuUiihed  by  Ginn  ft  Co. 


X.  Stitching 


/ 


6^  Overgeaming  ot  ovahanding 


7.  Gftttoring 


Thingi  to  Know  and  Do 


lOb   Edging  Mid  Rufikt 


1^6  Woodciaft  Mannal  lor  Giris 


II.  Darning 


"T" 

— 

1 2.  Herring  bone 


13.  Feather  stitch 


Thing!  to  Know  and  Dd 


137 


Thisfs  to  RmMBbcf 

In  woven  goods  the  warp  is  the  threads  that  go  up  and  down 
and  the  woof  is  the  threads  that  go  across. 

A  bias  is  a  slanting  cut  across  both  warp  and  woof. 

Cotton  goods  can  be  torn  after  the  selvedge  has  been  cut,  but 
linen  should  have  a  thread  drawn  and  cut  along  that  line  to  get 
the  edge  even. 

Ruffles  should  be  cut  crosswise  of  the  goods,  while  bands  or 
belts  should  be  cut  lengthwise,  so  as  not  to  stretch. 

If  a  thread  kinks,  break  it  off  and  begin  at  the  other  end.  In 
using  spool  cotton,  thread  the  needle  with  the  end  that  comes  off 
first  and  it  will  not  kink. 

Woven  goods  are  made  of  spun  yam,  either  of  silk,  wool, 
flax,  cotton,  hemp,  or  jute. 

Books  Recommended 

School  NEEOLEWtttx,  Olive  C.  Hapgood,  Ginn  &  Co.,  t.75. 

HoMK  AND  School  Sewing,  by  Frances  Patton.  Newaon  ft  Company,  $.50. 

Shelter  and  CunmNC,  Kinne  and  Cooley,  McMillan  Co.,  $1.10 

BMd  Woffc 

Making  bead  work  on  a  loom  is  a  fascinating  occupation  and 
when  the  large  beads  are  used  the  work  grows  quickly.  How- 
ever, it  is  wiser  to  use  the  small  beads  as  the  results  will  be  much 
finer  work.  It  is  easy  to  make  one's  own  desi|;n  on  cross- 
stitch  f>apcr  and  the  design  shown  was  done  by  a  gu-l  of  twelve. 
It  is  the  begiiming  of  a  belt  that  is  intended  to  give  thep  incipal 
"milestones"  in  the  life  of  the  wearer.  Another  girl  n  ade 
a  belt  of  one  summer's  expc»iaicear-iMar  fovwite  canoe,  the 
island  where  she  stayed,  etc. 

Tlie  Woodcraft  Headbands  are  usually  made  oi  beads.  For 
the  Big  Lodge  the  pattern  is  a  row  of  blue  tepees  with  a  red 
doorway  on  a  white  background.  The  usual  rule  for  the  big 
beads  is  nine  beads  in  width.  The  teeptta  are  nine  beads  in 
width  at  the  bottom  and  betweoi  each  tttepet  at  the  b(M,tOBi  are 
three  white  beads. 

The  Um  of  ^  B«i^  I<oom 

To  Set  Hp  the  Loom: 

I.  Decide  how  many  beads  are  to  be  used  to  make  the  width. 
Cut  <^  one  more  thread  than  the  number  of  beads  (in  the  width) 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Bead  Belt  begun 

by  a 
Woodcraft  Girt 

The  first  picture 
represents  birth.  A 
stork  carrying  a 
basket  with  the 
baby's  head  show- 
ing flying  to  a 
house. 

The  second  rep- 
resents a  journey 
to  Canada.  A  train 
and  car  followed  by 
an  arrow  pointing 
to  a  land  of  pine 
trees  <xi  snow. 


Top  View  of  Bead  Loom 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


139 


to  be  used.   For  example  if  there  are  to  be  nine  beads  cut  ofiF 

ten  threads. 

2.  The  threads  should  be  somewhat  longer  than  the  strip  of 
bcadwork  is  intended  lO  be  when  finished. 

3.  Fasten  all  the  ends  neatly  to  the  tack  or  pin  on  the  roller. 

4.  Place  each  thread  separately  in  a  groove  and  draw  smoothly 
to  opposite  groove  and  fasten  to  peg. 

To  Begin  the  Bead  Work: 

1.  Thread  needle  with  long  thread.   (Barbour's  Linen  100.) 

2.  Fasten  end  securely  on  lowest  thread,  with  the  spool  of 
loom  on  the  left-hand  side. 

3.  Pick  up  on  the  needle  the  required  number  of  beads  (one 
less  than  the  total  number  of  strings)  arranged  in  color  so  as 
to  make  the  design  you  have  sketched. 

4.  Slip  the  beads  to  end  of  thread  and  pass  them  under  che 
threads  to  the  top,  press  the  beads  into  place,  one  between  each 
two  threads. 

S-  Hold  the  Iseads  with  left  hand,  while  passing  the  needle 
back  through  them  from  the  top,  making  sure  that  the  thread 
goes  from  under  the  top  thread  over  it  back  into  the  top  bead. 

Housekeeping 

From  the  time  the  first  cave  woman  yielded  to  her  desire  for 
beauty — two  elements  of  which  are  cleanliness  and  order — and 
bound  some  twigs  together  to  make  a  broom,  the  broom  has  beer 
the  emblem  of  the  housekeeper.  Since  then  women  have  striven 
from  cave  to  mansion  on  the  problems  that  present  themselves 
to  the  homemaker — making  and  caring  for  the  things  the  family 
needs  in  order  that  it  be  strong,  clean,  healthy,  happy,  and  use- 
ful. Food,  clothing,  furniture  and  furnishings,  health,  happi- 
ness, religion;  these  are  the  concern  of  the  housewife.  The 
home  is  the  foundation  of  society.  Well  kept,  its  members 
go  out  to  the  world  strong  and  ready  to  fight  a  winning  fight 
and  when. the  home  life  is  poorly  or  carelessly  handled  the  battle 
is  frequently  never  fought ;  they  are  defeated  before  they  begin. 
In  the  home,  centre  the  greatest  joj-s  and  the  greatest  sorrows. 

The  Woodcraft  Girl  will  find  many  fascinating  outlets  to  her 
desire  to  be  of  help,  but  the  home  will  undoubtedly  be  one  of 
her  favorite  mes;  and  in  the  fc^lowii^  bodts  vacious  subjects 
rdatmg  to  hotndceeping  are  well  covered  aad  show  the  great 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


value  and  the  pleasure  one  may  have  in  putting  them  into 

practice.  ,  ^ 

Books  Recommenaed 

The  Makino  of  a  Housewife,  Isabel  Gordon  Curtis,  Frfd.  A.  Stoket, 

''housf.mold  Science  andAkts,  Joscpliim-  Morris,  American  Rook  Co.j^fo. 
Practical  Homemaking,  Mabel  Hyde  Kiltredgc,  Century  Co.,  $.00. 
Foods  and  Household  Management,  Kinne  and  Cooley,  McMillan  Co., 

*'from  Kitchen  to  Gauset,  Virginia  Terhune  Vandewater,  Stuigb  k 
Walton,  $1. 

Totems  in  Town 

A  totem  is  an  emblem  of  a  man,  a  group  of  men,  or  an  idea. 
It  has  no  reference  to  words  or  letters. 

Before  men  knew  how  to  write  they  needed  marks  to  indicate 
ownership.  This  mark  must  be  simple  and  legible  and  was 
chosen  because  of  something  connected  with  the  owner  or  his 
family.  Later  some  of  the  trades  adopted  a  symbol;  for  in- 
stance the  barbers  in  the  early  days  were  "blood  letters"  and 
were  closely  associated  with  the  medical  profession.  Their 
totem  indicated  their  business  and  we  have  the  red  and  white 
barber  pole  of  to-day.  It  was  among  the  Indians  along  the 
West  coast  of  America  that  the  science  and  art  of  totems  readied 
its  highest  development,  though  they  have  a  world-wide  usage 
and  go  back  in  history  to  the  earliest  times. 

Out  of  this  use  of  totems  as  owner  marks  and  agna  grew  the 
whole  science  of  heraldry  and  national  flags. 

Thanks  to  the  fusion  of  many  small  armies  into  one  or  two  big 
annies,  that  is,  of  many  tribes  into  a  nation,  and  also  to  modem 
weapons  which  made  it  possible  to  kill  a  man  farther  off  than  you 
could  see  the  totem  on  his  shield,  national  flags  have  replaced 
the  armorial  devices,  and  are  the  principal  totems  used  to-day. 

But  a  new  possibility  has  been  discovered  in  modem  times. 
Totems  will  serve  the  ends  of  commerce,  and  a  great  revival  of 
their  use  is  now  seen. 

The  totem  is  visible  such  a  long  way  off  and  is  understood 
by  all,  whether  or  not  they  can  read  or  know  our  language,  is 
copyi^table  and  advertisable,  so  that  most  of  the  great  railway 
companies,  etc.,  now  have  totems. 

There  are  not  less  than  one  hundred  common  totems  used  m 
our  streets  to-day.  Among  the  familiar  ones  seen  are  t^e  Amer- 
ican eagle,  with  white  head  and  tail,  the  Austrian  eagle  with 
two  heads,  the  British  lion,  the  Irish  harp,  the  French  fleur  de 
lis,  etc  AjBoaog  trades  the  three  baUs  oi  the  pawabrdcer,  the 


Christianity    Mourning  Btoctric  Commercial 

Power  Suoocsi 

Northern       Salt  Lake  Santa           Traffic  Bcfl 

Pacific  R.R.        R.R.  R.  R.         Squad  Tdeplume 

Pawnshop    Liberty  Amy        Druggist  Inhnd 

Woodcmft        Navy  Sea  Power  Optician 

Union  PMafic   T|»lamiMTi  Skating      Star  Union  New  York 

R.R.  liaei  City 


f 


Fenna.      The  Power       Canadian      Buber  SooUaad 

R.  R.  of  the  Pacific 

.People  R.R. 

Totems  Often  Seen  14i 


143  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

golden  fleece  of  the  drygoods  man,  the  mortar  and  pestle  of  the 
druggist,  and  others  are  well  known.  Examples  of  these  and 
others  are  given  in  the  illustration  but  any  wideawake  Woodcraft 
Giri  will  be  able  to  find  many  others  by  careful  observation. 

Fir«— Senrant  or  Matter? 

nUB  IS  A  OIXAX  SERVANT  BUT  A  TEKIOBLE  MASTEK 

FIrv  FwmtiMi 
Condenaed  horn  Hn  CommUam  Robert  Adunaon's  Pamphkt 

Why  should  America  suffer  five  times  as  much  fire  loss  per 
lioad  as  any  European  country?  Chiefly  because  we  are  so 

careless. 

Just  think  that  every  year  about  2,000  lives  are  lost  in  fires, 
and  6,000  persons  injured.  The  money  loss  to  this  country  is 
about  $500,000,000,  which  means  that  every  family  of  fiveperscma 
is  paying  $12,50  a  year  as  their  share  of  this  loss — $2.50  apiece. 
In  Europe  the  people  are  so  careful  about  fires  that  fire  loss  is 
only  about  fifty  cents  apiece.  Taking  no  account  of  the  suffer- 
ing and  misery,  our  cash  fire  loss  in  America  is  $600,000  a  day, 
$25,000  an  hour,  S416  a  minute.  In  other  words,  we  lose  each 
year  through  fire  more  than  enough  to  build  the  Panama  CanaL 

During  1913,  in  New  York  City  alone,  588  fires  were  caused 
by  children  playing  with  matches,  with  a  loss  of  $32,000. 

It  has  beoi  calculated  that  more  people  have  been  killerl  in 
recent  years  on  the  Fourth  of  July  celebration  than  were  killed 
in  the  whole  original  Revolution  that  it  celebrates.  Nearly 
40,000  wcfe  killed  injured  m  Fourth  al  July  fires  in  the  ten 
years,  1904  to  1914.  This  is  why  sensible  pe(^  have  riien  iq;> 
and  demanded  a  safe  and  sane  Fourth. 

Firewtnks  and  bonfires  should  be  absolutely  forbidden.  I 
never  yet  saw  the  time  or  place  where  a  bonfire  was  not  a  curse. 
However  safe  it  may  seem,  there  is  sure  to  be  some  risk,  and  it 
is  wasting  valuable  wood.  A  true  Woodcraft  Boy  or  Girl  never 
makes  a  bonfire.  Let  us  express  our  patrk>tian  without  ruin- 
ingour  neighbors'  property  or  our  own. 

Flret  would  be  practicaUy  unknown  if  we  followed  the  advice 
al  ComaaMkfaa  Adamsoii  of  New  York  City,  and  practised  the 

TWENTY-fOfUK  DON'TS 

Doo't  allow  chOdmio  play  with  matches. 
Don't  block  the  fire  eso^wt. 


Things  to  Know  nut  Do 


X43 


Don't  fail  to  inspect  your  own  home,  or  the  place  where  you 
work,  so  as  to  know  where  all  exits  are. 

Don't  throw  away  lighted  matches,  cigars,  or  cigarettes. 

Don't  go  into  dark  closets,  bedrooms,  or  cellars,  with  lighted 
candles  or  matches. 

Don't  use  kerosene  to  light  fires  with,  or  use  benzine  ocoaphtha 
near  open  flames. 

Don't  fill  kerosene  lamps  when  lighted. 

Don't  use  a  poor  quality  of  Kerosene  Oil. 

Don't  put  ashes  in  wooden  boxes  or  barrels.  Keep  ashes 
away  fnun  boards. 

Don't  put  hot  ashes  (m  dumbwaiter,  ox  near  wooden  parti- 
tions. 

Don't  have  piles  of  rubbish  m  the  house,  oe  cellars,  or  m 

workshops. 
Don't  use  candles  on  Christmas  trees. 
Don't  keep  matches  in  anything  but  a  closed  metal  box. 
Don't  tie  back  the  dumbwaiter  shaft  in  the  cellar. 
Don't  store  oils,  pamts,  grease,  or  fats  in  the  house. 
Don't  have  greasy  rags  around,  they  catch  fire  by  themselves. 
Don't  have  lace  curtains  near  gas  brackets. 
Don't  use  folding  gas  brackets. 

Don't  use  gasolene,  naf^tha,  or  benzine  in  the  house  unless  all 
windows  aie  open  and  there  is  no  light  near. 

Don't  pour  gasolene  or  naphtha  down  the  drain. 

Don't  use  kitchen  stoves  close  on  taUes  unless  there  is  a 
metal  sheet  underneath  the  burners. 

Don't  set  gas  stoves  right  up  against  the  wall.  They  should 
have  a  metal  sheet  behind  them. 

Don't  look  for  gas  leaks  with  a  lighted  match  or  candle. 

m  CASK  OF  rax 

But  sup  e  that  in  spite  of  your  doing  your  share  some  one 
else  has  failed,  and  a  fire  has  broken  out  in  a  house.  The  first 
thing  is  kee^  cool,  act  quickly,  and  send  in  an  alarm. 

Haw.  Fmd  the  nearest  alarm  box  to  your  home.  If  it  opens 
with  a  key,  find  out  who  keeps  the  key.  The  ordinary  box  has 
no  key;  you  simply  turn  the  handle  to  the  right,  open  the  door, 
and  pull  the  hook  down  all  the  way  and  let  go.  Wait  until 
the  firemen  arrive  and  direct  them  to  the  fire.  If  you  don't 
know  where  the  nearest  alarm  box  is  located,  use  the  'phone  and 
ask  Coitral  fw  Fire  Headquarters,  and  tell  the  Fire  Department 
openUx  the  enct  address  ct  the  building  where  fire  is. 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


//  fire  is  in  a  crowded  building,  the  first  thing  is  to  keep  cool 
and  help  others  to  do  the  same,  for  PANIC  is  worse  than  Pirt. 
It  kills  far  more.  Keep  cool  and  help  others  do  the  same.  A 
cool  man  who  can  get  up  and  address  the  crowd  from  Ihe  step 
can  often  do  wonders,  for  thourij  they  cannot  hear  him  the 
crowd  can  see  that  he  is  cool.  This  he^  them. 

IN  A  UUKNINO  11  lUSE 

Remember  that  in  a  house  afire  there  is  always  good  air  near 
the  floor,  so  crawl  with  head  low  ii  the  room  is  full  of  smdce. 
If  you  must  open  a  window,  close  the  door  first.  Then  Ret  out 
and  wave  anything  you  can  get,  shout  and  wait.  Some  lirt  nian 
will  be  sure  to  see  and  save  you  if  you  keep  cool.  Remember 
these  men  are  absolutely  brave, sure,  and  quick,  they  know  their 
business;  they  are  there  to  help  you.  The  fire  thai  is  so  serious 
to  you  is  an  everyday  thing  to  them.  I  might  almost  say  Ihey 
never  fail,  unless  the  victim  does  not  keep  cool.  We  may  make 
jokes  about  our  street  cleaners,  and  write  harsh  things  at  times 
about  the  pdice  and  the  alderman,  but  we  are  always  proud  of 
our  firemen,  and  whatever  they  tell  you  to  do  is  sure  to  be  the 
best  thing  possible  at  the  time.  , ,   .  . 

If  your  clothing  is  on  fire,  roll  in  any  woolen  Uanket,  rug, 
or  coat  you  can  find. 

If  you  find  an  insensible  person  in  a  room  full  of  smoke,  get 
him  on  the  floor,  tie  his  hands  together  loosely  with  a  towel  or 
suspenders;  if  you  have  no  cord,  throw  the  end  ol  his  coat  over 
his  face  around  your  neck,  and  he  is  on  the  door  below  you;  then 
crawl  out  on  all  fours,  straddling  him  as  y  s  drag  him. 

If  some  one  is  cut  off,  up  aloft,  so  he  must  jump,  let  half  a 
dozen  men  hold  a  canvas  blanket  or  other  strong  cloth  for  tam 
to  jump  on.  Hold  it  as  high  as  you  can  with  its  cntrc  about 
twelve  feet  from  the  base  of  the  wall,  and  he  can  jurn^  safely 
from  a  great  height.  Of  course,  you  can  help  him  to  hit  it  by 
moving  it  to  fit  his  jump  after  he  is  started. 

Keep  all  doors  and  windows  closed  as  much  as  possible  to 
cut  off  the  draft.  , 

Bia  always  seetkatthe  alarm  has  gone  in. 


i 


I 


HEALTH 


HMMiBOnta 

The  Life  Force 

Invocation  of  Woodcraft  Girls 
Walking 

Ilear-tightedness— Remedy 
Dry  Footgear 

Rough  and  Ready  Help 
Revive  from  Drowning 


Saartfoke 
Bums  and  Scalds 
Hemorrhage 
Cuts  and  Weoads 
Lightning 

Shock— Nervous  Collapse 
Fainting 

Mad  Dog— Snaka  Bit* 
Insect  Stings 


Cindsrs  in  Bye 


HEALTH 


HMtth  mate 

The  law  of  the  Woodcraft  Girls  is  "understand  your  body — 
it  u  the  temple  of  the  spirit."  Most  of  the  joy  in  living  comes 
from  a  healthy  body,  every  part  of  idiich  is  in  po^ect  oraer  and 
running  smoothly.  Health  means  activity.  Only  a  body 
which  has  been  used  and  tried  will  radiate  vitality.  There 
was  a  time  wfam  the  body  was  sp(Aea  of  as  a  thing  to  be  asliM^ 
of  as  something  to  hinder  one  from  achieving  the  worthwhile 
things.  In  those  days  men  spoke  of  spiritual  things  and  woridly 
things,  thinking  they  wore  distimrt  and  separate— forgettuig 
that  the  things  of  the  spirit  work  themselves  out  through  the 
body.  The  most  beautiful  thing  in  the  world  is  the  human 
body  and  the  most  wonderful.  Cherished  with  this  idea  the 
muscles  become  beautiful  and  strong,  the  skin  clean  and  firm. 
Such  a  body  is  fit  to  meet  the  struggles  of  life  and  has  a  reserve 
force  to  meet  the  call  of  emergency.  Most  of  us  start  with  a 
good  body  and  it  is  our  sacred  duty  to  keq>  it  ao.  Hoe  are  a 
few  rules  for  you  to  follow: 

z.  Cany  yourself  well.  Throw  your  shoidden  bade  Ei- 
pand  your  chest.    Don't  slouch. 

2.  Breathe  deeply.  Practise  proper  breathing.  Have  as 
large  a  chest  expamwon  as  possibU . 

.3.  Learn  to  sleep  properly.  Get  at  least  eight  hours  aad  ji 
possible  nine.    Have  plenty  of  fresh  air  in  your  room. 

4.  Accustom  your  body  to  the  air.  Make  sure  yoiar 
muscles  of  the  back  and  stomach  are  in  the  best  of  condition. 
Use  the  wet  and  dry  rub  down  frequently — every  day.  Ac- 
custom ymir  body  to  fimunas,  avoki  ary  tendcsi^  tcnvaxd 
softness. 

5.  Eat  simple  food — avoid  stimulants.  Check  any  hauits  (A 
drinking  soit  stuff,  over-«iting  candy.  Step  whsi  yoa  b.v/e 
eaten  enough. 

6.  Above  all  be  clean.   Bathe  frequently  and  carefuUy 
See  that  all  parts  of  the  body  an  ckamed  thotan^liy  an(* 
ngulariy. 


148  Woodcnft  Manual  for  Oiila 


The  Life  Force 

By  Dr.  Valeria  Parker 

The  greatest  force  in  the  Universe  is  known  as  the  Life  Force. 
Although  common  to  every  living  thing,  it  has  never  been 
understood  by  philosophers  nor  has  it  been  created  by  scientists. 
We  know,  however,  that  in  whatever  form  it  manifests  itself, 
the  Life  Force  has  three  powers— growth,  assirnilation,  and  con- 
tinuation of  its  own  life  through  new  lives.  This  last  is  the  great 
jx)wer  by  which  our  world,  with  its  many  forms  of  plant  and 
animal  life,  is  renewed,  throughout  the  ages.  We  call  this  power 
reproduction.  In  plants  and  animals,  reproduction  takes  place 
through  definite  laws  and  at  definite  seasons,  controlled  by 
the  force  we  call  Nature.  In  human  l)einps,  reprwluction,  or 
paienthood,  is  governed  by  mind  and  spirit,  but  if  uncontrolled, 
instead  of  being  a  force  of  life  and  happiness,  it  becomes  a 
means  of  degirad&tioD  ol  body,  mind,  and  spirit,  leading  to 
destruction. 

Because  of  the  great  importance  of  the  Life  Force  in  Human 
Beings,  reproductive  power  is  not  fully  received  until  about  the 
twelfth  or  fourteenth  year.  During  and  after  this  lime,  sjiecial 
facts  diould  be  known  and  understood  in  order  that  the  body 
may  receive  projjcr  care  and  that  character  and  self-control  may 
be  developed.  Therefore,  now  that  you  have  fiassed  the  years 
of  childhood  and  since  you  are  responsible  for  the  care  of  your 
own  body  and  the  development  of  your  ov.n  character  you  should 
know  the  special  laws  governing  human  life.  You  should  also 
be  prepared  at  those  times  when  rest  and  freedom  from  boctily 
exercise  arc  necessarv,  to  forfeit,  cheerfully,  pleasure  and  in- 
clination, in  order  to  preserve  your  future  health. 

When  it  is  understood,  reverenced,  and  guided  in  the  right 
direction,  the  Life  Force,  when  not  concerned  in  parenthood,  is 
used  in  strengthening  the  body  and  the  mind.  As  this  great 
f<MX»  becomes  a  part  <rf  your  life  and  is  given  into  your  keeping, 
it  becomes  your  privilege  to  know  the  facts  concerning  it  for 
the  development  of  Ixxlily  strength  and  moral  character.  Some 
of  this  information  you  may  get  from  lKK)ks  concerning  which 
your  Guide  will  advise  you.  From  older  persons  whom  you 
resiiect  you  mav  learn  important  truths.  Never  should  you 
sedi  facts  from  those  who  by  word  or  action  shew  t!iat  they 
would  treat  lightly  or  even  degrade  the  Power  of  Life.  After 
you  lM;gin  to  understand  the  true  meaning  of  womanhood,  you 
are  asked  to  memorize  the  following,  resolving  that  you  will  hold 
your  share  in  the  "Life  of  the  Ages"  as  a  sacred  trust  to  be  used 


Thingi  to  Know  and  Do  149 

in  service  to  others  as  well  as  the  development  <rf  your  own  best 
self. 

An  InTocatkm 

Dedicated  to  the  Woodcraft  Girb  of  America 

To  Woman  alcme  is  it  givoi  to  nurture,  bear,  and 

rear  a  being  vv!  .h  an  Immortal  Soul. 

Through  the  pain,  self-sacrifice,  and  patience  of 
Motherhood,  through  the  undying  love  of  Womanhood 
for  Childhood,  does  she  learn  the  infinite  love  and  com- 
passion of  God  for  Man. 

So  may  I  understand  my  body  and  its  uses  and  keep 
it  clean  and  strong  for  its  high  physical  calling. 

So  may  I  keep  my  mind  pure  and  alive  to  progress, 
that  I  may  train  other  minds  that  may  be  entrusted  to 
my  care. 

So  may  I  keep  my  spirit  free  from  impurity  and  evil 
that  I  may  guide  other  souls  into  full  acoxd  with  the 
truths  of  Life  and  Immortality. 


Breathing 

"Shut  Your  Mouth  and  Save  Your  Life"  was  the  title  of  an 
essay  by  George  Catlin,  a  famous  outdoor  man,  who  lived 
among  the  Indians,  and  wrote  about  them  1825  to  '40.  In 
this  he  {xjinled  out  that  it  is  exceedingly  injurious  to  breathe 
through  your  mouth;  that,  indeed,  many  persons  injured  their 
lungs  by  taking  in  air  that  was  not  strained  and  warmed  first 
through  the  nose,  and  in  nuwy  cases  laid  the  foundation  of 
diseases  which  killed  them. 


Don't  Tom  Out  Tour  Tom  Too  Modi 

When  you  see  a  woman  whose  toes  are  excesMvdy  turned 

out,  you  may  knows  she  was  Iwrn  and  brought  up  on  sidewalhs. 
She  is  a  poor  walker  and  will  not  hold  out  on  an  all-day 
tramp. 

The  mountaineer  and  the  Indian  scout  always  keep  their 
feet  nearly  straight.  It  is  easier  on  the  feet,  it  avoids  corns 
and  bunions,  and  it  lengthens  the  stride;  makes,  in  Aott,  a  better 
traveller.  A  glance  at  her  tracks  wUi  tell  ycu  ham  a  person 
walks. 


igo  Woodenft  MsbmI  for  Oiilt 


The  KMn  Eyes  of  the  Indian.  Do  You  Wish  to  Have  Them? 

Near-si^rtkdnrss.  An  eminent  eye  floctor,  Dr.  W.  H.  Bates 
of  New  York,  has  found  out  how  you  can  have  sight  as  keen 
and  eyes  as  good  as  those  of  the  Indians  who  live  out  of  doors. 
After  eight  yean'  study  of  the  subject  he  has  established  the 
following: 

a.  The  defect  known  as  near-si^t  or  sh(Nt-si|^  idklem 

exists  at  birth,  but  is  acquired. 

b.  Besides  being  acquirable,  it  is  preventable  and  in  some 
cases  cund^. 

c.  It  conies  through  continual  use  of  the  eye  for  near  objects 
only,  during  the  years  of  growth. 

The  Renudy.  The  remedy  is,  give  the  eye  regular  muscuhur 
exercise  every  day  for  far-siglU  by  focussing  it  for  a  few  minutes 
<m  distant  objects.  It  is  not  enough  to  merely  look  at  the  far-off 
landscapes.  The  eye  must  be  definitely  focussed  on  something, 
like  print,  before  the  necessary  muscular  adjustment  is  perfect 
and  the  effect  obtained. 

The  simplest  way  to  do  this  is — get  an  ordinary  eye  lesting 
card,  such  as  is  sold  for  a  nickel  at  any  optician's.  Hang  it  up 
as  far  off  as  possible  in  the  schoolroom  and  use  it  each  day. 
Train  your  eyes  to  read  the  smallest  letters  from  your  seat. 

By  such  exercises  during  the  years  of  growth  almost  all 
short-sight,  or  near-sight,  and  much  blurred  sight  or  astig- 
matism, may  be  permanently  prevented . 

An  interesting  proof  is  found  by  Dr.  Casey  Wood  in  the 
fact  that  ^ile  wild  animals  have  good  sight,  caged  animab 
that  have  lost  all  opportunities  for  watchinp  ilistant  objects 
are  generally  myopic  or  short-sighted.  In  other  words,  nature 
adapts  tlw  tool  to  its  job. 

D17  Footgear 

A  certain  minister  knowinR  T  had  much  platform  experience 
said  to  me  once:  "How  is  it  that  your  voice  never  grows  husky 
in  speaking?  No  matter  how  well  I  may  be  my  vmce  (rftm 
turns  husky  in  the  pulpit." 

He  was  a  thin,  nervous  man,  very  serious  about  his  work  and 
anxious  to  impress.  I  repHed:  "Y<mi  arc  nervous  tx;f<»e 
prechinp,  which  makes  your  feel  sweat.  Your  socks  are 
wet  when  \t)u  are  in  the  pulpit,  anti  llu'  synipalliy  hclwcca 
soles  and  voice  is  well  known.  Put  on  dry  socks  just  Ijefoie 
entering  the  pu^t  and  you  need  not  fear  any  huskiness." 


TliiBti  to  Emm  mud  Do 


151 


He  looked  amazed  and  said:    You  certainly  teve  sM  me 

up  all  right.    I'll  try  next  Sunday  " 

I  have  not  seen  him  since  and  don't  know  the  result,  bul  I 
know  that  the  principle  b  sound— ivet  feet,  husky  throat 

SOUGH  AND  RBADT  HILP 
To  RavIvo  from  Diowuiii( 

(1)  As  soon  as  the  patient  is  in  a  safe  place,  loosen  the  cloth- 
ing, if  any. 

(2)  Empty  the  lungs  of  water,  by  laying  the  body  breast 
down,  and  lifting  it  by  the  middle,  with  the  head  hanging  down. 
Hold  thus  for  a  few  seconds,  till  the  water  is  evidently  out. 

(3)  Turn  the  patient  on  her  breast,  face  downward. 

(4)  Give  artiticial  respiration  thus:  by  pressing  the  lower 
ribs  down  and  forward  toward  the  head,  thm  rdease.  Ri^eat 
about  twelve  times  to  the  minute. 

(5)  Apply  warmth  and  friction  to  otremities,  rubbing  toward 
the  heart. 

(6)  DON'T  GIVE  UP!  Persons  have  been  saved  after 
hours  of  steady  effort,  and  after  bring  imder  water  over  twenty 

minutes. 

(7)  When  natural  breathing  is  reestablished,  put  the  patient 
into  warm  bed,  with  bcA-water  bottles,  w«m  dri^  ot  i^iaair 
lants,  in  teanxxmfuls,  froh  air,  ami  quiet  Let  tor  dtsp,  md 
aU  wiM  be  wdl. 


(1)  Reduce  the  tempoature  ol  the  patient  and  the  placey- 
that  is,  move  tfa«  patioit  at  ooce  to  a  cooler  sp(H,  if  posubie,  in 

the  shade. 

(2)  Loosen  or  remove  tl»  detiwig  about  the  neck  and  hotly. 
(;0  Apply  cold  wattr  or  iee  to  the  head  and  body,  or  even 

wrap  the  i>atjent  in  sheets  wet  from  lime  to  time  with  crfd 
water. 

(4)  Use  Be  stimulaat,  but  allow  iraeuM  of  cold  water  to  drink. 

Bums  and  Scalds 

Exclude  the  air  hv  co wring  fh<  bum  with  a  thin  paste  ol 
bak^-soda,  starch,  iio>u,  vaseUne,  olive  oil,  linseed  oil,  castor- 


152 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


oil,  lard,  cream,  or  cold  cream.   Cover  the  burn  first  with  the 
smciir;  next  with  a  soft  rag  soaked  in  the  smear. 
Shock  always  accompanies  severe  bums,  and  must  be  treated. 

Hemorrhage,  or  Internal  Bleeding 

This  is  usually  from  the  lungs  or  stomach.  If  from  the 
lunj^,  the  blood  is  bright-red  and  frothy,  and  is  coughed  up; 
if  from  the  stomach,  it  is  dark,  and  is  vomited.  Cause  the 
patient  to  lie  down,  with  head  lower  than  bod}'.  Small  pieces 
of  ice  should  be  swallowed,  and  ice-bags,  or  snow,  cold  water, 
tt  ,  applie<l  to  the  phut-  whence  the  hemorrhage  conns.  Hot 
applications  may  be  applied  to  the  exlremilies,  but  avoid  htim- 
ulants,  unless  the  patient  is  very  weak. 

Cuts  and  Wounds 

After  making  sure  that  no  dirt  or  foreign  substance  is  in  the 
wound,  the  first  thing  is  tight  bandaging — to  cio.>e  it  and  stop  the 
bleeding.  The  more  the  f>art  is  raised  above  the  heart — the 
force-pump — the  easier  it  is  to  do  this. 

If  the  blood  comes  out  in  spurts,  it  means  an  artery  has  been 
cut;  for  this,  apply  a  twister  or  tourni(<uel — that  is,  make  a  big 
knot  in  a  handkerchief,  tie  it  round  the  liml>,  with  the  knot  just 
above  the  wound,  aad  twist  it  round  wuh  a  stick  till  the  flow  is 
Biapptd. 

TJ|rh<ni«|r 

To  revive  me  stunned  by  a  thunderbdt,  dash  cold  water  over 
him. 

Shock  or  Nervous  Collapse 

A  person  suffering  from  shock  has  pale,  dull  face,  cold  skin, 
feeble  breathing,  rapid,  feeble  pulse,  listless,  half-dead  manner. 
Place  her  on  her  back  with  head  low.  (live  stimulants,  such  as 
hot  tea  or  coffee,  or  perhaps  one  drink  of  spirits.  Never  remove 
the  clothing,  but  cover  the  person  up.  Rub  the  limbs  and  place 
hot-water  bottles  around  the  Ixxly.  Most  persons  recover  in 
time,  without  aid,  but  thosie  with  weak  hearts  need  help. 

Faiattog 

Fainting  is  caused  by  the  arrest  of  the  blood  su[^ly  to  the 
biain,  and  is  cured  by  getting  the  heart  to  ccMtect  tM  lack.  To 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


aid  in  this  have  the  person  lie  down  with  the  head  lower  than  the 
body.  Loosen  the  clothing.  Give  fresh  air.  Rub  the  limbs. 
Use  smellii^stks.   tfo  iiot  let  her  get  up  until  fully  recovered. 

Mad  Dog  or  Snake  Bite 

Put  a  tight  cord  or  bandage  art)und  the  limb  between  the 
wound  and  the  heart.  Suck  the  wound  niany  times  and  wash  it 
with  hot  water  to  make  it  bleed.  Hum  it  with  strong  ammonia 
or  caustic  or  a  white-hot  iron;  oi  i  ut  out  the  wounded  parts  with 
a  fharp  knife  or  razor,  if  you  cannot  get  to  a  doctor. 

Insect  Stings 

Wash  with  oil  or  weak  ammonia,  or  very  salt  water,  or  paint 

with  iodine. 

Cinden  or  Sand  in  the  Bye 

Can  be  removed  with  the  corner  of  a  handkerchief,  <»  the  wet 
end  erf  a  tmy  roll  of  sxAt  paper. 

Books  Recommtndod 

■  I'iRST  Am"  by  Major  Charles  Lynch.  P.  Blakiitm)  Sou  k  Co.,  X017 
W  alnut  St.,  Pfailadel^la,  191 1.  30  cents. 

Patriotiim  and  Citixenahip 

Patriotiiwn  and  religion  are  the  finest  expressions  in  the  life  d 
man.  His  first  impulse  in  life  is  for  self  protection,  his  second  to 
protect  his  family,  and  his  third  to  protect  his  land  and  nation. 
Patriotism  is  a  love  of  nation  which  begins  in  self-control  and 
famil\'  love.  It  compels  one  to  forget  self  and  do  the  best 
thing  for  the  nation.  The  waving  of  llags,  the  singing  of 
hymns,  the  great  celebraticms  indicate  its  existence.  But 
it  appears  in  its  finest  form  in  citizenship,  when  men  and 
women  strive  to  see  that  righteousness  and  justice  are  done.  It 
means  careful  study  of  the  conditions  of  life  existing  in  the  nation 
and  having  t  houghlful  and  jwsitive  opinions  as  to  how  these  con- 
ditions may  Ik-  Ixitcred.  It  means  casting  a  vote  at  every  op- 
portunity for  the  best  naan  and  the  best  cau.se.  More  than  this. 
It  means  doing  always  what  you  conceive  to  be  right  and  in- 
sii.lence  thai  the  affairs  of  the  community  be  conducted  on  this 
same  principle.  It  means  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  num- 
ber. It  means  libraries,  night  schools  and  playgrounds^and  looks 


fS4  Woodcfift  MaiiiMl  for  Oiilf 


after  garbage  disposal,  hospitals,  and  health  laws.  It  means  the 
eliiidnati(m  of  corruption  in  every  form,  whether  in  government, 
in  society  or  private  Ufe— -it  means  in  public  life  the  conscience 
of  the  individual. 

While  patriotism  and  citizenship  iure  the  same  to  young  and 
old,  they  mean  one  thing  to  a  young  person  and  more  to  a 
grown-up.  To  the  older  person  they  entail  the  serious  matter  ol 
voting,  of  holding  office,  ol  cooperating  with  others  in  achkving 
good  government 

To  the  Woodcraft  Gu-1  it  means  duty  well  done  m  heme,  in 
school,  on  the  playground  and  street,  in  her  relations  with  her 
friends  and  acquaintances.  It  means  taking  seriously  the  dub, 
the  class,  the  Woodcraft  Tribe — any  organization  to  whidi  she 
belongs.  These  things  are  vital,  and  only  one  who  lives  wisely  and 
well  as  a  yoimg  person  will  be  able  to  do  her  best  in  maturity. 
Guided  by  these  principles,  a  Woodcrafter,  young  or  old,  votes  for 
the  best  and  does  not  decide  the  issue  on  friendship  or  selfish  in- 
terest. The  Woodcrafter  grown  up,  always  votes  for  the  best 
fitted,  never  takes  office  because  it  is  an  honor  merely,  but  am- 
siders  it  a  sacred  duty.  The  Woodcrafter  in  school,  club,  Tribe, 
or  Oiiier  group  recognizes  her  responsibility  to  see  that  right  is 
done— she  is  conscious  that  the  grottest  need  of  her  time  is  that  of 
strong  men  and  wraoen  who  will  want  the  best  and  see  that  it  is 
obtained. 

This  is  patriotism  and  citizenship — that  you  know  your  home- 
land as  well  as  you  can,  that  you  love  it  so  il  that  you  give  to  it 
your  best,  tliat  your  homeland  may  be  a  place  of  right  thinking 
and  right  living  to  all,  rich  and  poor,  young  and  dd,  strcmg  and 
weak. 

Books  Recommended 

Spoochet,  Poems,  and  ReciUdons 

AiBOa  Dav,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler,  Mt^at,  Yard  k  Co.,  |i. 
CmuETMAS,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler,  M  ifTat,  Yard  &  Co.,  Si. 
Flag  Day,  Robt.  Haven  SdMmffler,  Moflat,  Yard  &  Co.  |i. 
Independence  Day,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler,  Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.,  %x. 
Limoolm's  BntTHDAY,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler,  Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.,  |x. 
MsMOUlAL  Day,  Robt.  Havra  Schaufflor,  Moffat,  Yaid  It  Co.,  ti. 

Hiking 

It  is  a  good  rule  in  hiking,  to  set  out  with  the  idea  of  keeping 
the  party  together,  having  a  pleasant  thne  and  seeing  interesting 
things,  rather  than  of  showing  how  hardy  you  are.  It  is  as  bad  as 
trying  to  ^ow  how  bmart  you  are.   Do  not  try  to  make  a 


Thingi  to  Know  and  Do 


155 


record.  Record  breakers  generally  come  to  grief  in  the  end. 
Take  a  few  girls,  not  more  than  a  dozen,  and  set  out  determined 
to  be  mcKlerate.  Flan  a  nKxlerate  trip  of  which  noi  more  than 
half  the  time  must  be  consumed  in  going  and  ct)ming. 

For  example,  if  it  is  Saturday  afternoon  and  you  must  be  home 
by  six  o'clock,  having  thus  four  hours,  divide  the  time  into  two 
hours'  travel,  going  and  coming,  and  two  hours'  exploration  or 
sight-seeing.  Three  miles  is  a  moderate  walk  for  one  hour,  so 
that  should  be  the  limit  of  distance  that  ordinarily  you  tramp 
from  your  starling  point.  At  five  o'clock  all  hands  should  be 
ready  to  face  homeward. 

In  a  large  city  it  may  be  that  the  hike  will  be  taken  to  a  park, 
to  a  museum,  or  to  a  pkce  or  point  of  historical  interest.  In  this 
connection  it  might  l)e  well  for  some  member  of  the  tribe  to  make 
a  list  of  the  interesting  historical  places,  of  the  museums  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  of  interesting  buildings,  including  any  manufacturing 
plants;  and  have  this  list  ready  when  it  is  decided  to  take  a  hike. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  rules  which  have  been  found 
goc*d  in  hiking: 

Do  not  go  in  new  sht>cs. 

Make  sure  that  your  feet  are  comfortable.  (A  comfortable 
shoe  is  not  too  tight  nor  too  loose.) 

Do  not  wep.r  high-heeled  shoes. 

See  that  your  stockings  are  without  holes  and  ordinarily  with- 
out k  ^  dams.  (When  going  on  a  long  hike  it  is  wdl  to  take  an 
extra  pair  of  sKKkings  with  you.) 

In  walking  keep  >our  toes  practically  straight  ahead  of  you. 

Walking  with  your  feet  turned  out  is  tiring  and  results  in  foot 
trouble. 

Try  to  have  the  members  of  the  group  of  similar  age  and 
physical  ability. 

If  going  in  the  country  it  is  well  to  take  a  ti^  line,  knife,  some 
string  and  some  matches. 

A  ccmipaM  and  a  pocket  level  and  a  map,  also  ue  oi  value  in 
many  cases. 

A  notebook  and  pencil  are  of  great  \  a!ue. 

Remember  that  th«  value  of  the  hike  is  in  doing  things  which 
you  cannot  do  ;it  home  and  last  and  most  im[)ortant  it  is  wise  to 
set  out  with  a  detmite  object.  Here  are  some  of  the  objects  for  a 
short  hike: 

To  determine  that  hard  maple  or  any  otlier  timber  does  or  does 
not  grow  in  such  woods  or  such  a  park. 

To  see  how  many  kinds  of  trees  can  be  ditcovered  in  a  giv» 
place,  or  how  many  kinds  ol  wikl  flowers. 


156  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


To  practise  the  building  of  fires  of  wildwood  material. 
To  nave  a  practiod  demonstration  in  codting. 

To  get  acquainted  with  the  birds. 

To  learn  the  geological  formation  of  a  certain  rock  or  ledge. 
To  get  ICO  straight  rods,  30  inches  long;  to  make  an  Indian  bed 
of  willow,  hazel,  red  willow  (kinikinik)  arrow-wood,  etc 
To  get  wood  for  rubbing  sticks  or  the  fire-bow. 
To  get  honis  tot  a  Caribou  dance. 

If  there  is  snow,  to  take,  by  the  tracks,  a  census  of  a  given 
woods,  making  full-size  drawings  of  each  track — that  is  four 
tracks,  one  for  each  foot,  and  also  give  the  distance  to  the  next 
set 

Most  important  of  all,  remember  that  though  it  is  wise  to  start 
with  an  object,  it  is  still  wiser  to  change  whenever  axae  much 
more  alluring  pursuit  or  opportunity  turns  up.  Any  one  who 
sticks  to  a  plan  merely  bemuse  she  started  that  wa^,  when  it 
turns  out  to  l)e  far  fnun  the  best,  is  not  only  unwise — she  is 
stupid  anfl  obstinate. 

Make  sure  that  as  you  travel  to  the  point  you  have  selected; 
that  your  eyes  antl  ears  are  open  to  see  the  hundreds  of  interest- 
ing things  that  may  be  seen  along  the  roadside. 

Books  Rccommoadod 

Boys'  Book  of  IIikino,  Edward  Cave.  PubUtbed  by  Doubleday,  Fm»  k 

Co.  Price  so  cents. 

Sign  Language 

From  the  "Book  of  Woodcraft"  by  permission  of  Ernest  Thonqmo  Seton. 
Doubleday,  Pife  k  Co.  Prke,  f  1 .75 . 

Do  you  know  the  Sign  Language? 

If  not,  do  you  realize  that  the  Sign  Language  is  an  established 
mode  of  communication  in  all  parts  of  the  world  without  regard 
to  native  speech? 

Do  you  know  that  it  is  so  refined  and  complete  that  sermons 
and  lectures  are  given  in  it  every  day,  to  those  who  cannot  hear? 

Do  you  know  that  it  is  as  old  as  the  hills  and  is  largely  used  in 
all  public  schools?  And  yet  when  I  ask  boys  and  girls  this 
question,  "  Do  you  use  the  Sign  Language?"  they  nearly  always 
say  "No." 

Why  shoukl  you  talk  the  Sign  Language?  There  are  maiqr 

reasons: 

In  this  code  you  can  talk  to  any  other  Waockiafter,  without  an 
outskler  knowing  or  understanding. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


157 


It  makes  conversation  easy  in  places  when  you  must  not  speak 
aloud,  as  in  school,  during  music,  or  by  the  bedside  of  the  sick. 

It  is  a  means  of  far-signalling  much  quicker  than  semaphore  or 
other  spelling  codes,  for  this  gives  one  or  more  words  in  one  sim. 

It  wul  enable  you  to  talk  when  there  is  too  mudi  iwrfae  to  be 
heard,  as  across  the  noisy  streets. 

It  makes  it  possible  to  talk  to  a  deaf  person. 

It  is  a  wonderful  developer  of  observation. 

It  is  a  simple  means  of  talking  to  an  Indian  or  a  Woodcrafter 
of  another  nationality  whose  language  you  do  not  understand. 
This  indeed  is  its  great  merit.  It  nuitiversal.  It  deals  not  with 
words  but  with  idea?  that  fire  ronmdn  to  all  mankind.  It  is 
therefore  a  kind  of  Esperanto  ulreu*^/  established. 

So  much  for  its  advantages;  what  are  its  weaknesses?  Let  us 
frankly  face  them : 

It  is  useless  in  the  uark ; 

It  win  not  serve  on  the  te'ephcmc; 

It  can  scarcely  he  written; 

In  its  pure  form  it  will  not  give  new  proper  names. 

To  meet  the  last  two  we  have  expedients,  as  will  be  seen,  but 
the  first  two  are  insurmountable  difficulties. 

Rem.  nber  then  you  are  to  learn  the  Sign  Language  because  it 
is  siletU,  far-reaching,  and  the  one  universal  language. 

Since  it  deals  fundamentally  with  ideas,  we  avoid  words  and 
letters,  but  for  proper  names  it  is  ^'ery  necessary  to  know  the  one- 
hand  manual  ali^bet. 

Here  are  some  of  the  better  known.  Each  girt  will  probably 
find  thai  she  has  known  anrl  used  them  all  her  schooldays: 

'I'oM  (pointing  at  the  person); 

^Me  (tapping  one's  c'lcst) ;  1  ^  lu 

My,  mine,  yours,  -posses'  i'm,  ck.  Hold  out  the  closed  iwt, 
thumb  up,  and  swing  it  down  a  Utile     thumb  jwints  forward. 

Yes  (nod).  When  far  off,  make  your  riaht  hand,  with  aU 
fingers  closed  exceot  i  ndex  and  t'mmb  whidi  are  straq^t  and 
touching  at  top,  advnrce,  l)iiui  (ow.-^  rd  the  left  side  as  though 
bowing,  then  returned  and  straight  again. 
^iVtf  (head  shake).  ^Vhen  toe*  far  for  that  to  be  seen,  hold 
(he  closed  right  hand  in  fm  ;  ot  the  bo^'  ,  then  sweep  "t,  out- 
ward and  downward,  at  the  .^me  time  turn  the  palm  up  as 
though  throwing  something  away. 

Eat  (throw  tfie  flat  hami  several  times  pa&t  the  mouth  in  a 
curve); 

^Drmk  (hold  the  right  hand  as  though  holdmg  a  cup  near  the 
mouth  aiKi     it  up); 


158  Woodcrift  Mantuil  for  Girls 


*Sleef  (lay  the  right  cheek  on  the  right  flat  hsnd); 
LoM  (flat  hand  over  eyes); 

Look  there  (point  and  l<K)k  in  s;imc  direction); 
Slouch  (reach  out  and  touch  with  index); 
i  Listen  (flat  hand  behind  ear); 

<  VMHsper  (silently  move  lips,  holding  flat  hand  at  one  side  of 

mouth) ; 

'  Silem  e  or  hush  (forefinger  across  lips); 
i  /  will  not  listen  (hoU\  flat  hands  on  ears); 

/  u>Ul  not  look  (cover  eyes  with  hands); 

Taste  (lay  finger  on  lip); 

Smell  (hold  palm  to  nose); 
"  That  tastes  gootl  (smack  thi-  lips); 
^The  food  was  gooil  (pal  the  stomach); 

Had  taste  (j,'rinKue  and  spitting  out); 

Bud  smell  (hold  the  hum-); 

Thus  **WUl  you  eat/"  would  l>e  a  Question,  you  tai,  but 
Have  you  eaten  would  he,  {hiesllon,  you  cat,  Jinishetl. 

Drinking  dill  riglH  hand  to  niomh  as  though  it  held  a  glass); 

Smoking  (make  as  though  holding  a  pipe  and  drawing); 

Paint  (use  flat  right  as  a  brush  to  paint  llat  left); 

Shave  (use  finger  or  thumb  on  face  as  a  razor); 

Wash  (revolve  liands  on  each  t)lhcr  as  in  washing); 

Bet$d  (with  right  hand  ix-nd  left  index); 

Break  (with  fists  touching,  make  as  though  to  bend  a  stick, 
then  swing  the  lists  apart); 
^Write  (make  the  action  with  index); 

Strike  (strike  down  with  fist); 

Fightinj^  (make  the  fists  menace  each  other); 

Set  it  ajire  (sign  match,  and  then  thrust  it  forward); 

Drive  horses  (work  the  two  fists,  side  by  side); 

Finished  or  done  (hold  out  the  flat  left  hand  palm  to  the  right, 
then  with  dat  right  hand  and  chop  down  past  the  ends  <d  the 
left  fingers). 

Search  ntt  (hold  the  coat  flaps  open  in  each  hand); 
Smm  (strike  out  with  flat  hands). 

Dive  (flat  hands  together  moved  in  a  curve  forward  and  down). 
Will  yoH  conn-  '^•dimming?  (first  and  seoHid  fingers  raised 

and  spread,  others  closed); 
Good  (nod  and  clap  hands); 
Bad  '  hake  head  and  grimace); 

"Very"  or  "very  much,"  is  made  by  striking  the  right  fist  down 
past  the  knuckl^  of  the  Idt  without  quite  touchioK  than,  the 
left  being  held  sUU. 


Things  to  Know  tsd  Do  iS9 

^  Hot  (wet  middle  finger  in  mouth,  reach  h  forward  and  jerk 
it  back)  ; 

Cold  (fists  near  shoulder  and  shaken); 
Good-bye  (hand  high,  flat,  palm  down,  fingers  wagged  all  to- 
gether); 

Thank  you  (a  slipht  bow,  smile  and  hand-salutc,  made  by  draw- 
ing flat  hand  a  icw  inches  forward  and  downward  palm  up); 

Surrender  (both  hands  raiaod  hi^  and  flat  to  show  no  wea- 
pons) ; 

/  am  thinking  it  over  (forefinger  on  right  brow  and  eyes  raised); 
I  forgot  (touch  forehead  with  all  right  finger  tips,  then  draw 

flat  nan''  past  eyes  once  and  shake  head^, 

/  wind  him  around  my  finger  (make  action  with  right  thumb 
and  index  around  left  index); 

\  /  luive  him  under  my  timmb  (press  firmly  down  with  of 

right  thumb); 

Sleepy  (put  a  fist  in  each  eye) ; 

Bellyache  {wl'h  hands  clasi)e(l  across  the  belly); 
^  Sick  (a  grimace  and  a  limp  dropj)ing  of  hands); 

Go  (move  hand  forward,  palm  first); 

Come  (draw  hanrl  toward  one's  self,  palm  in); 

Hurry  (same,  but  the  hand  quickly  and  energetically  moved 
several  times); 

Come  for  a  moment  (hand  held  out  hack  down,  fingers  closed 
except  first,  which  is  hooked  and  straightened  quickly  several 

times) ; 

\Stop  (flat  hand  held  up;  palm  forward);  ■ 

Gently  or  Go  /vy  (like  "stop,"  but  hand  gently  waved  fiwn 
side  to  side) ; 

Get  up  (raise  flat  hand  sharply,  palm  upward); 

Sit  down  (drop  flat  hand  sharply,  pahn  down); 

Rub  it  out  (quickly  shake  flat  haiKl  from  side  to  side,  palm 
forward) ; 

^  Up  (forefinger  [)ointed  and  moved  upward); 
^Down  (ditto  downward); 

Way  or  road  (hold  both  flat  hands  nearly  side  by  side,  palms 
up,  but  right  one  nearer  the  breast,  then  alternately  lift  than 
forward  and  draw  them  back  to  indicate  track  or  feet  travelling); 

Forward  (swing  index  forward  and  down  in  a  curve) ; 

Backward  (jerk  left  hand  over  shoulder); 

Across  (hdd  left  hand  out  flat,  paUn  down,  run  rij^t  indoc 
across  it); 

Over  and  above  (hold  out  flat  left,  palm  down,  and  above  it 
hold  ditto  ri|^t); 


i6o  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Under  (reverse  or  foregoing); 
It's  in  my  pocket  (slap  pocket  with  flat  hand) ; 
/  send  you  a  kiss  (kiss  finger  tips  and  move  hand  in  graceful 
sweep  toward  person) ; 
/  pray  (clasped  hands  held  up) ; 

/  am  afraid,  or  surrender  (hold  up  both  flat  hands  palm  for- 
ward) ; 

/  forget  (slowly  shake  head,  and  brush  away  something  in 

air,  near  the  nose) ; 

/  am  seeking  (looking  about  and  pointing  finger  in  same  di- 
rections) ; 

/  have  my  doubts  (slowly  swing  head  from  side  to  side); 
You  surprise  me  (flat  hand  on  open  mouth) ; 
Connivance  (winking  one  eye) ; 
Puzzled  (scratch  the  head) ; 

Crazy  (tap  forehead  with  index  then  describe  a  circle  \nt\  it); 
Despair  (pulling  the  hair) ; 

Weeping  (with  index  finger  at  each  eye,  trace  course  of 
tears) ; 

Friendship  (hands  clasped) ; 
Threatening  (fist  shaken  at  person) ; 

Warning  (forefinger  gently  shaken  at  a  slight  angle  toward 
person) ; 

Scorn  (turning  away  and  throwmg  an  unagmary  handful 
of  sand  toward  person) ; 
Insolent  defiance  (thumb  to  nose  tips,  fingers  fully  spread) ; 
Indijferetue  (a  shoulder  shrug) ; 
Ignorance  (a  shrug  and  headshake  combined); 
Arrogant  (indicate  swelled  head); 
Pompous  (indicate  a  big  chest) ; 

Incredulity  (expose  white  of  eye  with  finger,  as  though  prov- 
ing no  green  there) ; 

Shame  on  you  (right  forefinger  drawn  across  left  toward  person 
several  times); 

You  make  me  ashamed  (cover  eyes  and  face  with  hands); 

Mockery  (stick  tongue  at  jierson) ; 

Disdain  (snap  fingers  toward  person) ; 

Applause  (silently  make  as  though  clapping  hands); 

Victory  (one  hand  high  above  head  as  though  waving  hat); 

He  is  cross  (forefinger  crossed  level) ; 

Fool  or  ass  (a  thumb  in  each  ear,  flat  hands  up); 

Cutthroat  (draw  index  across  throat) ; 

/  am  no  fool  (tap  one  side  of  the  nose); 

Joke  (rub  side  of  nose  with  index) ; 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


z6x 


Upon  my  honor  (with  forefingers  make  a  cross  over  heart) ; 

/  heg  of  you  (flat  hands  tight  together  and  upright) ; 

Do  you  think  me  simple  ?  (forefinger  laid  on  side  of  nose) ; 

Will  you  ?  or,  is  it  so  ?  (eyebrows  raised  and  slight  bow  made) ; 

Bar  up,  fins,  or  /  claim  exemption  (cross  second  finger  of 
right  hand  on  first  finger  and  hold  hand  up) ; 

Poverty  (both  hands  turned  flat  forward  near  trouser  pockets) ; 

Bribe  (hand  held  hollow  up  behind  the  back) ; 

Give  me  (hold  out  open  flat  hand  pulling  it  back  a  little  to 
finish) ; 

/  give  you  (the  same,  but  push  forward  to  finish) ; 
Pay  (hand  held  out  half  open,  forefinger  and  Uiumb  rubbed 
together) ; 

Give  me  my  bill  (same,  then  make  motion  of  writing) ; 
Church  (hands  clasped,  fingers  in,  but  index  fingers  up  and 
touching) ; 

Revolver  (holdout  right  fist  with  index  extended  and  thumb  up); 
Gun  or  shooting  (hold  hands  as  in  aiming  a  gim) ; 
Match  (make  the  sign  of  strikmg  a  match  on  the  thigh) ; 
Jew  (flat  hands  waved  near  shoulders  palm  up) ; 
Knife  (first  and  second  fingers  of  right  hand  used  as  to  whittle 
first  finger  of  left) ; 
House.    Hold  the  flat  hands  together  like  a  roof. 
Pistol  (making  barrel  with  left  hand,  stock  and  hammer  with- 
right,  snap  right  index  on 


thumb) ; 

Query.   The  sign  for  Ques- 
tion— that  is,  "I  am  asking 
you  a  question,"  "I  want  to  ; 
know" — is  much  used  and  •' 
important.  Hold  up  the  right  • 
hand  toward  the  person,  palm  ; 
forward,  fingers  open,  slightly 
curved  and  spread.  Wave 
the  hand  gently  by  wrist 
action  from  side  to  side.  It 
is  used  before,  and  sometimes 
after  all  questions.    If  you 
are  very  near,  merely  raise 
the  eyebrows. 


The  following  are  needed  Query  Sign 

in  asking  questions: 

Haw  Many  ?  First  the  Question  sign,  then  hold  the  left 
hand  open,  curved,  palm  up,  fingers  spread,  then  with  right 


1 62  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

digit  quickly  tap  each  finger  cf  left  in  succession,  closing  it 
back  toward  the  left  palm,  beginning  with  the  little  finger. 
How  Much  f   Same  as  How  many  f 


What  ?  What  are  you  doing?  What  do  you  want?  What 
is  it?  First  give  Question,  then  hold  right  hand  palm  down, 
fingers  slightly  bent  and  separated,  and,  pointing  forward, 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  163 


throw  it  aoout  a  foot  from  right  to  left  several  times,  describing 
an  arc  upward. 

When  ?  If  seeking  a  definite  answer  as  to  length  of  time, 
make  signs  for  Question,  How  much,  and  then  specify  time 
by  sign  for  hours,  days,  etc.  When  asking  in  general  "When" 
for  a  date,  hold  the  lef«^  index  extended  and  vertical,  others 
and  thumb  closed,  make  a  ciicle  round  left  index  tip  with 
tip  of  extended  right  index,  others  and  thumb  closed;  and 
when  the  index  reaches  the  starting  point,  stop  it,  and  point 
at  tip  of  left  index  (what  point  of  shadow?). 

Where  ?  (What  direction)  Question,  then  with  forefinger 
sweep  the  horizon  in  a  succession  of  bounds,  a  slight  pause 
at  the  bottom  of  each. 

Which  ?  Question,  then  hold  left  hand  in  front  of  you  with 
palm  toward  you,  fingers  to  right  and  held  apart;  place  the 
end  of  the  right  forefinger  on  that  of  left  forefinger,  and  then 
draw  it  down  across  the  other  fingers. 

Why  ?   Make  the  sign  for  Qwstion,  but  do  it  very  slowly. 

Who  ?  Question,  and  then  describe  with  the  right  forefinger 
a  small  circle  six  inches  in  front  of  the  mouth. 

It  takes  a  good-sized  dictionary  to  give  all  the  signs  in  use, 
and  a  dictionary  you  must  have,  if  you  would  become  an  expert. 

A  very  pretty  Woodcraft  sign  is  given  as  follows:  First,  give 
the  Question  sign,  then  make  an  incomplete  ring  of  your  right 
forefinger  and  thumb,  raise  them  in  a  sweep  until  above  your 
head,  then  bring  the  ring  straight  down  to  your  heart.  This  is 
the  Indian  way  of  asking,  "Is  the  sun  shining.in  your  heart?" — 
that  is,  "Are  you  happy?" — ^your  answer  will  be  made  by  the 
right  hand  and  arm  standing  up  straight,  then  bowing  toward  the 
left,  followed  by  a  sharp  stroke  of  the  right  fist  knuckles  past 
those  of  the  left  fist  without  their  touching,  which  means:  "Yes, 
the  sun  shines  in  my  heart  heap  strong." 

Picture-writing 

The  written  form  of  Sign  Language  is  the  picture-writing 
also  called  Pictography  and  Ideography,  because  it  represents 
ideas  and  not  words  or  letters.  It  is  widely  believed  that  Sign 
Language  is  the  oldest  of  all  languages;  that  indeed  it  existed 
among  animals  before  man  appeared  on  earth.  It  is  universally 
accepted  that  the  ideography  is  the  oldest  of  all  writing.  The 
Chinese  writing  for  instance  is  merely  picture-writing  done  with 
as  few  lines  as  possible. 

Thus,  their  curious  character  for  "Hearing"  was  once  a  com- 


i64  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


plete  picture  of  a  person  listening  behind  a  screen,  but  in  time 
it  was  reduced  by  hasty  hands  to  a  few  scratches;  and  "War" 
now  fi  '  jw  spider  marks,  was  originally  a  sketdh  of  "  two  women 
in  one  house." 

To  come  a  little  nearer  home,  our  alphabet  is  said  to  be 

descended  from  hieroglyphic  ideographs. 

"A"  or  "Ah,"  for  example,  was  the  sound  of  an  ox  repre- 
sented first  by  an  outline  of  an  ox,  then  of  the  head,  which 
in  various  modifications,  through  rapid  writing,  became  our 
"A." 

"   "  was  a  face  saying  "Oh,"  now  simplified  into  die  round 
shape  of  the  mouth. 
"S  "  was  a  serpent  hissing.   It  is  but  little  changed  to-day. 
We  may  also  record  our  Sign  Language  in  picture-writing, 

Som  lumnSmi  Pictography 


Sunrhe 


tn«  f  i/T)  or  city 


Ji»n-T7et 


noon  (Tiktiift 


as  was  the  custom  of  many  Indian  tribes,  and  we  shall  find 

it  worth  while  for  several  reasons:  It  is  the  Indian  special 
writing;  it  is  picturesque  and  useful  for  decoration;  and  it  can 
be  read  by  any  Indian  no  matter  what  language  he  speaks. 
Indeed,  I  think  it  probable  that  a  pictograph  inscription  dup  up 
10,000  years  from  now  would  be  read,  whether  our  language  was 


IktHnM  »•» 


niiion  I  / 


we  wi/h 


m»<(«  I  to  hit  I  SeW- 


understood  or  not.  When  the  French  Government  set  up  the 
Obelisk  of  Luxor  in  Paris  and  wished  to  inscribe  it  for  all  time, 
they  made  the  record,  not  in  French  or  Latin,  but  in  pictographs. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


It  is,  moreover,  part  of  my  method  to  take  the  child  through 
the  stages  of  our  race  development,  just  as  the  young  bird  must 
run  for  a  send-ofT,  before  it  flies,  so  pictography  being  its  earliest 
form  is  the  natural  first  step  to  writing. 

In  general,  picture-writmg  aims  to  give  on  paper  the  idea  of 
the  Sign  Language  without  first  turning  it  into  sounds.  In  the 
dictionaiy  of  Sign  Language  is  given  the  written  form  after  each 
of  the  signs  that  has  a  well-established  or  possible  symbol. 
Many  of  these  are  drawn  from  the  Indians  who  were  among  the 
best  scouts  and  above  noted  for  their  use  of  the  picture-writing. 
A  few  of  them  will  serve  to  illustrate. 

o  I  II  Ml  nil     V     V»     V"    y"  Oam'-T, 

Numbers  were  originally  fingers  held  up,  and  five  was  the 
whole  hand,  while  ten  was  a  double  hand.  We  can  see  traces 
of  this  origin  in  the  Roman  style  of  numeration. 

A  one-night  camp,  a  more  permanent  camp,  a  village  and  a 
town  are  shown  in  legible  symbols. 

jJAn  enemy,  sometimes  expressed  as  a  "snake,"  recalls  our 
own  "snake  in  the  grass."   A  "  friend,  '  was  a  man  with  a  branch 


of  a  tree;  because  this  was  commonly  used  as  a  flag  of  truce  and 
had  indeed  the  same  meaning  as  our  olive  branch.  The  tree 
is  easily  read;  it  was  a  pair  of  figures  like  this  done  in  Wampum 
that  recorded  Penn's  Treaty. 

"Good"  is  sometimes  given  as  a  circle  full  of  lines  all  straight 
and  level,  and  for  "bad"  they  are  crooked  and  contrary.  The 
wavy  lines  stood  for  water,  so  good  water  is  clearly  indicated. 
The  three  arrows  added  mean  that  at  three  arrows  flights  in 
that  direction,  that  is  a  quarter  mile,  there  is  good  water.  If 
there  was  but  one  arrow  and  it  pointed  straight  down  that  meant 
"good  water  here,"  if  it  pointed  down  and  outward  it  meant 


i66  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


"good  water  at  a  little  distance."  If  the  arrow  was  raised  to 
carry  far,  it  meant  "good  water  a  long  way  oflf  there."  This 
sign  was  of  the  greatest  value  in  the  dry  country  of  the  South- 
west. Most  Indian  lodges  were  decorated  with  pictographs 
depicting  in  some  cases  the  owner's  adventures,  at  other  times 
his  prayers  for  good  luck  or  happy  dreams. 


t 

o 

«< 


OT 


Man 

Woman 

Baby 

Scout 

Scouting 

Question 

Yes 
No 

Doubtful 
Peace 


I 

J^War 


Surrender 

Prisoner 

Enemy 

Friend 


Good 
Bad 

Water 

Good  water 

Good  water  in  3  arrow 
ffigbts 


One-night  camp 

More  permanent  camp 

Village 

<3S> 

Town 

Heap  or  many 

I  have  found 

Bear 

Grizzly  bear 

Chipmunk 

Dead  bear 

Treaty  of  peace 

The  old  Indian  sign  for  peace,  three  angles  all  pointing  one 
way  that  is  "agreed,"  contrasts  naturally  with  the  "war"  or 
"  trouble ' '  sign,  in  which  they  are  going  different  ways  or  against 
each  other. 

All  animal  was  represented  by  a  crude  sketch  in  which  its 
chief  character  was  shown,  thus  chipmunk  was  a  small  animal 
with  long  tail  and  stripes.  Bear  was  an  outline  bear,  but 
grizzly  bear  had  the  claws  greatly  exaggerated. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


167 


Sunrise 
Sunset 
Noon 


Level 

Direction  forward 

Direction  badkward 
Sun  or  day 


Snow  Mom  or  Jaauaiy 

Hunger  Moon  or  Febru- 
ary 

March  the  Wakening  or 
Crow  Moon 


When  the  animal  was  killed,  it  was  represented  on  its  back 

with  legs  up. 

^^■1;^      Grass  Moon  or  April 

Planting  Moon  or  May 
Rose  Moon  or  June 

Thunder  McK)n  or  July 

K^l^  Red,  M'jon  or  Green 
V_y        Com,  August 


Day  back  one,  or  yes- 
terday 


Ni^t 

•f 

.1^1     Day  forw^  a      r  - 
to-morrov 

Moon,  w  DhMitit 
Rain 

////fy'  Snow 

^jjisw       Year  (or  snow  round  to 

snow) 

Each  chief,  warrior,  and  scout  had  a  totem,  a  drawing  of  which 
stood  for  his  name  or  for  himself. 


Hunting  Moon,  Septem- 
ber 

Leaf  -  Falling  Moon, 

^"-^  nrfnher 


Mad  Mood,  November 


Long  Night  Moon,  De> 
cember. 


I* 


A  man's  name  is  expressed  by  his  totem;  thus,  the  above 
means,  To-day,  20th  Sun  Thunder  Moon.  After  three  dasrs 
"Deerfoot,"  Chidf  of  the  Flying  Eagles,  comes  to  our  Standing 
Rock  Camp. 


i68  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


When  a  man  was  dead  officially  or  actually,  his  totem  was 
turned  bottom  up. 

Here  is  a  copy  of  the  inscription  found 

by  Schoolcraft  on  the  grave  post  of  Wa- 
bojeeg,  or  White  Fisher,  a  famous  Ojlbway 
chief.   He  was  of  the  Caribou  clan.  On 
"  y  V/ J    ^1  '''^  ^^^'^  totem  reversed,  and  on 

the  bottom  the  White  Fisher;  the  seven 
'•^       ■      marks  on  the  left  were  war  parties  he 
led. 

The  three  marks  in  the  middle  are  for 
wounds. 

The  moose  head  is  to  record  a  desperate 
fight  he  had  with  a  bull  moose,  wiiile 
his  success  in  war  and  in  peace  are  also 
stated. 

This  inscription  could  be  read  only 
by  those  knowing  the  story,  and  is  rather 
as  a  memory  help  than  an  exact  record. 


Weather  Siguals 

(Adopted  for  general  use  by  the  United  States  Signal  Service  on 
and  after  March  i,  1887.) 


No.  t 
White  Fkc 


Clear  or  Fair 


No.  a 
Blue  Flag 


No.  3 
Black  Triangular 
Flag 


No.  4 
White  Flag 
Black  Centre 


No.  5 
White  udBliM 


P   Pi       111  fa 


Rain  or  Snow  Temperature 


Cold  Wave  Local  Rain  or  Snow 


No.  I,  white  flag,  clear  or  fair  weather,  no  rain. 
No.  2,  blue  flag,  rain  or  snow. 

No.  3,  black  triangular  flag,  refers  to  temperature,  and  above 
Nos.  I  or  2,  indicates  warmer  weather;  below  No.  i 
or  2,  colder  weather,  and  when  not  displayed,  station- 
ary weather. 

No.  4,  white  flag  with  black  centre  (cold  wave  flag),  suddc  fall 
in  temperature;  this  signal  is  usually  ordered  at  least 
twenty-four  hours  in  advance  of  the  cold  wave.  It  is 
not  displayed  imless  a  temperature  of  forty-five  de- 
grees or  less  is  expected,  nor  is  flag  No.  3  ever  dis- 
played with  it. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  169 

No.  S,  means  local  rain  or  snow;  with  3  above  it  means  with 
higher  temperature;  and  with  3  below  it  means  lower 

temperature. 

A  red  flag  with  a  black  centre  indicates  that  a  storm  of  marked 
violence  is  expected. 


Colder.    Fair  RmlBorSliMr.  Warmer    Fair       CoM  Wave. 

We&thei  Wumer  Weather,  (ollowid  by  Weatner 

"  lUinorSnow 


Stom  and  Hurricane  Warnings 


Storm  Warnings— A  red  flag  with  a  black  centre  indicates  a  itom  of  marked  violence. 

The  pennants  displayed  with  flags  indicate  direction  of  wind — red,  easterly;  white, 
westerly;  pennant  above  flag  indicates  wind  from  northerly  quadrants;  below,  from  souta- 
eriy  quadrants.  ,     .  j 

By  night  a  red  light  indicates  easterly  winds,  white  light  below  red,  westerly  wioda. 

Two  red  flags  wiih  black  centres  indicate  approach  oi  tropical  ouriicail*. 

No  night  hurricane  signals  are  displayed. 


^gnals  on  the  Railway 

Most  of  us  are  familiar  with  some  of  the  rignals  given  by 
brakemen,  conductors,  or  engineers,  but  not  so  many  of  us  have 
sat  right  down  to  inspect  the  code,  as  officially  fixed.  A  con- 
ductor on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  allowed  me  to  copy  it 
out  from  his  "Trainman's  Book,"  1909,  and  since  then  I  have 
been  told  that  this  is  the  code  in  universal  use,  so  I  give  it  in  full. 

It  consists  of  color  signals,  hand  and  lantern  signals,  toots  and 
cord-pulls.   It  will  add  a  new  interest  to  the  journey,  at  least 


170  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


when  you  can  read  the  "Signs  of  the  Iron  Trail,"  and  the  '"nUk 

of  the  Iron  Horse." 

The  Code 

(From  C.  P.  R.  "Trainman's  Book,"  1909,  No.  7563;  but  in  feneral  um.) 

Colors: 
Red  =  stop. 
Green  =  Go  ahead. 
Yellow  =  Go  cautiously. 

Green  and  White  =  Hag  station.   Stop  at  night. 
Blue  —  Workmen  busy  under  car. 

Hand,  Flag  and  Lamp  Signals: 

Swung  across  track  Stop. 

Raised  and  lowered  vertically  ...    Go  ahead. 
Swung  at  half-arms'  length,  in  small  circle 

across  track,  train  standing  .  Backup. 
Swung  vertically  in  a  big  circle  at  arms' 

lergth  across  the  track,  when  train  is 

running  Train  broken  in  two. 

Swung  horizontally  above  head,  when 

train  is  standing  Put  on  air-brakes. 

Held  at  arms'  length  above  the 

head,  when  train  is  standing  Release  air-brakes. 

Other  Hand  Signals,  modifications  of  the  above: 

Hr".nd  (or  hands)  held  out  horizontally 

and  waved  up  and  down  ....    Go  ahead. 
Hand  (or  hands)  suddenly  drawn  flat 

and  horizontal  Stop. 

Sometimes  hands  raised  and  held  palms 

forward  All  right. 

Arm  thrust  forward  and  swept  back 

opposite  shoulders,  as  in  beckoning  .    Come  back. 

Signals  by  Engine  Whistle: 

(o  a  short  toot.   —  a  long  one) 
o  s=  Stop;  put  on  brakes. 
 =  Take  off  brakes;  get  ready  to  start. 


Thingi  to  Know  and  Do 


171 


—  000        Flagman  go  out  to  protect  rear  of  train. 


Flagman  returned  from  west  or  south. 
Flagman  returned  from  east  or  north. 
(When  returning)  Train  Ijrokcn  in  two. 
To  be  repeated  till  answered  by  the 
same  from  the  t.ainman,  i.  e.,  No.  4  in 
hand,  flag  ai  '  lamp  signals.  Sim- 
ilarly, this  is  the  answer  to  No.  4  of 
hand,  flag,  and  lamp  signals. 


00  —    (All  right)  the  answer  to  any  signal  not 
otherwise  provided  'or 
000        (^en  the  train  is  standing)  back  up;  also 

is  reply  to  signals  to  "back  up." 
0000  =    Call  for  signals. 
—  00  -    Calls  attention  of  other  trains  to  signals. 
00  =    The  acknowledgment  by  other  trains. 

 00  =    Approaching    grade-crossings,   and  at 

whistle  posts. 

 »    Approaching  stations. 

o  —  -    (Whtn  dotible-heading)  Air-brakes  have 


failed  a  leading  engine,  and  second 
engine  is  to  take  control  of  th:m. 
Second  engine  repeats  same  as  soon  as 

it  has  control. 


0000000000,  etc.  =    Cattle  (or  persons)  on  the  track. 
Air- whistle  or  Cord-pull: 
When  the  train  is  standing: 


Two  blasts  =  Start. 
Three  "     -  Back. 
Four   "     =  Put  on  or  take  off  brakes. 
Five    "     =  Call  in  flagman. 


(All  but  the  2d  are  answered  by  a  blasts) 

Two  blasts  =  Stop  at  once. 
Three  "     =  Stop  at  next  station. 
Four   "     =  Reduce  speed. 
Five    "     =  Increase  speed. 
Six      "     =  Increase  steam-heat. 
Seven  "        Rdease  air-brakes,  or  stick* 


The  engineer  responds  to  these  with  two  short  toots,  meaning 
"All  right,"  except  in  the  second,  witen  the  engineo*  answers  in 
three  short  toots. 


When  the  train  is  running; 


ihg  brake. 


173 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Roof  Camping  and  Gardening 

In  our  big  cities  where  land  is  so  valuable  that  an  acre  com- 
rionly  brings  millions  of  dollars,  we  have  lonr^  been  pinched  for 
playgrounds,  and  Woodcraft  pursuits  seem  out  of  the  question. 
All  the  cry  of  overstocked  cities  is  for  light  and  space.  And  with 
all  this  need,  we  have  long  shut  our  eyes  to  a  most  obvious  and 
abundant  supply. 

In  New  York,  congested  New  York,  for  example,  there  are 
thousands  of  acres  of  open  sunlight,  well- ventilated  unused  space, 
which  a  very  slight  acquaintance  v  ith  Oriental  or  Occidental 
nations  would  have  taught  us  to  use.  We  refer  to  tlie  flat  roofs 
of  the  houses.  In  Greater  New  York,  these  must  amount  to 
nearly  ten  thousand  acres;  half  at  least  of  this  oflFers  good  chances 
for  roof  camps  or  raof  gardens. 

A  roof  camp  is  now  being  considered  under  the  guidance  of  the 
Woodcraft  League.  It  has  first  a  parapet  all  about,  then  a  higher 
wall  of  strong  mesh  wire.  Along  one  side  is  a  row  of  small "  dog  " 
tents.  In  a  brazier,  secure  in  the  middle  of  a  stone  hearth,  is  a 
fire.  An  elevator  nearby,  affords  a  quick  trip  to  the  swimming 
tank  in  the  basement.  Some  semblance  of  verdure  is  offered  by 
vines  and  trailers  in  boxes;  and  thus,  a  hundred  feet  above  the 
street,  the  boys  or  girls  are  in  another  world,  and  can  dress  and 
live  much  as  in  camp. 

Many  Uttle  experiments  are  now  being  made  to  utiUze  these 
waste  spaces ;  roof  gardens  are  very  possible  to-day ;  flowers,  fruit, 
and  vegetables  can  be  grown  successfully,  and  even  bird  sanctu- 
aries are  being  attempted. 

These  are  not  yet  a  success;  but  it  seems  likely  that,  with  food, 
drink,  shelter,  protection,  and  nesting  boxes  supplied,  we  could  in 
time  induce  some  acceptable  birds  to  found  their  little  colonies 
in  such  places.  English  sparrows  and  starlings  would  doubtless 
be  the  first  to  respond,  but  there  are  some  reasons  for  expecting 
success  also  with  swallows,  martins,  nighthawks,  sjmrrowhawks, 
screech-owls,  pigeons,  etc. ;  while  some  v,  'stern  species  like  the 
crimson  house-finch  might  be  brought  in  on  trial. 

The  whole  field  is  open  at  present  and  almost  unexplored,  but 
it  seems  to  be  one  of  unusual  promise. 

Individual  Tally  Book 

Every  Woodcraft  Girl  should  have  an  Individual  Tally  Book 
and  notebook.  Nothing  adds  so  much  to  future  enjoyment  as 
such  a  record  of  achievements,  exploits,  and  knowledge;  to  say 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  X73 

nothing  of  the  souvenirs  in  forms  of  photos,  sketches,  rhymes,and 
songs.  It  adds  greatly  to  the  interest  and  value  if  the  book  is 
bound  in  a  leather  cover  which  may  be  decorated  in  various  ways. 


Indian  Names  for  the  lifonths 

Most  all  primitive  people  called  the  months  "Moons."  The 
North  American  Indians  particularly  were  noted  for  nammg  the 


Z74  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

months  quaintly  and  well.  The  following  is  a  list  which  may  be 
used: 

(January)  Snow,  (February)  Hunger,  (March)  Crow  or  Wak- 
ening, (April)  Wild  Goose  or  Green  Grass,  (May)  Planting, 
(June)  Rose,  (July)  Thunder,  (August)  Green  Com  or  Red, 
(September)  Hunting,  (October)  Falling  Leaf,  (November) 
Mad,  (December)  Long  Night. 


frri 


CHAPTER  n 


Campercraft 
Camping  Oat 

Outfitting 
Outfit  for  Six 
Tents 
Tepees 
Running  Camp 
Camp  Oronndi 
Arriving 
Sanitation 
Leadership 
Team  Work 
Camp  Officers 
Camp  Program 


CAMPERCRAFT 

Group  Work 

Rules 

Inspections 

Horn  of  High  EQkers 

Woodcraft  Council  Ring 

Councils 

Making  Council  Fire 
Totem  P(de 
Beds 

Mosquitoes 
Water 

Lighting  a  Fire 
Camp  Cookery 
Cooldng  Witfumt  Utmils 


CHAPTER  n 
CAMPERCRAFT 

Camping  Out 

Every  boy  looks  forward  to  it  and  every  girl  would  if  she  knew 
the  fun  and  help  she  would  get  from  camping  out.  Not  so  loiig 
ago,  camping  out  meant  roughing  it  in  the  extreme— sleepmg  m 
an  uncomfortable  bed  without  proper  clothing  and  food.  Soue 
of  these  things  may  be  necessary  at  times,  but  the  wise  camper 
aims  to  live  comfortably. 

Camping  out  offers  a  number  of  priceless  benefits  and  is  also 
beset  by  one  or  two  dangers.  Those  who  are  wise  campers  get 
the  good  and  avoid  the  dangers. 

The  good  things  are  the  pure  air,  the  bracing  and  lung-healmg 
power  of  the  woods,  the  sun  bath,  the  tonic  exercise,  the  nerve 
rest,  and  the  joy  that  comes  from  control  of  mmd  and  body. 

The  bad  things  are  the  danger  of  rheumatism  from  sleepirig  on 
the  ground  in  damp  clothes,  the  exhaustion  from  bad  nights 
through  insufficient  bed  clothes  or  an  uncomfortable  bed,  and 
the  discomfort  and  ill  health  arising  from  irregular  meals  and 
badly  cooked  food. 

By  wisely  selecting  the  equipraent,  the  place,  and  being  in- 
formed regarding  the  simple  rules  of  camping,  every  \yoodcraft 
Girl  will  find  a  camping  out  experience  the  biggest  thing  in  her 
life  and  one  she  will  look  back  on  with  great  pleasure  and  for- 
ward to  with  the  keenest  anticipation.  It  can  and  should  mean 
a  return  to  the  home  with  the  body  strong  and  healthy,  the 
mind  bright  and  happy,  and  the  soul  strengthened  and  fortified 
because  of  the  experience  of  coming  close  to  the  earth  in  company 
with  other  girls  of  similar  tastes. 

If  any  judgment  is  used  in  promptly  changing  wet  clothes  when 
not  in  action,  in  never  sleeping  direc'iy  on  the  ground,  and  in 
placing  the  bed  in  a  dry  place  anci  that  there  is  plenty  of 
warm  bedding,  there  will  be  no  danger  of  either  colds  or  rheu- 
matism. It  is  always  wise  to  have  some  warm  clothing  es- 
pecially for  cold  or  damp  weather. 
It  is  also  good  to  go  on  the  tiip  with  a  d^^finite  object.   If  the 

'.77 


178  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


camp  is  to  be  at  the  same  place  during  the  stay,  it  is  well  to 

decide  before  going  to  learn  something  about  the  trees,  birds, 
flowers,  camp  cookery,  etc.,  also  to  have  a  fairly  definite  idea  as 
to  how  the  days  will  be  spent.  Do  not  make  the  mistake  of 
"lazing  around  "  too  much. 

The  woods  is  a  much  safer  place  than  home,  though  this  is 
contrary  to  the  average  impression. 

If  your  eyes  and  earsare  keptopen,more  interesting  things  than 
can  be  counted  will  be  found  within  a  short  distance. 

It  may  be  that  the  change  from  the  city  to  camp  will  be  a  sud- 
den one  and  that  readjustment  will  be  necessary.  If  the  camper 
is  a  little  homesick,  it  is  well  to  fight  it  off  and  it  will  not  be  long 
before  all  will  have  the  feeling  old  campers  have.  There  will  be 
something  in  the  rippling  lake,  the  green  of  the  trees,  the  whisper- 
ing of  the  breeze,  the  sunlight,  tho  blue  sky,  twilight  in  the  woods, 
the  smell  of  food  cooking  over  the  campfire,  and  the  mystery  of 
the  campfire  itself  that  will  grip  and  call  the  camper  back  again. 
And  through  it  all  will  come  that  control  of  muscle  and  mind 
that  only  the  outdoor  folk  have. 


OUTFITTING 

Outfit  for  a  Party  of  Six  (Camping  One  Week  in  Fixed  Camp) 

I  1 2-foot  teepee  (if  for  cold  weather),  acconmiodating  five 
or  six,  not  forgetting  a  storm-cap. 
Or,  in  summer,  a  lo  x  12  wall  tent. 

18  X  10  awning  for  kitchen  and  diniug-room,  in  hot  or  wet 
weather. 

5  yards  mosquito-bar  and  some  dope  for  stinging  insects. 

3  or  4  one-gallon  bags  of  cotton  for  suppUes. 

A  lew  medicines  and  pill-kit  or  "first  aid,"  including  cold 
cream,  vaseline,  or  talcum  powder  for  sunburn. 

I  strong  clothes  line;  ball  of  cord;  ball  of  twine;  ball  of  strong 
linen  pack-thread. 

Axe. 

A  sharp  hatchet. 

Claw-hammer. 

Whetstone. 

Small  crosscut  saw. 

Spade. 

File. 

Packing  needles  and  sewing-kit  for  repairing  clothes. 


Thing!  to  Know  and  Do 


179 


Nails  One  lb.  of      two  lbs.  of  2|,  two  lbs.  of  3I,  and  one 

lb.  of  s-inch. 
Soap. 
Mirror. 

Toilet-paper. 
Waterproof  match-box. 

Cooking  outnt:  Either  a  ready-made,  ^If-nesting  "Buzza- 

cot,"  or 

3  cover-kettles,  lo-qt.,  4-qt.,  and  2-qt.  (riveted,  not  soldered). 

1  frying-pan,  with  handle  and  cover. 

2  big  spoons. 
2  wire  grills. 

I  butcher  knife. 
I  bucket. 

Salt  and  pepper  casters. 
Dishpan. 

Coffee-pot  (riveted). 
Dishcloths  and  towels, 
folding  lantern  and  supply  of  candles. 
And  for  each  girl,  plate,  cup,  saucer,  also  knife,  fork,  and 
spoon. 

And  such  other  things  as  are  dictated  by  previous  e:q>erience 
or  for  use  in  the  games  to  be  played. 

Besides  which  each  member  has  ordinary  clothes,  with  a 
change,  and  toilet-bag,  also: 

A  rubber  blanket. 

i  wool  blankets. 

I  cotton  or  burlap  bed-tick,  2\  x  6i  ft. 
Bathing  suit 

A  pair  of  "sneaks"  or  sport  shoes. 

Woodcraft  suit. 

Fishing  tackle,  according  to  choice. 
Pocket  knife. 

Food  to  last  six  girls  one  week : 

Assorted  cereals  (oatmeal,  wheatena, 

etc  6  lbs. 

Rice  2  lbs. 

Crackers  .10  lbs. 

Cocoa  3  lbs. 

Tea  *  lb. 

Coffee   3  lbs. 

Lard  5  lbs. 

Sugar  6  ibs. 

Condensed  milk  12  cans 


z8o  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Butter   7 

Eggs   3 

Bacon   ^5 

Preserves  (better  still,  fresh  fruit  if  it 

can  be  obtained)   5 

Prunes    3 

Maple  syrup   3 

Cheese   ^ 

Raisins   3 

Potatoes   2 

White  beans   3 

Canned  com   3 

Flo-    25 

Ba'ang-powder   i 

Concentrated  soups   ? 

Salt    2 

Pepper    i 

Sardines   4 

Dried  beef   * 

Macaroni   ,2 

Fresh  fish  and  game  are  pleasant  variations 
make  httle  difference  in  the  grocery  bill. 


lbs. 

dozen 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

quarts 

lb. 

lbs. 

bushel 

quarts 

cans 

lbs. 

lb. 

lb. 

lbs. 

ounce 

packages 

lb. 

lbs. 

,  but  seem  to 


Tents 

There  are  many  styles  of  small  tents  on  the  market;  almost 
any  of  them  answer  very  well.  For  those  who  wish  to  equip 
themselves  with  the  latest  and  best,  a  10  x  12-foot  wall  tent  ot 
ID-ounce  double-filled  army  duck,  stained  or  dyed  yellow,  brown, 
or  dull  green,  is  best.  It  will  accommodate  a  party  of  five  or 
siXa 

For  tramping  trips,  light  tents  of  waterproof  silk  are  made. 
One  large  enough  for  a  man  weighs  only  two  or  three  pounds. 

Any  of  the  established  makers  can  supply  what  is  needed 
if  they  know  the  size  of  the  party  and  nature  of  the  outmg. 


Teepees 

The  Indian  teepee  has  the  great  advantage  of  ventilation 
and  an  open  fire  inside.  It  has  the  disadvantage  of  needing 
a  lot  of  poles  and  of  admitting  some  rain  by  the  smoke-holo. 

A  new  style  of  teepee,  invented  by  myself  some  years  ago, 
/  has  been  quite  successful,  since  it  combines  the  advant?3c 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


z8i 


of  teepee  and  tent  and  needs  only  four  poles  besides  the  snu^ke- 
poles.   It  is,  however,  less  picturesque  than  the  old  style. 


This  gives  the  great  advantage  of  an  open  fire  inside,  and 
good  ventilation,  while  it  is  quite  rainproof. 
It  can  be  put  up  with  four  long  poles  outside  the  canvas, 

the  holes  crossing  at  the  top  as  in  the  Indian  teepee.  Of 
course  the  point  of  the  cover  is  attached  before  the  poles  are 
raised. 

It  may  be  got  from  D.  T.  Abercrombie  &  Co.,  311  Broad- 
way, New  York. 


In  selecting  a  good  camp  ground  the  first  thing  to  look  for  is  a 
dry,  level  place,  near  good  wood  and  good  water.  It  is  desir- 
able to  have  the  camp  face  the  east  and  to  have  some  storm 
break  or  shelter  on  the  west  and  north;  then  it  gets  the  morning 
sun  and  the  afternoon  shade  in  summer.  Sometimes  local 
conditions  make  a  different  exposure  desirable.  For  obvious 
reasons  it  is  well  to  be  near  one's  boat  landing. 


As  soon  as  all  are  on  the  ground  with  their  baggage,  locate 
the  places  for  the  tents  (ordinarily  this  should  be  done  in  ad- 
vance). If  the  camp  is  a  large  one  let  the  leaders  allot  the 
locations.  Try  to  have  each  tent  about  twenty-five  feet  from 
the  next,  in  a  place  dry  and  easy  to  drain  in  case  of  rain  and  so 
placed  as  to  have  sun  in  the  morning  and  shade  in  the  afternoon. 
Trench  each  tent  carefully.  Pitch  at  a  reasonable  distance 
from  the  water  supply  and  from  the  latrine. 


RUNinNO  CAMP 


Camp  Grotmds 


Arriving  at  Can^ 


i83  Wocdcnft  Manuftl  for  Girls 


Sanitttioti 

As  soon  as  convenient  appoint  members  to  dig  and  prepare 
a  latrine,  or  toilet,  with  screen.  It  should  be  located  some 
distance  from  the  camp  and  from  the  water,  so  that  there  will 
be  no  possibility  of  contaminating  the  water. 

All  utter  and  refuse  should  be  handled  m  such  a  way  that 
the  camp  grounds  are  clean,  that  the  garbage  is  kept  covered 
till  dispos^  of  by  burning  or  burying.  Woodcraft  camps  are 
known  for  their  cleanliness  and  for  the  fact  that  when  the  camp 
is  over  the  grounds  are  as  clear  of  filth,  scraps,  papers,  cans, 
bottles,  etc.,  as  though  no  human  being  had  ever  been  there. 
Anytluiig  which  draws  f&ea  should  be  carefully  avoided. 

Leadership 

Of  course  no  group  would  go  camping  without  having  some 
one  to  act  as  the  Guide  or  leader.  The  Guide  should  be  in  charge 
of  the  camp,  supervise  the  swimming,  games,  the  routine  and 
daily  life  of  the  camp.  She  should  decide  matters  of  dispute 
and  with  the  Tally  Chief  and  Chief  of  the  band,  and  any  others 
they  may  care  to  add,  decide  matters  which  require  'decision. 
In  large  camps  she  will  be  assisted  by  assistant  guidco  each  in 
charge  of  a  group  of  girls,  along  with  the  Chief  of  each  group. 

Team  Work 

There  is  no  place  where  team  work  is  more  needed  than 

in  camp.  Here  girls  really  "  live  together,"  and  only  as  each 
and  every  member  of  the  camp  does  her  part  will  the  camp  be 
a  con.;  lete  success.  This  will  mean  tuat  the  work  should  be 
Assigned  daily  to  individuals  or  to  groups,  depending  on  the 
size  01  the  camp.  Even  the  first  day  rough  assignments  should 
be  made ;  nd  just  as  soon  as  everybody  is  settled  dovvn,  methodic 
work  should  be  begim.  For  small  groups  the  following  duties 
should  be  assigned: 

First,  Health  Chief.  Gather  up  and  destroy  all  garbage  each 
day  at  a  given  hour  and  inspect  the  latrine  hourly  and  see  that  all 
keep  the- rules. 

Second,  Mail  Chief.  Take  all  letters  to  the  post  and  bring 
back  all  the  mail. 

Third,  Cook.  Is  responsible  for  the  preparation  of  the  meals 
for  the  day. 


Thlngt  to  ISaaw  and  Do  xflts 

Fourth,  Cook's  Assistant.   When  there  is  sufficient  work  the 

assistant  may  get  ice,  or  do  other  s;5milar  duties.         ,  , 
Fifth,  Cook's  Wood.  Cut  sufficjit  supply  of  wood  for  the 

cook's  use 

Sixth,  Council-fire  Wood.  Have  the  wood  cut  and  laid  for 
the  Council  Fire  with  sufficient  supply  for  the  evenmg.  Must 
keep  the  Council  Fire  bright,  not  big,  but  never  duU. 

These  appointments  in  the  case  of  larger  camps  will  be  given 
to  a  band  or  tent  group.  The  main  thing  is  to  see  that  each 
girl  or  each  tent  group  is  definitely  assigned  to  a  duty  and  that 

the  worit  is  well  «)ne.   

Camp  Officers 

If  the  band  has  not  ah-eady  elected  a  Tally  Keeper  it  may  do 
so  with  the  approval  of  the  Guide,  making  sure  that  the  TaUy 
Keeper  is  representative  of  the  camp  and  one  who  will  keep  a 
record  every  day,  all  being  written  in  the  Tally  Book. 

Camp  Program 

There  should  be  a  regular  routine  so  that  everybody  may 
know  when  things  happen.  The  foUowing  is  given  as  a  good 
one;  it  may  be  changed  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  camp: 
6:30  A.  H.  Turn  out,  bathe,  etc. 
7:00  Breakfast. 
8:00  Air  bedding  in  sun,  if  possible. 

10:00  Woodcraft  games  and  practice. 

11:00  Swimming. 
12:00  M.  Dumer. 
I  »o  P.  M.   Talk  by  leader. 
2:00  Games,  etc. 

5:00  Swimmbg. 
6:00  Supper. 
7:00  Evening  Council. 

0:1s  Lights  out. 

Sometimes  High  Council  for  a  few  mmutes  m- 
stead  of  in  the  morning. 
Whether  the  camp  is  large  or  small,  the  girls  should  learn 
to  respond  promptly.  Those  who  fail  to  do  so  should  be  made 
to  realize  the  consequence  of  their  carelessness. 

Group  Work 

When  the  camp  has  several  bands  it  is  wise  to  work  out  the 
rules  of  the  camp  and  its  activities,  so  as  to  lay  emphasis  on  the 


i84  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


band  or  tent  group.  The  group  should  gain  or  suffer  according 
to  the  good  work  or  bad  work  of  its  mcml)ers.  Some  camps 
give  points  for  good  and  bad  work  and  the  band  or  tent  group 
is  credited  with  the  work  of  their  members.  This  same  idea 
should  be  carried  out  in  cDmjKMitions  for  the  whole  camp,  so  that 
the  band  which  does  the  best  work  during  the  season  would  be 
given  recognition  of  some  sort. 

RuIm 

I'.ach  camp  will  make  rules  when  necessary,  but  the  folloivw 
ing  will  be  found  good  in  every  camp: 
No  firearms. 

No  swimming,  except  at  regularly  appomted  times  and 
places. 

No  campers  should  leave  camp  without  permission. 
Loose  straw,  cans,  papers,  bottles,  glass,  or  filth,  of  any  kind 
lying  around  am  criminal  disorder. 

'  Each  group  is  responsible  for  order  as  far  as  the  half  line  be- 
tween them  and  the  next  group. 

Inspections 

The  Guides  of  the  various  bands  or  the  one  appointed  in  the 
smaller  group  should  inspect  at  least  once  a  day. 
The  officer  appointed  to  inspect  goes  from  tent  to  tent.  Each 

Band  is  allowed  fifty  points  for  normal,  then  docked  one  to  ten 
points  for  each  scrap  of  paper,  cans,  or  rubbish  left  lying  about; 
also  for  each  disorderly  feature  or  neglect  of  the  rules  of  common 
sense,  decency,  or  hygiene,  on  their  territory;  that  is,  up  to  half- 
way between  them  and  the  next  group.  They  may  get  addi- 
tional points  for  unusually  fine  work ;  but  it  is  always  as  a  Band 
that  they  receive  the  points,  though  it  was 
the  individual  that  worked  for  them. 

The  Horns  of  the  High  Hikers 

After  the  inspection,  the  Chief  announces 
the  winning  Band  saying:  "The  Horns  of  the 
High  Hikers  were  won  today  by  .  .  . 
Band."  And  the  hor  .s  are  accordingly  hung 
on  their  standard,  pole,  or  other  place,  for  the 
day.  At  the  end  of  the  camp,  the  Band  that  won  them  of tenest 
carries  them  home  for  ttieir  own;  and  ever  afterward  are  allowed 


Thinci  to  Knon^  and  Do  185 
to  put  in  one  comer  of  their  banner  a  smaU  pair  of  black 

'*°miat  are  they?  Usually  a  pair  of  polished  buffalo  horns 
with  a  frinRcd  buckskin  hanger,  on  which  is  an  inscription 
saying  that  they  were  won  by   .   .   .   Band  at  such  a  camp. 

Wlwn  buffalo  horns  cannot  be  got,  common  cow  horns  or  even 
horns  of  wood  are  used. 

Woodcraft  Council  Ring 

In  every  large  permanent  camp  a  Woodcraft  Coundl-fire 
Circle  should  be  estabUshed  at  once.   The  uses  and  benefiU  of 

this  will  be  stc.i  more  and  more,  as  camp  goes  on. 

For  the  Woodcraft  Council  Ring,  select  a  sheltered,  levd  place 
that  admits  of  a  perfectly  level  circle  30  feet  across  On  the 
outer  rim  of  this  have  a  permanently  fixed  circle  of  very  low 
seats;  6  inches  is  high  enough,  but  they  should  have  a  back,  and 
ultunktely  a  rain  shed  to  protect  those  seated.  Each  Band  should 
make  its  own  seat,  and  always  sit  there  during  council.  On 
the  back  of  the  seat  should  be  two  loops  of  wire  or  string  in 
which  to  put  their  standard.  Back  of  the  first  row  should 
be  a  slighUy  higher  row.  If  the  ground  slopes  up,  aU  the 
belter  but  in  any  case  there  should  he  fixed  seats  enough  for 
all  the  camp.  The  place  should  be  carefully  leveled  and  pre- 
nared.  and  kept  always  in  order,  for  it  will  be  used  several  tunes 
kch  day,  either  for  councils  or  for  games,  dances,  and  per- 

^°Tt^onrside  of  the  ring  in  a  conspicuous  place  should  be  the 
throne  of  the  Chief;  close  by  this  a  desk  and  seat  for  the  Tally 
Keeper  an(!  ot.  the  desk  should  be  a  lantern  holder;  m  the  exact 
middle  of  the  ring  is  the  Council-fire,  never  a  bonfire. 

Councils 

Three  kinds  of  Councils  are  held  in  the  Woodcraft  CouncU 

^T.^The  High  Council  of  the  Chiefs  and  Guides  daily,  and  at 
other  times  when  called,  arranges  programs 

-  The  Gemral  or  Common  CouncU  of  all  the  campers  every 
night  from  seven  to  nine  o'clock.  At  tha  we  have  some  busmess 
(in  the  awarding  of  honors),  some  campfire  stunts  or  chaUenges, 
and  a  Uttle  entertainment.  „  ^  ,j  . 

X.  Grand  CouncU,  This  is  usually  heW  once  a  week.  Every 
one  comes  in  full  Woodcraft  costume.  Visitors  are  mvited. 


x86  Woodcraft  Maonal  for  Girli 

Business  except  when  very  interesting  is  disi^nsed  with,  and  a 
pr^m  of  sforts  and  amusements,  chiefly  for  the  visitors,  is 
SXl^  prepared.  This  b  "  Strangers'  Night "  and  they  should 
be  entertained,  not  bored. 


Making  Council-fire 

The  Council-fire  is  a  very  different  thing  from  the  cooking- 
fire  or  the  so-called  bonfire.   And  there  are  just  as  many  ways 

of  making  it  wrong. 

These  are  the  essen  als: 
It  must  be  easily  started. 

It  must  give  a  steady,  bright  light.  „c^^ 
It  must  have  as  little  heat  as  possible,  for  it  is  mostly  used 

in  the  summer.   Therefore,  it  must  be  small.  , 
It  b  best  built  as  in  (c),  ^bout  two  and  one-half  feet  high; 

the  bottom  stick  about  three  feet  long;  the  rest  shorter  and 

^""-Srsmall  wood  and  chips  to  Kght  it  can  be  put  either  under 
or  on  top  of  the  second  layer.  *  u  — 

It  should  oe  drawn  in  toward  the  top,  so  as  to  bum  without 

^irmusf^ontain  a  large  proportion  of  dry,  winter-sea^^ 
wood,  if  it  is  to  blaze  brightly.  The  readiest  seasoned  wood  is 
usually  old  lumber.  ,  , 

For  an  aU-evenmg  Council-fire,  at  least  three  times  as  much 
should  be  in  stock  as  on  the  fire  when  started. 

Here  are  some  wrong  methods: 


The  hich  pyramid  or  bonfire,  (a)  goes  off  like  a  flash, 
roasts  every  one,  then  goes  dead.  The  shapeless  pile  (b),  is 
hard  to  light  and  never  ght.  The  bonfire  is  always  bad.  It 
wastes  good  wood;  is  daugetous  to  the  forest  and  the  camp,  is 


Things  to  "Know  and  Do 


x87 


absolutely  unsociable.  A  bonfire  will  spoil  the  best  camp-drde 
ever  got  together.   It  should  be  forbidden  everywhere. 

Totem  Pole 

Directly  opposite  the  Chief's  throne,  on  the  outer  edge  of  the 
circle,  should  be  the  Totem  pole.  This  is  always  set  up  as  soon 
as  possible  in  all  permanent  camps.  Its  purpose  is,  ist,  to 
typify  the  movement;  2d,  to  display  the  Totems  of  the  Tribe, 
3rd,  to  serve  as  a  place  of  notice.  Any  document  posted  on  the 
Totem  pole  is  considered  published. 


a.  Totem  pole  of  the  FIn-Uid  Trfte  (15  teet  h^) 

b.  of  Flying  Eagles  .  _ 
c»add.  f lomNiblack't  Wett  Cout ImUuM,  Ei«les and Bmn 


Beds 

Of  all  things,  the  camper's  bed  is  the  thing  most  often  made 
wrong,  and  most  easily  made  right,  when  one  knows  how;  and 
of  all  things  comfort  at  night  b  most  essential 

Every  dealer  in  camp  outfits  can  produce  an  array  of  different 
camp  beds,  cots,  and  sleeping  bags,  that  shows  how  important 
it  is  to  be  dry  and  warm  when  you  sleep. 

The  simptest  plan  is  the  oldest  one— two  pair  of  Uankets  and 


i88  Woo<;cnift  Manual  for  Giris 


waterproof  undersheet  on  a  neatly  laid  bed  of  evergreen  boughs, 
dry  leaves,  or  dry  grass.  The  ideal  way  of  laying  the  boughs  is 
shown  in  the  figure  below. 

When  I  can't  get  grub  of  the  Broadway  sort, 

I'll  fatten  on  camper's  fare, 
I'll  tramp  all  day  and  at  night  resort 
ToaM  toughed  down  with  care. 


But  there  are  few  places  now 
in  eastern  America  where  you 
are  allowed  to  cut  bougJis  freely. 
In  any  case  you  cannot  take  the 
bough  bed  with  you  when  you 
move,  and  it  takes  too  much 
time  to  make  at  each  camp. 

Sleeping  bags  I  gave  up  long 
ago.  They  are  too  difficult  to 
air,  or  to  adjust  to  different 
temperatures. 

Rubber  beds  are  luxurious, 
but  heavy  for  a  pack  outfit, 
and  in  cold  weatiier  they  need 
thick  blankets  over  them,  other- 
wise they  are  too  cooi. 

So  the  one  iaeal  bed  for  the 
camper,  light,  comfortable,  ^nd 
of  wildwood  stuff,  k  the  Jnrlian 
or  willow  bed,  described  on  p. 
225. 


Water,  or  the  Indian  WeU 

If  there  is  a  swamp  or  pond,  but  no  pure  water  at  hand,  you 
can  dig  an  Indian  well  in  half  an  hour.  This  is  simply  a  hole 
about  18  inches  across  and  down  about  6  inches  below  water- 
level,  a  few  paces  from  the  pond.  Bail  it  out  quickly;  let  it  fill 
again,  bail  it  a  second  time,  and  the  third  time  it  fills,  it  will  be 
full  of  filtered  water,  clear  of  everythii^  except  matter  actnallv 
dissolved.  ^ 

It  is  now  well  known  that  ordinary  vegetable  matter  does 
not  cause  disease.  All  contamination  is  from  animal  refuse 
or  excreta,  therefore  a  well  of  this  kind  in  a  truly  wiW  reidon  is 
as  safe  as  a  spring.  ^ 


Tilings  to  Know  and  Do 


Z89 


MosqnitoM,  Black  FUes,  etc. 

If  you  are  camping  in  mosquito  or  fly  season,  the  tr^  may  be 
ruined  if  you  are  not  fully  prepared. 

For  extreme  cases,  use  the  ready-made  head-nets.  They 
are  hot,  but  effectual.  You  can  easily  get  used  to  the  net; 
no  one  can  stand  the  flies.  In  my  Arctic  trip  f  1907,  we  could 
not  have  endured  life  without  the  nets.  Indians  and  all  wore 
them. 

Of  the  various  dopes  that  are  used,  one  of  the  simplest  and 
best  is  Colonel  N.  Fletcher's,  given  in  Kephart's  "Book  of 
Camping  and  Woodcraft ' ' ; 

"Pure  pine  tar  i  oz. 

Oil  pennyrojral  i  oz. 

Vaseline  3  ozs. 

"Mix  cold  in  a  mortar.  If  you  wish,  you  can  add  3  per  cent, 
carbolic  acid  to  above.    Some  make  it  1 1  ozs.  tar." 

Most  drug  shops  keep  ready-made  dopes  under  such  names 
as  Citronella,  Repellene,  Lollakapop,  etc. 


lighting  a  Fire 

^  The  day  Columbus  landed  (probably)  the  natives  remarked: 

White  man  fool,  make  big  fire,  can't  go  near;  Indian  make 
httle  fire  and  sit  happy." 

We  all  know  that  a  camp  without  a  campfire  would  be  no 
camp  at  all;  its  chief  est  charm  would  be  absent. 

Your  first  care,  then,  is  to  provide  for  a  small  fire  and  pre- 
vent Its  spreading.  In  the  autumn  this  may  mean  very  elabo- 
rate clearing,  or  burning,  or  wettmg  of  a  space  around  the  fire. 
In  the  winter  it  means  nothing. 

Cracked  Jimmy,  in  "Two  Little  Savages,"  gives  very  practical 
direcUons  for  lighting  a  fire  anywhere  in  the  timbered  northern 
part  of  America,  thus: 

*' o  curl  of  burch  bark  as  dry  as  it  can  be, 

Then  some  twigs  of  soft  wood,  dead,  but  on  the  tree, 

Last  of  all  some  pine-knots  to  make  the  kittle  foam. 

And  there's  ajireto  make  you  think  you're  setHn'  ri^  at  ham." 


1 90  WoOdctaft  Manual  for  Giris 

If  you  have  no  birch  bark,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  shave  a  dry  soft- 
wood stick.  leaving  all  the  shavings  sticking  on  the  end  in  a  fuzz, 
like  a  Hopi  prayer  stick.  Several  of  these  make  a  sure  fire 
kindler.  Fine  splinters  may  be  made  quickly  by  hammering  a 
small  stick  with  the  back  of  die  axe. 

La  the  case  of  a  small  party  and  hasty  camp,  you  need  nothing 


but  a  pot  hanger  of  green  wood  for  a  complete  kitchen,  and 
n^any  hundreds  of  times,  on  prairie  and  in  forest,  I  found  this 
sufficient. 

A  more  complete  camp  grate  is  made  of  four  green  logs 
(aspen  preferred)  placed  as^in  the  illustration.  Set  the  top 

logs  3  inches  apart  at 
one  end,  lo  inches  at 
the  other.  The  top  logs 
should  be  flattened  in 
the  middle  of  their  top 
sides — to  hold  the  pot 
which  sits  on  the  open- 
ing between  the  top  logs. 
The  fire  of  course  is  built 
Green  Log  Grate  jjjj  jj^g  ground,  xmder  the 

logs.  Sometimes  stones  of  right  WBe  and  shi^  are  used  instead 
of  the  logs,  but  the  stones  do  not  contribute  anything  to  the 
heat  and  are  less  manageable. 

In  addition  to  this  log  grate,  more  elaborate  camps  have 
a  kitchen  equipped  with  a  hanger  as  below,  on  which  are  pot 
hooks  of  green  wood. 

In  wet  weather,  an  axeman  can  always  get  dry  wood 
cuttmg  mto  a  standing  dead  tree,  or  on  the  under  side  <rf  down 
timber  that  is  not  en^rely  on  the  ground. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


igi 


On  the  prairies  and  plains,  since  buffaio  chips  are  no  more, 
we  use  horse  and  cow  chips,  kindled  with  dry  grass  and  roots  of 
sage-brush,  etc. 

To  keep  a  fire  alive  all  night,  bank  the 
coals:  i.e.,  bury  them  in  ashes. 
Always  put  out  the  fire  on  leaving  camp. 
It  is  a  crime  to  leave  a  burning  fire. 
Use  buckets  of  water  if  need  be. 

Can^  Cookety 

See  Horace  Kqduul's  "Bode  tA  Qunj^  and  Wood- 

craft." 

B/     In  most  camps  the  staples  are:  cocoa,  coffee 
!     (or  tea),  baa>n,  game,  fi^,  and  hardtack,  baiw 
,     nocks  or  biscuit. 
^      To  make  these  take 
X  pint  flour, 

I  teaspoonful  of  baking-powder, 

Half  as  much  salt. 

Twice  as  much  grease  or  lard, 

With  water  enough  to  make  iiito  p>aste,  say  one-half  a  pint. 

When  worked  i*"  si  oth  dough,  shiapc  it  into  wafers 
half  an  inch  thick  three  ^Jies  across,  ^et  in  a  greased 
tin,  which  is  tilted  xiear  a  steady  £re.  Watch  and  turn  the 
tin  till  all  are  brownea  evenly. 


xga  Woodcnft  Manual  for  Gifls 


For  other  and  better  but  more  elaborate  methods  of  making 
bread,  see  Kephart's  book  as  above. 

For  cooking  fish  and  game  the  old,  simple  standbys  are 
the  frying-pan  and  the  stew-pan. 

As  a  general  rule,  mix  all  batters,  mush,  etc.,  with  cold 
water,  and  always  cook  with  a  slow. fire. 

When  going  into  camp  not  far  from  home  some  think  it  a 
good  plan  to  take  a  cold  roast  of  beef  with  them. 

Soup  stock  should  be  made  the  first  days  of  every  bit  of  bones 
and  meat. 

There  is  an  old  adage: 

Hasty  cooking  is  tasty  cooking. 
Fried  meat  is  dried  meat. 
Boiled  meat  is  spoiled  meat. 
Roast  meat  is  best  meat. 

This  reflects  perhaps  the  castle  kitchen  rather  than  the  camp, 
but  It  has  Its  measure  of  truth,  and  the  reason  why  roast  meat  is 
not  more  popular  is  because  it  takes  so  much  time  and  trouble 
to  make  it  a  success. 

Cooking  Without  Utensils 

We  sometimes  call  it  "hatchet  cookery,"  because  the  cook  is 
supposed  to  begin  Arith  nothing  but  a  hatchet.   To  cook  a  good 
toot  hsome  meal  with  such  a  meagre  outfit  is  good  proof  of  a  skilled 
Wo ,  -craf ter.   Let  us  assume  that  you  have  meat,  fi^,  potatoes, 
flour,  and  baking-powder,  in  addition  to  your  hatchet. 

To  Boil  the  Fish.  Make  a  big  fire  and  in  it  put  twenty  stones 
each  as  big  as  two  fists.  Nearby,  dig  a  hole  a  foot  wide  and  two 
feet  deep.  Get  a  flat  hardwood  board,  a  foot  long  and  sk  or 
eight  inches  wide.  Clean  ana  lash  the  fish  onto  this  board,  with 
a  grass,  rush,  bark,  or  root— bmding  every  inch  or  more;  or  else 
make  a  little  basket  hd  of  rushes,  ^ruce  roots,  etc.,  lay  that  on 
the  fish  and  bind  all  to  the  board.  This  is  your  plank.  Do  not 
use  pine  or  any  gununy  wood  for  this,  as  it  gives  the  fish  a  bad 
taste. 

When  the  stones  in  the  fire  are  red-hot,  roll  some  into  the  hole 
tiU  it  is  filled  up  eighteen  inches.  Then  put  in  a  layer  of  smaU 
cold  stones,  then  a  layer  of  grass;  now  lay  your  planked  fish  on 
this  upside  down,  that  is,  with  the  fish  under  the  board.  Cover 
all  with  a  wad  of  fresh  grass  and,  lastly,  with  two  or  three  inches 
of  day.  Make  a  littleholeiit  one  side  and  pour  into  that  about 


Thicgi  to  Know  and  Do  193 


a  bucket  of  water.  Close  up  the  hole,  cover  all  tight  and  leave 

for  half  an  hour  to  an  hour.  Open  cautiously,  careifully  keeping 
the  clay  from  the  fish.  Turn  the  plank  and  remove  the  binding. 
The  fi^  will  be  found  beautifully  cooked. 

Potatoes  take  three  times  as  long  to  do  in  this  way. 

To  Broil.  To  broil  fish,  game,  or  bacon  is  easy  if  one  make  a 
hot  fire,  then  expose  a  level  bed  of  coals,  fan  it  once  with  a  hat  or 
board  to  remove  the  ashes  from  the  top  of  the  coals,  then  drop  the 
meat  to  be  cooked  right  on  the  coals.  It  will  broil  in  a  minute  or 
two.  Turn  it  over  with  a  stick  and  the  operation  will  be  quickly 
completed. 

Toasting  is  easily  done  if  we  cut  a  forked  stick  of  strong  green 
wood  and  hold  the  bread  over  the  fire. 

Roasting.  A  good  meat  roaster  is  made  by  hanging  the  meat  in 
a  green  wood  hook  made  with  a  broad  wooden  fan  set  in  a  split 
near  the  top  and  above  that  a  heavy  cord  to  hang  it  with.  Thus, 
the  wind,  striking  the  fan,  turns  the  meat  and  twists  the  cord 


until  it  is  tight ;  then  it  unwinds,  but,  owing  to  the  weight  of  the 
meat,  goes  past  the  dead  point  and  winds  itself  up  the  other  way, 
and  so  on.  This  is  an  especially  satisfactory  roaster  when  there 
is  wind. 

Bread.  The  test  of  all  is  the  making  of  good  bread  without 
utensils.  Some  make  a  hole  in  the  ground  for  a  breadpan  and 
line  it  with  a  comer  of  a  mackintosh.  But  most  old  timers  use 


194  Woodenft  UmsouI  for  Girls 


the  top  of  the  flour  in  the  sack  itself.  Simply  spread  the  mouth 
wide  open  and  securely  level  and  proceed  as  though  it  were  a  pan. 

To  make  a  small  loaf  of  bread,  put  a  teaspoonful  of  baking 
powder  on  about  a  pint  of  flour,  add  a  lump  of  butter  or  grease  as 
big  as  a  walnut  and  a  dash  of  salt.  Mbc  them  together,  then  add 
about  a  cupful  of  cold  water,  work  it  into  the  flour  that  has  been 
prepared.  It  will  not  strike  into  the  flour  below.  Thoroughly 
work  up  the  mass  of  dough  and  now  it  is  ready  for  treatmoit  as 
bread,  twist,  or  as  cakes. 

Bread  Twist.  Cut  a  smooth,  round  stick  two  or  three  inches 
through  and  three  feet  long,  point  one  end,  drive  it  in  the  ground 
leaning  toward  the  fire  at  a  place  just  a  little  hotter  than  you  can 
hold  your  hand.  Work  the  dough  into  a  long  roll  and  twist  it 
like  a  vine  around  the  stick.  After  ten  minutes,  turn  the  stick 
around  in  the  hole,  so  as  to  give  the  full  heat  to  the  other  side,  and 
so  on;  in  half  an  hour,  the  bread  should  be  brown  and  finished. 

Cakes.  Select  a  broad,  fiat,  thin  stone;  heat  it  at  the  fire  until 
it  is  too  hot  for  your  hand  to  tourh;  brush  it  clean,  work  the 
dough  into  cakes  half  an  inch  thick  and  three  inches  across,  put 
thena  on  the  flat  stone  and  prop  it  up  near  the  fire  as  steeply  as 
possible,  as  long  as  they  do  not  fall  off,  and  roast  tili  pale  brown 
all  over. 

Mud  Baking.  This  is  used  for  fish  and  game.  Clean  the  fo  d 
thoroughly,  enclose  it  in  a  coat  of  mud  at  least  an  inch  thick, 
bury  it  in  the  ashes  of  the  fire  and  keep  a  brisk  fire  on  it  for  thirty 
to  sixty  minutes,  according  to  the  size  of  the  meat  or  fi^  to  be 
roasted. 

Potatoes  can  be  baked  in  the  ashes  without  any  mud.  Th^ 
take  much  longer  than  meat. 


CHAPTER  m 


WOODLORE  AND  HANDICRAFT 


Edible  WUd  Places 
White  Man's  Woodcraft— 
M  euoriilg  at  a  distance. 
Weather  Wisdom 
When  Lost  in  the  Woods 
Indian  Tweezeri 
Indian  Clock 
Watch  as  Compass 
Home  Made  Compan 
Lights 

Hunter's  Lamp 
Woodman's  Lantern 
Knife  and  Hatchet 
Waterproof  Shelter 
Camp  Loom 
Navajo  Loom 
Camp  i\ake 
Camp  Broom 
Rubbing  Stick  Fire 


Drum 

oodcraft  Willow  Bed 
odcraf  t  Paints 
,i  oodcraft  Dyes 
Lace  or  Thong 
Woodcraft  Buttons 
Handicraft  Stunts 
Miscellaneous 

Spoons 

Bird  Boxes 

Sparrow  Proof  Bird  Bozea 
Krots 

nazes  and  Signs 
Blazes 

Stone  Signs 

Grass  and  Twig  Signs 

Smoke  Signals 

Siganis  by  Shots 
How  to  Raise  Money 


CHAPTER  m 


WOODLORE  AND  HANDICRAFT 
Bdible  Wild  PUmte 

No  one  truly  knows  the  woods  until  he  can  find  with  certainty  a 
number  of  wild  plants  that  furnish  good  food  for  man  in  the  sea- 
son when  food  is  scarce;  that  is,  in  the  winter  or  early  spring. 

During  summer  and  autumn  there  is  always  an  abundance 
of  familiar  nuts  and  berries,  so  that  we  mav  rule  them  out, 
and  seek  only  for  edible  plants  and  roots  that  are  available 
when  nuts  and  berries  are  not. 

Rock  Tripe.  The  most  wonderful  of  all  is  probably  t^  green- 
ish-black rock  tripe,  found  on  the  bleakest,  highest  rocks  in  the 
northern  parf  i  of  this  continent.  There  is  a  wonderful  display 
of  it  on  the  cliflFs  about  Mohonk  Lake,  in  the  Catskills.  Richard- 
son and  Franklin,  the  great  northern  explorers^  lived  on  it  for 
months.  It  must  be  very  carefully  cooked  or  it  produces 
cramps.  First  gather  and  wash  it  as  clear  as  possible  of  sand 
and  grit,  washing  it  again  and  again,  snipping  off  the  gritty 
parts  of  the  roots  where  it  held  onto  the  mother  rock.  Then 
roast  it  slowly  in  a  pan  till  dry  and  crisp.  Next  boil  it  for  one 
hour  and  serve  it  either  hot  or  cold.  It  looks  like  thick  gumbo 
soup  with  short  thick  jiieces  of  black  and  green  leaves  in  it 
It  tastes  a  little  like  tapioca  with  a  slight  flavoring  of  licorice. 
On  some  it  acts  as  a  purge.  • 

Basswood  Browse  or  Buds.  As  a  child  I  ate  these  raw  in 
quantities,  as  did  also  most  of  my  young  friend^,  but  they  will 
be  found  the  better  for  cooking.  They  are  particularly  good  and 
large  in  the  early  spring.  The  inmost  bark  also  has  food  value, 
but  one  must  disfigure  die  tree  to  get  that,  so  we  leave  it  out. 

Slippery  Elm.  The  same  r»^"iarks  apply  to  the  buds  and  inner 
bark  of  the  slippery  elm.  They  are  nutritious,  acceptable  food, 
especially  when  cooked  with  scraps  of  meat  or  fruit  for  flavor- 
ing. Furthermore,  its  flowers  come  out  in  the  sprmg  before 
the  leaves,  and  produce  very  early  in  t  :eason  great  quantities 
of  seed  which  are  like  little  nuts  in  tue  middle  of  a  nearly  cir- 
cular wing.   These  ripen  by  the  tune  the  leaves  are  half  grown 

197 


xgS  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


and  have  always  been  an  important  article  of  food  among  the 
wild  things. 

Many  Indian  irihcs  used  to  feed  durinp  famine  times  on  the 
inner  bark  of  cedar  and  white  birch,  as  well  as  on  the  inner  bark 
of  the  slippery  ehn  and  basswood,  but  these  cannot  be  got  with- 
out  injury  to  the  tree,  so  omit  them. 

When  the  snow  is  off  the  ground  the  plants  respond  quickly, 
and  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  all  the  earliest  flowers  come  up  from 
big,  fat  roots. 

A  plant  can  spring  up  quickly  in  summer,  gathering  the 
material  of  growth  from  the  air  and  soil,  but  a  plant  comiug 
up  in  the  early  spring  is  doing  business  at  a  time  when  it  cannot 
get  support  from  its  surroundings,  and  cannot  keep  on  unless  it 
has  stored  up  capital  from  the  summer  before.  This  is  the  logic 
of  the  storehouse  in  the  ground  for  these  early  comers. 

Wapato.  One  of  the  earliest  is  wapato,  or  duck  potato,  also 
called  common  Arrowleaf,  or  Sagittaria.  It  is  found  in  low, 
swampy  flats,  especially  those  tnat  are  under  water  for  pci  t  of 
the  year.  Its  root  is  about  as  big  as  a  walnut  and  is  good  fuod, 
cooked,  or  raw.  These  roots  are  not  at  the  point  idiere  the 
leaves  come  out  but  at  the  ends  of  the  long  roots. 

Bog  Potato.  On  the  drier  banks,  ususdly  yrhtte  the  sedge 
begins  near  a  swamp,  we  find  the  bog  p)otato,  or  Indian  p>otato. 
The  plant  is  a 'slender  vine  with  three,  five,  or  seven  leaflets  in 
a  group.  On  it'^  -oots  in  spring  are  from  one  to  a  dozen  potatoes, 
varying  from  an  inch  to  three  inches  in  diameter.  They  taste 
like  a  cross  between  a  peanut  and  a  raw  potato,  and  are  very 
good  cooked  or  raw. 

Indian  Cucumber.  In  the  dry  wooo-  one  is  sure  to  see  the 
pretty  umbrella  of  the  Indian  cucumber.  Its  root  is  white  and 
crisp  and  tastes  somewhat  like  a  cucumber,  is  one  to  four  inches 
long,  and  good  food  raw  or  boiled. 

Calopogon.  This  plant  looks  like  a  kind  of  grass  with  an  onion 
for  a  root,  but  it  does  not  taste  of  onions  and  is  much  sought 
after  by  wild  animals  and  wild  people.  It  is  found  in  low  or 
marshy  places. 

Ilog  Peanuts.  In  the  early  sp 'ing  this  plant  will  be  found  to 
have  a  large  nut  or  fruit,  buried  i  nder  the  leaves  or  quite  under- 
ground in  the  dry  woods.  As  summer  goes  by  the  plant  uses 
up  this  capital,  but  on  its  roots  it  grows  a  lot  of  iilllc  nuts. 
These  are  rich  food,  but  very  small.  The  big  nut  is  about  an 
inch  long  and  the  little  ones  on  the  roots  are  any  size  up  to  that 
of  a  pea. 

Indian  Turnip  or  Jack-in-the-Pulpit.   This  is  well  known  to 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  199 


aoo  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


all  our  children  in  the  East.  The  root  is  the  most  burning,  acrid, 
horrible  thing  in  the  woods  when  raw,  but  after  cooking  becomes 
quite  pleasant  and  is  very  nutritious. 

Prairie  or  Iftdian  Turnip,  Bread-root  or  Pomme-blanche  of  the 
Prairie.  This  is  found  on  all  the  prairies  of  the  Missouri  region. 
Its  root  was  and  is  a  staple  article  of  food  with  the  Indians. 
The  roots  are  one  to  three  inches  thick  and  four  to  twelve  inches 
long. 

Solomon's  Seal.  The  two  Solomon's  Seals  (true  and  false)  both 
produce  roots  that  are  long,  bumpy  storehouses  of  food. 

Crinkle-root.  Every  school  child  in  the  country  digs  out  and 
eats  the  pleasant  peppery  crinkle-root.  It  abounds  in  the  rich, 
dry  woods. 

Mushrooms,  Fungi,  or  Toadstools 

We  have  in  America  about  two  thousand  different  kinds  of 
Mushrooms  or  Toadstools;  they  are  the  same  thing.  Of  these, 
probably  half  are  wholesome  and  delicious;  but  about  a  dozen 
of  them  are  deadly  poison. 

There  is  no  way  to  tell  them,  except  by  knowing  each  kind 
and  the  recorded  results  of  experience  with  each  kind.  The 
story  about  cooking  with  silver  being  a  test  has  no  foundation; 
in  fact,  the  best  way  for  the  Woodcraft  Boy  or  Girl  is  to  know ' 
definitely  u  dozen  dangerous  kinds  and  a  score  or  more  of  the 
wholesome  kinds  and  let  the  rest  alone. 

Sporeprint.  The  first  thing  in  deciding  the  nature  of  a  toad- 
stoll  is  the  sporeprint,  made  thus:  Cut  off  the  stem  of  the  toad- 
stool and  lay  the  gills  down  on  a  piece  of  gray  paper  under  a 
vessel  of  any  kind.  After  a  couple  of  hours,  lift  the  cap,  and 
"■adiating  lines  of  spores  will  appear  on  the  paper.  If  it  is 
desired  to  preserve  these,  the  paper  should  be  first  covered  with 
thin  mucilage.  The  color  of  these  spores  is  the  first  step  in 
identification. 

All  the  deadly  toadstools  have  white  spores. 

No  black-spored  toadstool  is  known  to  be  poisonous. 

Poisonous  Toadstools 

The  only  deadly  poisonous  kinds  are  the  Atnonitas.  Others 
may  p^irge  and  nauseate  or  cause  vomiting,  but  it  is  believed 
that  every  recorded  death  from  toadstool  poisoning  was  caused 
by  an  Amanita,  and  unfortunately  they  are  not  only  wide- 
spread and  abundant,  but  they  are  much  Uke  the  ordinary 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


201 


table  mushrooms.  They  have,  however,  one  or  t'vo  strong 
marks:  their  stalk  always  grows  out  of  a  "poisr^t  atf,"  which 
shows  either  as  a  cup  or  as  a  bidb;  they  have  whi'r  or  yellou.'  giUs, 
a  ring  around  the  stalk,  and  white  spores. 

Deadly  Toadstools 

All  the  deadly  toadstools  known  in  North  America  are  pic- 
tured on  the  plate,  or  of  the  types  shown  on  the  plate. 
The  Deadly  Amanita  may  be  brownish,  yellowish,  or  white. 
The  Yellow  Amanita  of  a  delicate  lemon  color. 


302  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

The  White  Amanita  of  a  pure  silvery,  shiny  white.  ^ 

The  Fly  Amanita  with  cap  pink,  brown,  yellow,  or  red  in  the 
centre,  shaded  mto  yellow  at  the  edge,  and  patched  with  frag- 
ments of  pure  white  veil. 

The  Frosty  Amanita  with  yellow  cap,  pale  cadmium  m 
centre,  elsewhere  yellowish  while,  with  white  patches  on  warts. 

All  are  very  variable  in  color,  etc. 

But  all  agree  in  these  things.  They  have  gills,  which  are 
white,  or  yellow,  a  ring  on  the  stalk,  a  cup  at  the  base,  whUe  spores, 
and  are  deadly  poison. 

In  Case  of  Poisoning 

If  by  ill  chance  any  one  has  eaten  a  poisonous  Amanita, 
the  effects  do  not  begin  to  show  till  sixteen  or  eighteen  hours 
afterward— that  is,  long  after  the  poison  has  passed  through 
the  stomach  and  begun  its  deadly  work  on  the  nerve  centres. 

Symptoms.  Vomiting  and  purging,  "the  discharge  from 
the  bowels  being  watery  with  small  flakes  suspended,  and 
sometimes  containing  blood,"  cramps  in  the  extremities.  The 
pulse  is  very  slow  and  strong  at  first,  but  later  weak  and  rapid, 
sometimes  sweat  and  saliva  pour  out.  Dizziness,  famtness, 
and  blindness,  the  skin  clammy,  cold,  and  bluish  or  hvid;  tem- 
perature low  with  dreadful  tetanic  convulsions,  and  fanaUy 
stupor.    (Mcllvaine  and  Macadam  p.  627.)  , 

Remedy  "Take  an  emetic  at  once,  and  send  for  a  physician 
with  instructions  to  bring  hypodermic  syringe  and  atropine 
sulphate.  The  dose  is  .  lo  a  grain,  and  doses  should  be 
continued  heroically  until  V(r  of  a  gram  is  admmistered,  or 
until,  in  the  physician's  opinion,  a  proper  quantity  has  been 
injected.  Where  the  victim  is  critically  ill  the  ^qoI^  gram 
may  be  administered."   (Mcllvaine  and  Macadam  XVn.) 

Wholesome  Toadstools 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  all  the  queer  freaks,  like  clubs 
and  corals,  the  cranks  and  tomfools,  in  droll  shapes  and  satanic 
colors  the  funny  poisonous  looking  Morels,  Inkcaps,  and  Boieti 
are  good  wholesome  food,  but  the  deadly  Amanitas  are  like 
ordinary  Mushrooms,  except  that  they  have  grown  a  Uttle 

thm,  delicate,  and  anaemic.  ,      .    •    ^       a  ♦».-* 

All  the  Puffballs  are  good  before  they  begin  to  puff,  that 
is  as  long  as  their  flesh  is  white  and  firm. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  203 

All  the  colored  coral  toadstools  are  good,  but  the  White 
Clavaria  is  said  to  be  rather  sickening. 

All  of  the  Morels  are  safe  and  delicious. 

So  also  is  InKV  Coprinus,  usually  found  on  manure  piles. 

The  Beefsteak  Mushroom  grows  on  stumps,  ci.  Jfly  chestnut. 
It  looks  like  raw  meat  and  bleeds  when  cut.   It  is  quite  good 

So  far  as  known  no  black-spored  toadstool  is  unwholesome. 
The  common  Mushroom  is  distinguished  by  its  general  shape. 


304  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

its  smell,  its  pink  or  brown  gills,  its  white  flesh,  brown  spores 
and  sohd  stem.  ' 

Mushroom  Growing 

(See  Article  on  "How  to  Raise  Money") 

Books  Recommended 

P  kH''5u'^t^°'^°''.?^  °'  New  York,  by  Charles  H.  Peck. 

Published  by  New  York  State  Museum,  Albany,  i8qs. 

V  ^  °'  C^'l^s  H-  Published  by  New 

York  State  Museum,  Albany,  1900.  ' 

v"^^!?!^?^"  ^S"*"'  W'"^  Marshall.  Published,  1902,  at  x\ew 
York  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  $3.50.  .       ,  xn^^w 

J™''^'     ^Icllvaine  &  Macadam.  $5.  Pub- 
lished by  the  BoLbs-MemU  Company  of  Indianapolis.  1902;  add  40  cmto 

Mushrooms,  by  G.  F.  Atkinson.    HoL  &  Co. 
01^^  MusHEooM,  by  M.  E.  Hard.  The  Ohio  Library  Company,  Columbus, 

White  Man's  Woodcraft 
or  Meataring  Weights  and  Distance 

Would  you  like  to  teU  a  dog's  height  by  its  track?  Then 
take  the  length  m  inches  of  his  forefoot  track,  multiply  it  by 
eight,  and  that  will  give  you  his  height  at  the  shoulder.  A 
little  dog  has  a  2i-inch  foot  and  stands  about  eighteen  inches- 
a  sheepdog  with  a  3-inch  track  measures  twenty-four  inches, 
and  a  mastiff  or  any  big  dog  with  a  4-inch  track  gives  thirty  to 
tnirty-two  inches. 

The  dog's  weight,  too,  can  be  judged  by  the  track.  Multiply 
his  forefoot  in  inches  by  the  length,  and  multiply 
that  by  five  and  you  wiU  have  a  pretty  close  estimate  of  h^ 
weight  m  pounds.   This,  of  course,  does  not  apply  to  freak  dogs. 

The  Height  of  Trees 

To  get  the  height  of  a  tree,  cut  a  pole  ten  feet  long.  Choosing 
the  smoothest  ground  A,  prop  the  pole  some  distance  from  the 
tree.  Lay  down  so  that  the  eye  B  is  level  with  the  tree  basp 
and  in  hne  with  the  top  of  the  pole  and  the  tree.  Mark  the 
spot  B  with  a  peg  and  measure  the  distance  from  the  pee  to 
the  foot  of  the  pole,  then  from  the  peg  to  the  foot  of  thVteee. 
Ihe  height  of  the  tree  wUl  be  found  by  the  formula:  the  distance 
between  the  peg  and  the  pole  is  to  the  height  of  the  pole  as 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


205 


the  distance  between  the  peg  and  the  tree  is  to  the  height  of 
the  tree  or  BA:  AC::  BE:X.  This  may  be  proved  by  selecting 
a  knot  on  the  tree  which  may  be  easily  climbed  to.  See  inside 
line. 


To  Measure  the  Distance  Across  a  Stream 

Drive  a  stake  at  H.  To  measure  distance  from  H  to  D 
cut  three  straight  poles  of  exactly  the  same  length  and  peg  them 
together  in  a  triangle.  Place  the  triangle  on  the  bank  at  A, 
B,  C,  aghting  the  line  A  B  for  the  spot  at  D,  and  put  three  pegs 


in  the  ground  exactly  under  the  three  pegs  where  the  triangle  is. 
Move  the  triangle  to  E  F  G  and  placing  it  so  that  F  G  should 
line  with  A  C,  and  E  G  with  D.  Now  A  G  D  almost  must 
be  an  equilateral  triangle;  therefore,  according  to  arithmetic, 
the  line  D  H  must  be  seven-deaths  of  A  G,  wbidi  can  of 
course  be  easily  messured. 


io6  Woodcnft  Manual  for  Girls 


To  Measure  Distance  Between  Two  Objects  at  a  Distance 

Cut  three  poles  six,  eight,  and  ten  feet  long  and  peg  them  to- 
gether m  a  triangle.  A,  B,  C  is  a  right  angle  according  to  the 
laws  of  mathematics  if  the  legs  of  the  triangle  are  six,  eight,  and 
ten.  Place  the  right  angle  on  the  shore,  the  side  A  B  pointing 
to  the  inner  side  of  the  first  object  D  (say  a  tree),  and  the  side 


B  C  as  nearly  as  possible  parallel  with  the  line  between  the 
two  trees.  Put  in  a  stake  at  B,  another  at  C,  and  continue  this 
hne  toward  K.  Now  slide  the  triangle  along  this  till  the  side 
O  l-  points  to  E,  and  the  side  H  G  is  in  line  with  C  B.  The 
distance  from  D  to  E,  of  course,  is  equal  to  B  G. 
See  "Two  Little  Savages,"  1903. 

Weather  Wisdom 

When  the  dew  is  on  the  grass, 
Rain  will  never  come  to  pass. 

When  the  gpiass  is  dry  at  night, 
Look  for  ram  before  the  light. 

When  grass  is  dry  at  morning  hght, 
Lode  for  rain  before  the  night. 

Three  days'  rain  will  empty  any  aky. 

A  deep,  clear  sky  of  fleckless  blue 
Breeds  storms  within  a  day  or  two. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


307 


When  the  wind  is  in  the  east, 
It's  good  for  neitlier  man  nor  beast. 
When  the  wind  is  in  the  north, 
TTie  old  folk  should  not  venture  forth. 
When  the  wind  is  in  the  south, 
It  blows  the  bait  in  the  fishes'  mouth- 
When  the  wind  is  in  the  west, 
It  is  of  all  the  winds  the  best. 

An  (^ning  and  a  shetting 
Is  a  sure  sign  of  a  wetting. 

(Another  version) 

Open  and  shet, 
Sure  sign  of  wet. 

(Still  another) 

It's  lighting  up  to  see  to  rain. 

Evening  red  and  morning  gray 
Sends  the  traveler  on  his  way. 
Evening  gray  and  morning  red 
Ses^  the  traveler  home  to  bed. 

Red  sky  at  morning,  the  shepherd  takes  warning; 
Red  sky  at  night  is  the  shepherd's  delight. 

If  the  sun  goes  down  cloudy  Friday,  sure  of  a  clear  Sunday. 
If  a  rooster  crows  standing  on  a  fence  cr  high  place,  it  will 
clear.   If  on  the  ground,  it  doesn't  count 

Between  eleven  and  two 

You  can  teU  what  the  weather  is  gomg  to  do. 

Rain  before  sevoi,  clear  before  eleven. 

Fog  in  the  morning,  bright  sunny  day. 
If  U  rains,  and  the  sun  is  sbming  at  the  same  time,  the  devil 
is  whipping  hb  wife  and  it  will  surely  rain  to-morrow. 
If  it  clears  off  during  the  night,  it  will  nin  agaui  ihortfy. 
Sun  drawing  mXtt,  stire  sign  (rf  nun. 


3o8  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

A  circle  round  the  moon  means  "storm."  As  many  stars 
as  are  in  circle,  so  many  days  before  it  will  rain. 

Sudden  heat  brings  thunder. 

A  storm  that  comes  against  the  wind  is  always  a  thunder- 
storm. 

The  oak  and  the  ash  draw  lightning.   Under  the  birch,  the 
cedar,  and  balsam  you  are  safe. 
East  wind  brings  rain. 

West  wind  brings  clear,  bright,  cool  weather. 

North  wind  brings  cold. 

South  wind  brings  heat.   (On  Atlantic  coast.) 

The  rain-crow  or  cuckoo  (both  species)  is  supposed  by  all 
hunters  to  foretell  rain,  when  its  "Kow,  kow,  kow"  is  lona 
and  hard.  * 

So,  also,  the  tree-frog  cries  before  rain. 
SwaUows  flying  low  is  a  sign  of  rain;  high,  of  clearing  weather. 
The  ram  foUows  the  wind,  and  the  heavy  blast  is  just  before 
the  shower. 

Outdoor  Proverbs 
^.  What  weighs  an  ounce  in  the  morning,  weighs  a  pound  at 

A  pint  is  a  pound  the  whole  world  round. 

Allah  reckons  not  against  a  man's  allotted  time  the  days 
he  spends  in  the  chase. 

If  there's  o^'y  one,  it  isn't  a  track,  it's  an  accident. 

Better  safe  than  sorry. 

No  smoke  without  fire. 

The  bluejay  doesn't  scream  without  reason. 

The  worm  don't  see  nuffin  pretty  'bout  de  robin's  somr.— 
(Darkey.)  ^ 

Ducks  flying  over  head  in  the  woods  are  geneiaUy  pointed 
for  water.  ' 

If  the  turtles  on  a  log  are  dry,  they  have  been  there  half  an 
hcjr  or  more,  which  means  no  one  has  been  near  to  alarm  them. 

Cobwebs  across  a  hole  mean  "nothing  inside." 

Whenever  you  are  trying  to  be  smart,  you  are  gomg  wrong. 
Smart  Aleck  always  comes  to  grief. 

You  are  safe  and  winning,  when  you  are  trying  to  be  kind. 

When  Lost  in  the  Woods 

vJ^  you  should  miss  your  way,  the  first  thing  to  remember  is 
like  the  Indian,  "You  are  not  lost;  it  is  the  teepee  that  is  lost." 


Tilings  to  Know  and  Do  209 

It  isn't  serious.   It  cannot  be  so,  unless  you  do  something 

The  first  and  most  natural  thmg  to  do  is  to  get  on  a  hill,  up 
a  tree,  or  other  high  lookout,  and  seek  for  some  landmark  near 
the  camp.   You  may  be  so  sure  of  these  things . 

You  are  not  nearly  as  far  from  camp  as  you  think  you  are. 

Your  friends  will  soon  find  you. 

You  can  help  them  best  by  signaling. 

The  worst  thing  you  can  do  is  to  get  frightened.  The  truly 
dangerous  enemy  is  not  the  cold  or  the  hunger,  so  much  as  the 
fear.  It  is  fear  that  robs  the  wanderer  of  his  judgment  and  of 
his  limb  power;  it  is  fear  that  turns  the  passing  experience  into  a 
final  tragedy.   Only  keep  cool  and  all  will  be  well. 

If  there  is  snow  on  the  ground,  you  can  follow  your  back 

track.  ,  L  cv  * 

If  you  see  no  landmark,  look  for  the  smoke  of  the  fire,  bhout 
from  time  to  time,  and  wait;  for  though  you  have  been  away 
for  hours  it  is  quite  possible  you  are  within  earshot  of  your 
friends.  If  you  happen  to  have  a  gun,  fire  it  off  twice  in  quick 
succession  on  your  high  lookout  then  wait  and  listen.  Do  this 
several  times  and  wait  plenty  long  enough,  perhaps  an  hour.  If 
this  brings  no  help,  send  up  a  distress  signal  —  that  is,  make  two 
smoke  fires  by  smothering  two  bright  fires  with  green  leaves  and 
rotten  wood,  and  keep  them  at  least  fifty  feet  apart,  or  the  wind 
will  confuse  them.  Two  shots  or  two  smokes  are  usually 
understood  to  nean  "I  am  in  trouble."  Those  in  camp  on  seeing 
this  should  s  nd  up  one  smoke,  which  means  "Camp  is 
here."  ^ 

In  a  word,  "keep  cool,  make  yourself  comfortable, 
leave  a  record  of  your  travek,  and  help  your  friends  to  find 
you." 


Indian  Tweezers 

Oftentimes,  a  camper  may  need  a  pair  of  tweezers  or  forceps 
to  pull  out  a  thorn  or  catch  some  fine  end.  If  he  happens  to  be 
without  the  real  thing,  he  can  supply  the  place  with  those  of 
Indian  style— these  are  simply  a  small  pair  of  clam-shells,  with 
edges  clean  and  hinge  unbroken. 

The  old-time  Indians  had  occasionally  a  straggly  beard. 
They  had  no  razor,  but  they  managed  to  do  without  one.  As  a 
part  of  their  toilet  for  special  occasion  they  pulled  out  each  hair 
hy  means  of  the  clam  shell  nippers, 


3X0  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

An  Indian  Clock,  Shadow  Clock,  or  Sundial 

To  make  an  Indian  shadt)w  clock,  or  sundial,  prepare  a  smooth 
board  about  fifteen  inches  across,  with  a  circle  divided  by  twenty- 

  four  rays  into  equal  parts. 

Place  it  on  a  level,  solid 
post  or  stump  in  the 
open.  At  night  set  the 
dial  so  that  the  twelve 
o'clock  line  points  ex- 
actly north,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  Pole  Star 
and  nail  it  down.  Then, 
fix  a  stick  or  pointer 
with  its  upper  edge  on 
the  ;ntre  and  set  it 
exa. .  :/  pointing  to  the 
Pole  Star  (a  b);  that  is, 
the  same  angle  as  the 


latitude  of  the  place,  and 
fix  it  there  immovably; 
it  may  be  necessary  to  cut 
a  notch  (c)  in  the  board 
to  permit  of  a  sight  line. 
The  hours  eig^t  at  ni^t 


to  four  next  morning  may  as  well  be  painted  black.  As  a  time- 
piece, this  shadow  clock  will  be  found  roughly  correct.*  The 
Indians  of  course  used  merely  the  shadow  of  a  tree,  or  the  sun 
streak  that  fell  on  the  lodge  floor  through  the  smoke  opening. 

The  Watch  as  a  Compass 

In  case  one  desires  to  locate  north  and  has  no  compass,  a  watch 
may  be  used. 

Point  the  hour  hand  to  the  sun.  In  the  morning,  halfway  be- 
tween the  outside  end  of  the  hour  hand  and  noon  is  due  south;  in 
the  afternoon,  one  must  reckon  halfway  backward;  for  instance, 
at  8  A.  M.,  point  the  hour  hand  to  the  sun  and  find  the  place  half- 
way to  noon.  It  will  be  at  lo,  which  is  due  south.  At  4  o'clock, 
pomt  the  hour  hand  at  the  sun  and  reckon  halfway,  and  the 
south  will  be  found  at  2  o'clock. 

The  reason  "halfway"  is  used  is  that,  while  the  sun  makes  a 


!To  mak*  s  mow  fdeatificaUy  accan4«  Svndid,  Me  CoUint, 


Thiogi  to  Know  tad  Do  an 

course  of  24  hours,  the  clock  makes  a  course  every  12  houw.  If 
our  timepieces  wtre  rational  and  had  a  face  showing  24  hours, 
the  hour  hand  pointed  to  the  sun  would  make  12  o'clock,  noon, 
silw&vs  south. 

If  the  sun  is  clouded  and  you  cannot  see  it,  get  into  a  clear  open 
space.  Hold  your  knife  point  upright  on  the  watch  dial,  and  it 
wjnTunless  the  clouds  are  very  heavy,  cast  a  faint  shadow,  show- 
ing where  the  sun  really  is. 

A  Homemade  Compass 

If  you  happen  to  have  a  magnet,  it  is  easy  to  make  a  compass. 
Rub  a  fine  needle  on  the  magnet;  then  on  the  side  of  your  nose. 
Then  lav  it  gently  on  the  surface  of  a  cup  full  of  water.  Ihe 
needle  wiU  float  and  point  north.  The  cup  must  not  be  of 
metal. 

Lights 

For  camp  use,  there  is  nothing  better  than  the  Stonebridge 
folding  lantern,  with  a  good  supply  of  candles.  A  temporary 
torch  can  readily  be  made  of  a  roll  of  birch  bark,  a  pine  knot,  or 
some  pine-root  slivers,  in  a  split  stick  of  green  wood. 

Hunter's  Lamp 

A  fairly  steady  light  can  be  made  of  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth 
or  twisted  rag,  stuck  in  a  clam-shell  lull  of  oil  or  melted  grease. 
An  improvement  is  easily  made  by  putting  the  cotton  wick 
through  a  hole  in  a  thin,  flat  stone,  which  sets  in  the  grease  and 
holds  the  wick  upright.  .1       t  u 

Another  improvement  is  made  by  usmg  a  tm  m  place  ot  the 
shell.  It  makes  a  steadier  lamp,  as  well  as  a  much  larger  h^t. 
This  kind  of  a  lamp  enjoys  wide  use  and  has  some  queer  names, 
such  as  slot-lamp,  grease-jet,  hunter's  lamp,  etc.  (See  Cut  on 
next  page.) 

Woodman's  Lantern 

When  nothing  better  iS  at  hand,  a  woodman's  lantern  can 
be  made  of  a  tomato  can.  Make  a  big  hole  in  the  bottom  for 
the  candle,  and  punch  the  sides  full  of  small  holes,  prefer- 
ably from  the  inside  If  you  have  a  wire  to  make  a  hanger, 
well  and  good;  if  not,  you  can  carry  it  by  the  bottom.  This 
lets  out  enough  light  and  will  not  go  out  in  the  wind.   If  you 


-  •  .■■.■sp\Jsl-f!: 


212  Woodcnft  ManiMl  for  Oiris 


want  to  set  it  down,  you  must  make  a  hole  in  the  ground  for  the 
candle,  or  if  on  a  table,  set  it  on  two  blocks.   (Cut  on  this  page.) 
Another  style  is  described  in  a  recent  letter  from  Hamlin 

Garland: 

"Apropos  of  improved  camp  lights,  I  had  a  new  one  'sprung 
on  me,'  this  summer:  A  forest  ranger  and  I  were  visiting  a 
miner,  about  a  mile  from  our  camp.  It  came  on  dark,  pitch 
dark,  and  when  we  started  home,  we  couM  not  foUow  the  trail. 


JLiU  for  hJiflti* 


0  Mo 

"     M  rot 


It  was  windy  as  well  as  dark,  and  matches  did  very  little  good. 
So  back  we  went  to  the  cabin.  The  ranger  then  picked  up  an 
old  tomato  can,  punched  a  hole  in  the  side,thrt<)t  a  candle  up 

through  the  hole,  lighted  it,  and  took  the  can  b,  ae  disk  which 
had  been  cut  from  the  top.  The  whole  thing  was  now  a  boxed 
light,  shining  ahead  like  a  searchlight,  and  the  wind  did  not 

affect  it  at  all!  I've  been  camping,  as  you  know,  for  thirty 
years,  but  this  little  trick  was  new  to  me.  Perhaps  it  is  new  to 
you."   H.  G. 

Still  another  style,  giving  a  l)Ctter  light,  is  made  by  heating 
an  ordinary  clear  glass  quart  bottle  pretty  hot  in  the  fire,  then 
dii^ing  the  bottom  part  in  cold  water;  this  causes  the  bottom 
o  crack  off.   The  candle  is  placed  in  the  neck,  flamie  in*^, 
and  the  bottle  neck  sunk  in  the  ground, 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


Knift  and  Hatehtt  or  WUtdinc  and  Choppinf 

If  I  were  marooned  on  an  idand  or  left  alone  in  the  wilderness, 
and  had  thechoice  of  but  one  weapon  to  take  along,  I  should  take 
a  good  knife.    If  I  were  allowed  two,  the  second  would  be  a 

hatchet.  ,  ,     ^.  ,  ,  , 

With  those  two  one  can  make  most  of  the  things  needed  for 
securing  food  or  building  shelters. 

The  Northern  Indians  are  probably  the  best  whii  tiers  in  the 
world.  They  use  a  curious  curved  knife  called  the  crooked  knife. 
It  is  made  of  an  old  file  curled  up  at  the  point  so  it  can  cut  a 
narrow  groove.  With  such  a  knife  a  Chipcwyan  Indian  can 
make  bow,  arrows,  traps,  snowshoes,  canoe  ,  and  wigwam— as  well 
as  clothing,  his  whole  outfit  complete;  a  jjood  crodced  knife, 
therefore,  u  a  fair  start  in  life  fw  an  industrious  Indian. 


SnlM  for  Uaing  a  Knife 

In  whittling,  (dways  assume  thai  the  knife  is  going  to  slip,  there- 
fore, arrange  so  it  can  do  no  damage  when  it  does  slip. 

For  this  reason,  it  is  usual  to  make  a  beginner  whittle  away 
from  himself,  but  that  is  not  always  safe.  Indeed,  all  the  best 
whittlers  in  the  world,  including  Northern  Indians,  Farriers, 
Wagonmakers,  etc.,  whittle  toward  tkemsdves,  with  the  hand  held 
pahn  up,  the  knife  blade  at  the  little  finger  side,  using  the  pull 
of  the  arm  instead  of  the  push,  thereby  getting  more  power  and 
better  control.  But  this  is  sure,  you  diould  never  wMtfe  tofward 
the  hand  that  is  hold'  ig  the  wood. 

Always  keep  your  knife  sharp.  It  is  a  sign  of  a  tenderfoot 
to  have  a  dull  kmf  e,  and  of  a  tramed  woodcralter  to  have  a  keen 
one. 

To  keep  a  knife  sharp,  it  must  be  a  good  piece  of  steel  and  you 
must  know  how  to  shaJTJen  it.  The  only  way  to  get  a  good 
blade  is  to  go  to  a  good  maker  and  pay  a  good  price.  The  fancy 
knives  that  are  corkscrew,  tciolchest,  bootjack,  and  whistle  all 
combined,  are  seldom  of  good  sleel. 

Old-timers  prefer  a  j£;/«7e-handled  knife  as  it  is  more  readily 
found  if  dropped  on  the  ground  or  in  the  water. 

The  blade  cannot  be  kept  in  good  condition  if  used  for  any- 
thing but  a  wood  cutter.  Therefore,  do  not  cut  nails,  metal,  or 
softwood  knots  (especially  hemlock  knots)  with  it. 

Never  stick  the  blade  m  Uie  fire.  That  would  draw  the  tem- 
per and  sp(»l  the  knife. 


2X4  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Do  noi  abuse  your  knife  by  usbg  it  for  a  hanuner,  wedge, 

screwdriver,  or  pry. 

Carry  a  little  whetstone  or  else  a  small  file  to  keep  your  knife 
in  good  shape. 

A  pocket  or  shut-up  knife  is  the  only  style  worth  carrymg. 
The  hunting  knife  or  dagger  has  not  enough  use  to-day  to  make 
it  worth  while. 

It  is  a  proof  of  a  good  whittler  if  one  can  make  half  a  dozen 
firelighters  ir^  succession.  A  firelighter  or  fuzz-stick  (see  illus- 
tration) is  a  stick  of  soft  wood  about  an  inch  thick  or  six  or 
eight  inches  through,  shaved  into  thin  slivers  which  are  still  on 
the  stick;  that  is,  are  one  solid  piece  at  one  end  and  all  thin 
slivers  at  the  other.  This  can  only  be  done  if  you  have  a  sharp, 
strong  knife,  a  well-selected  piece  of  soft  wood  without  knots 
in  it,  and  a  steady  hand.  Provided  the  wood  is  good,  the  fire- 
lighter is  perfect  if  not  a  sliver  is  loose  or  drops  off. 

Use  of  Hatchet 

A  good  camper  is  known  by  his  hatchet;  if  it  is  always  diarp, 
and  kept  muzzled  when  travelling,  the  owner  knows  his  business. 

Most  of  the  knife  rules  apply  equally  to  the  hatchet. 

Never  try  to  break  a  stone  with  a  hatchet  or  let  the  hatchet 
be  drivoi  into  a  log  by  striking  its  back  with  another  hatchet  or 
anything  of  metal;  use  a  wooden  maul  if  it  is  necessary  to  drive 
the  hatchet,  as  in  splitting  a  stick. 

If  you  are  going  to  hew  a  piece  of  timber  with  a  hatchet, 
always  draw  a  line  first  to  guide  you. 

If  you  are  going  to  point  a  stake,  make  it  a  four-sided  point, 
cutting  sides  No.  i  and  No.  3,  No.  2  and  No.  4;  so  that  finally 
at  any  cross-section  of  the  point  it  will  be  square. 

It  is  a  sure  sign  of  inexperience  when  a  camper  throws  his 
hatchet  at  trees,  etc.,  to  see  if  he  can  make  it  stick.  Broken 
blades,  broken  handles,  and  injured  trees  are  the  inevitable  re- 
sult, with  the  large  possibility  of  serious  accident. 


Use  of  the  Axe 

The  hatchet  has  long  been  the  emblem  of  George  Washington, 
in  allusion  to  the  incident  of  the  cherr>'  tree.  So  also  the  axe  has 
become  an  «nblem  of  Abraham  Lincohi,  the  back  woodsman,  the 
railsplitter,  the  typical  American,  who  used  the  axe  to  carve  his 
home  out  of  the  wilderness. 

I  think  that  the  axe  might  well  be  the  embkm  of  America,  te 


az6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


it  was  composed  originally  of  the  finest  metal  that  Europe  could 
supply,  combined  with  a  handle  of  the  finest,  toughest  stuff 
that  America  could  grow  ;  and  thus  became  the  best  weapon  ever 
wielded  by  man  for  subduing  the  wilderness. 

Most  of  the  instructions  for  use  of  the  hatchet  apply  equally 
to  the  axe;  but  the  axe  chiefly  is  used  for  cutting  down  trees 
and  cutting  up  logs. 

To  cut  down  a  large  tree  with  an  axe,  first  clear  a  space  around 
so  you  have  firm  footing  and  no  limbs  are  left  to  catch  the  axe 
as  it  swings.  Now  begin  by  cutting  the  notch  A  (see  illustration) 
at  a  convenient  height,  on  the  side  to  which  you  would  throw  the 
tree. 

Then  split  out  the  big  chips  B  A  by  strokes  at  B.  Continue 
the  operation  until  you  reach  C  D.  Then  stop  and  cut  in  the 
notch  E.   Resume  cutting  at  C  D  until  the  tree  falls. 

The  notch  E  is  never  made  on  the  level  with  D  or  lower,  be- 
cause then  the  butt  of  the  tree  might  shoot  backward  as  the  tree 
falls  and  kill  the  woodsman;  also,  the  upright  part  left  standing 
between  E  and  D  prevents  the  tree  faUing  the  wrong  way. 
When  it  matters  little  which  way  the  tree  goes,  the  notch  iS  made 
much  lower. 

If  the  tree  leans  much  the  wrong  way,  you  can  push  it  over  by 
guide  or  spring  poles.  Thus  the  tree  F  is  leaning  to  the  east, 
but  a  strong  brace  planted  at  G  will  make  it  fall  to  the  south,  if 
you  cut  the  tree  chiefly  on  the  south  side  and  leave  the  last 
uncut  fibres  of  wood  to  nm  east  and  west,  so  they  act  as  a  hinge. 

This  hinge  is  very  important  at  times.  In  the  section  H  the 
tree  may  be  inclined  to  fall  toward  I,  but  it  is  easiest  to  bend  the 
hinge  at  right  angles  to  its  main  length  so  the  angle  of  the  hmge 
will  throw  it  toward  J,  if  there  is  no  wind  and  the  tree  does  not 
lean  too  much. 

Another  well-known  device  is  the  spring  pole.  To  make  sure 
of  the  tree  K  falling  toward  L,  put  in  a  spring  pole  M,  as  long 
and  as  heavy  as  you  can  manage,  force  it  in  and  have  it  bent 
down  so  that  it  is  pushing  against  the  tree.  In  some  cases,  sev- 
eral of  these  poles  are  put  in.  Two  are,  of  course,  twice  as 
powerful  as  one,  and  wnen  the  tree  is  cut  at  the  L  ade,  the 
poles  push  it  that  way. 

These  were  very  familiar  woodsman's  tricks  in  my  young  days, 
but  they  are  now  largely  displaced  by  the  saw.  The  plan  being 
to  notch  the  tree  at  N,  then  saw  it  in  at  O  until  large  iron  wedges 
may  be  driven  in  behind  the  saw  as  it  sinks  into  the  trunk,  and 
the  tree  is  mevitably  thrown  toward  N,  usually  in  a  line  at  rij^t 
angks  to  the  cut  of  the  saw. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


317 


A  clever  woodsman  can  throw  a  tree  so  exactly  where  he  wants 
it  that  he  can  make  it  drive  a  given  stake. 

A  good  axeman  can  fell  a  six-inch  tree  in  a  minute. 

When  one  is  cutting  a  sapling,  it  helps  greatly  if  the  tree  be 
bent  over,  then  one  blow  of  the  axe  on  the  bulge  of  the  bend  will 
usually  cut  it  off,  whereas  a  dozen  might  be  needed  if  the  tree 
were  not  pulled  over  first. 

To  cut  a  large  log  on  the  ground,  the  axeman  stands  on  it  and 
cuts  between  his  wide-spread  feet;  cutting  half  through  each  side 
and  keeping  the  kerfs  or  cuts  plumb,  P  Q  (see  illustration). 
If  it  were  cut  through  entirely  from  one  side  as  at  R,  the  labor 
would  be  double,  because  fully  twice  as  much  wood  must  then 
be  removed. 

For  a  small  log,  it  is  easier  to  stand  on  the  ground  and  cut 
more  nearly  on  the  upper  side  till  halfway  through,  then  roll  the 
log  half  over  and  make  the  other  cut. 

A  Waterpnxrf  Shdter  of  Wildemeu  Sti^ 

If  you  have  plenty  of  spruce,  balsam,  or  hemlock  boughs  avail* 
able  to  furnish  a  roof  thatch,  it  is  easy  to  make  a  lean-to.  This 
consists  of  a  frame  of  poles  bound  with  roots  of  spruce  or  tamarac, 
or  else  the  inner  bark  of  the  elm,  tamarac,  leatherwood,  or  pignut 
hickory.    (See  A  in  illustration). 

Begin  at  the  bottom  and  cover  them  with  the  boughs  cut 
twenty  or  thirty  inches  long  and  each  one  attached  to  the  poles  at 
D  in  the  illustration. 

If  you  chance  to  have  an  abundance  of  birch  bark,  it  is  yet 
simpler.  Cut  the  birch  bark  as  large  as  possible  and  insert  a  row 
of  sheets  at  the  bottom,  brown  side  up,  overlapping  at  the  up- 
and-down  jrints  mstead  of  setting  the  bark  pieces  side  by  side  as 
in  shingling.  The  top  rev  may  need  extra  binding  jxjles  to  hold 
the  bark  sheets  down  (XX  in  B ) .  These  poles  are  bound  at  their 
ends  to  the  ends  of  the  poles  below  them. 

If  grass  or  rushes  are  used,  tie  it  in  bundles  and  put  on  as  with 
boughs.  Sometimes  the  grass  bundles  are  lashed  separately  to 
the  upper  sides  of  the  poles  with  root  or  bark  bindings. 

If  one  happens  to  have  a  supply  of  clay  handy,  a  first-class  clay 
roof  can  be  made.  Make  the  structure  very  strqng  with  cross 
poles  so  close  side  by  side  that  they  touch  each  other.  On  them 
lay  a  few  inches  of  grass,  and  covor  all  with  the  day  hammered 
smooth. 

In  each  case,  the «  ds  may  be  filled  up  with  the  same  material 
as  the  TO(A. 


3X8 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


A  fire  in  front  makes  of  it  a  very  comfortable  dwellmg. 

In  rough,  hasty  work,  the  lashing  of  the  poles  is  dispensed  with ; 
the  poles  being  held  in  place  by  knots  left  projecUng  on  the  two 
main  end  supports.  This  ajiswers  for  the  clay  or  the  bough  roof, 
but  will  not  do  for  birch  bark  or  other  shinghng. 


?/a.T>  of 


StmtTimts 
&.fttr1ht  bivK  IS  on 


/"y/f/iTi'i "' 


Camp  Loom  and  Gimss  Mats 

The  chief  use  of  the  camp  loom  is  to  weavf;  mats  for  the  beds 
of  grass,  straw,  hay,  or,  best  of  aU,  sedge.   I  have  made  it  thus: 

A  3-foot  cross-bar  A  is  fast  to  a  small  tree,  and  seven  feet 
away,  even  stakes  are  drivoi  into  the  ground  8  mdies  j^)art,  each 
3  feet  out  of  the  ground.  ,     .  ,      ^      ^  u 

Five  stout  cords  are  tied  to  each  stick,  and  to  the  cross-bf  r, 
keeping  them  parallel.   Then,  between  each  on  the  cross-bar 
is  attached  another  cord  (four  in  all)  the  far  end  of  which 
made  fast  to  a  loose  cro8»-bar,B.     .     ^  .    ,  . 

One  person  raises  the  loose  cross-bar  B,  while  another  layta 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


219 


long  bundle  of  grass  tight  in  the  corner  C.  Then  B  is  lowered 
to  D,  and  another  roll  of  grass  or  sedge  is  tucked  in  on  the  under 
side  <rf  the  stake  cords.   Thus  the  bundles  are  laid  one  above 


and  one  below,  until  the  mat  is  of  the  required  length.  The 
cords  are  then  fastened,  the  cross-bars  removed,  and  the  mat, 
when  dried,  makes  a  fine  bed.  When  added  to  the  willow  bed,  it 
is  pure  luxury;  but  lawful,  because  made  of  wildwood  material. 


Navajo  Loom 

A  profitable  amusement  in  camp  is  weaving  rugs  or  mats 
of  inner  bark,  rags,  etc.,  on  a  rough  Navajo  loom.  ^ 

The  crudest  kind,  one  which  can  be  made  in  an  hour,  is  illus- 
trated on  next  page.  I  have  found  it  quite  satisfactory  for 
weaving  rough  mats  or  rugs.  A  and  B  are  two  trees  or  posts. 
C  is  the  cross  piece.  D  is  the  upper  yam-beam,  WTai^)cd  its 
whole  length  with  a  spiral  cord.  E  is  the  lower  yam-beam, 
similarly  wrapped.  F  F  are  stout  cords  to  carry  the  frame 
while  the  warp  is  being  stretched  between  the  yam-beams. 
G  G  is  a  log  hung  on  for  weight.  HH  is  a  round  stick  fast- 
ened between  the  yams,  odds  on  one  side,  evens  on  the  other, 
to  hold  the  yams  open  until  the  rug  is  aU  done,  but  about  «ie- 
inch  '"hen  it  is  drawn  out. 

Now,  with  a  needle,  the  yams  or  strings  for  the  warp  are 
stretched  from  one  yarn-beam  to  another,  as  a  continuous  strmg. 
The  exact  method  is  shown  on  a  larger  scale  in  the  upper  figure 
II.  The  batten  or  spreader  J  is  a  piece  of  light  wood  two 


220  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

inches  wide  and  one-half  inch  thick,  with  sauare  edges,  but 
thin,  sharp  point,  and  about  as  long  as  the  yam-beani. 

Now,  we  are  ready  to  begin.  Run  the  batten  between  the 
yams  under  the  sticks  H  H.  Then  drop  it  to  the  bottom  and 
turn  it  flatwise,  thus  spreading  the  yams  apart  in  two  rows.  Lay 
a  line  of  soft  bark,  rags,  or  other  woof  in  this  q)ening  on  top  of 


the  batten,  making  sure  that  it  projects  a  couple  of  m^es  at 
each  end.  Double  these  long  ends  around  the  strong  cords  FF 
then  back  along  themselves.  Now  draw  out  the  spreading  bat- 
ten and  press  the  woof  down  light.  .1.^*1. 

Run  the  batten  through  alternate  threads  again,  but  the 
reverse  way  of  last,  and  this  time  it  goes  more  slowly  for  the  lack 
of  a  guide  rod.*   Lay  a  new  line  of  woof  as  above.    vVhen  the 

•This  is  done  much  more  quickly  by  help  of  a  heald-rcd,  that  is,  a  hori- 
tontal  stick  as  wide  as  the  blanket,  with  every  other  strand  of  the  warp 
loosely  looped  to  It  by  *  rumuM  cord  near  the  too.  When  th«  rod  is  pdle^ 
forward  it  reverses  the  setdtht  thmds  and  aUows  the  b»tt»  to  drq)  in 
at<Hice. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  aaz 

rug  is  all  finished,  except  the  top  inch  or  more,  draw  out  the  rod 
H  H  and  fill  the  warp  to  the  top. 

Finally  cut  and  draw  out  the  spiral  cords  on  each  yarn-beam. 
This  frees  the  rug,  which  is  finished,  excepting  for  trim  and  bind- 
ing, when  such  are  desired. 

Those  who  want  full  details  of  the  best  Navajo  looms  and 
methods  will  find  them  in  Dr.  Washington  Matthew's  article 
on  Navajo  Weavers,  3d  Annual  Report,  Bur.  of  Ethnology, 
1881-2.   Wasjiington  1884. 

Cuof  Rtke 


A  camp  rake  is  made  of  forked  branches  of  oak,  beech,  hick- 
ory, or  other  hard  wood,  thus:  Cut  a  handle  an  inch  thick  B  C 


and  4  feet  long,  of  the  shape  shown.  Flatten  it  on  each  side  of  A , 

and  make  a  gimlet-hole  through.  Now  cut  ten  branches  of  the 
shape  D  £,  each  about  20  inches  long.  Flatten  them  at  the  E 
end,  and  make  a  gimlet-hole  through  each.  Fasten  all  together, 
5  on  each  side  of  the  handle,  as  in  F,  with  a  long  nail  or  strong 
wire  through  all  the  holes;  then,  with  a  cord,  lash  them  together, 
spacing  them  by  putting  the  cord  between.  Sharpen  the  point* 
of  the  teeth,  and  your  rake  is  ready. 

Camp  Broom 

There  are  two  ways  of  making  a  camp  broom.  First,  the 
twig  broom.  This  is  easily  made  as  follows:  Cut  a  handle 
an  inch  thick,  and  shape  it  to  a  shoulder,  as  in  A  B  C.  Lash 
on  birdi  or  other  fine  twigs,  one  layer  at  a  time,  until  sufiKciently 


222  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


thick,  as  D  E.  Now  at  F,  put  a  final  lashing  of  cord.  This 
draws  the  broom  together,  and  binds  it  firmly  to  the  handle. 
Trim  the  ends  even  with  the  axe,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

The  other  style  is  the  backwoods  broom.  This  was  usually 
made  of  blue-beech  or  hickory.  A  4-foot  piece  of  a  4-inch  green 
trunkis  best.  Shavings  xSindies  long  are  cut  down,  left  attached 


at  J,  and  bent  back  over  the  end  until  there  is  a  bunch  of  them 
thick  enough;  when  they  are  bound  together  with  a  cord  and 
appear  as  in  K.  Now  thin  down  the  rest  of  the  handle  L  M, 
and  the  broom  needs  only  a  little  drying  out  to  be  finished. 


Rubbing-stick  Fire 

I  have  certainly  made  a  thousand  fires  with  rubbing-sticks, 
and  have  made  at  least  five  hundred  different  experiments. 
So  far  as  I  can  learn,  my  own  record  of  thirty-one  seconds  from 
taking  the  sticks  to  having  the  fire  ablaze  is  the  world's  record,* 
and  I  can  safely  promise  this:  That  every  one  who  will  follow 
the  instructions  I  now  give  will  certainly  succeed  in  nuJung  a 
rubbing-stick  fire. 

Take  a  piece  of  dry,  sound,  balsam-fir  wood  (or  else  cedar, 
cypress,  tamarac,  basswood,  or  cottonwood,  in  order  of  choice) 
and  make  of  it  a  drill  and  a  block,  thus: 


nkfe  wu  wriUn  tea       ifD;  ifaoe  tte  the  iKotd  hM  Imm  npMttOjr  Imnd 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


Jli3 


Drill.  Five-eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  twelve  to  fifteen  inches 
long;  roughly  rounded,  sharpened  at  each  end  as  in  the  cut 

(cut  I  a).  . ,    .        .  ,       .  1 

Block,  or  board,  two  inches  wide,  six  or  eight  inches  long,  live- 
eighths  of  an  inch  thick.  In  this  block,  near  one  end,  cut  a  side 
notch  one-half  an  inch  deep,  wider  on  the  under  side;  and  near 
its  end  half  an  inch  from  the  edge  make  a  Utile  hollow  or  pit 
in  the  top  of  the  block,  as  in  the  illustration  (cut  i  b). 


X.  Tods  For  Fliemskiag 

Tinder.  For  tinder  use  a  wad  of  fine,  soft,  very  dry,  d^d 
grass  mixed  with  shredded  cedar  barit,  Inrch  bark,  or  cvw.  cedar 
wood  scraped  into  a  soft  mass. 

Bow.  Make  a  bow  of  any  heat  stick  two  feet  long,  with  a 
strong  buckskin  or  belt-lacing  thong  on  it  (cut  i  c). 

Socket.  Finally,  you  need  a  socket.  This  simple  little  thing 
is  made  in  many  different  ways.  Sometimes  I  use  a  pine  or 
hemlock  knot  with  a  pit  one-quarter  inch  deep,  made  by  boring 
with  the  knife  point.  But  it  is  a  great  help  to  have  a  good  one 
made  of  a  piece  of  smooth,  hard  stone  or  marble,  set  in  wood; 
the  stone  or  marble  having  in  it  a  smooth,  round  pit  three-eighths 
inch  wide  and  three-eighths  inch  deep.  The  one  I  use  most 
was  made  by  the  Eskimo.  A  view  of  the  under  side  is  shown  in 
cut  I  (fig.  d). 

Now  we  are  ready  to  make  the  fire: 

Under  the  notch  in  the  fire-block  set  a  thin  chip. 

Turn  the  leather  thong  of  the  bow  once  around  the  drill: 
the  thong  should  now  be  quite  tight.  Put  one  point  of  the 
drill  into  the  pit  of  the  block,  and  on  the  upper  end  put  the 
socket,  which  is  held  in  the  left  hand,  with  the  top  of  the  drill 
in  the  hole  of  the  stone  (as  in  cut  2).  Hold  the  left  wrist 
against  the  left  shin,  and  the  left  foot  on  the  fire-block.  Now, 
draw  die  right  hand  back  and  forth  steadily  on  level  and  the 


224  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


full  length  of  the  bow.  This  causes  the  drill  to  twirl  in  the  pit. 
Soon  it  bores  in,  grinding  out  powder,  which  presently  begins 
to  smoke.  When  there  is  a  great  volume  of  smoke  from  a  grow- 
ing pile  of  black  powder,  you  know  that  you  have  the  spark. 
Cautiously  lift  the  block,  leaving  the  smoking  powder  on  the 
chip.  Fan  this  with  your  hand  till  the  live  coal  appears. 
Now,  put  a  wad  of  the  tinder  gently  on  the  spark;  raise  the 
chip  to  a  convenient  height,  and  blow  till  it  bursts  into  flame. 
N.  B.   (i)  Tfte  notch  must  reach  tJte  middle  oj  Uie  fife-pit. 


r 

.1 

(J 

3.  Ready  to  make  fire 


(2)  You  must  hold  the  drill  steadily  uprieht,  and  cannot 
do  so  without  bracing  the  left  wrist  against  the  left  shin,  and 
having  the  block  on  a  firm  foundation. 

(3)  You  must  begin  lightly  and  slowly,  pressing  heavily 
and  sawing  fast  after  there  is  smoke. 

(4)  If  the  fire  does  not  come,  it  is  because  you  have  not  followed 
these  instructions. 

Drum 

While  an  ordinary  bought  drum  does 
very  well  for  dancing,  some  tribes  nxake 
their  own,  using  a  section  of  a  hollow 
tree  (or  in  some  cases  a  small  barrel) 
covered  with  untanned  calf  skin.  It  is 
soaked  till  soft,  scraped  clear  of  hair,  and 
tightly  stretched  over  each  end  of  the  hol- 
low log.   As  it  dries,  it  shrinks  and  be-  rhtintt.x^  :>>.m. 


ThJoft  to  Know  and  Do  aag 

comes  very  tense,  giving  a  good  drum  wund.  Usually  it  b 
tuned  up  ty  warming  at  the  fire  before  use. 

The  Woodcraft  WiUow  Bed 

The  only  bed  I  know  of  which  is  light,  portable,  woodcrafty, 
made  of  wildwood  stuff  that  can  be  got  anywhere,  and  costing 
nothing  but  a  little  labor,  is  the  willow  or  prairie  bed  used  by 
all  the  Plains  Indians. 

This  is  how  it  is  made:  On  your  first  short  hUte  to  the  coun- 
try go  to  some  stream  bank  or  swamp,  and  cut  about  seventy 
straight  rods  of  red  willow  (kinnikinik),  gray  willow,  arrow-wood, 
or  any  straight  shoots,  each  about  as  thick  as  a  pencil,  when 
peeled,  except  one  or  two  that  are  larger,  up  to  half  an  inch 
thick;  and  all  thirty  inches  long.   Tie  them  up  in  a  tight  bundle 


Cut  No.  I 


with  several  cords  until  you  get  time  to  wor'  m.  Peel  them, 
cut  a  slight  notch  in  the  butt  of  each  rod,  thioe  quarters  of  an 
inch  from  the  end,  and  you  are  ready  to  make  the  bed. 

And  here  I  may  say  that  some  folks,  who  could  not  get 
to  the  country  to  cut  willow  rods,  have  used  the  ordinary 
bamboo  fishing-poles.  These  are  sawed  up  in  30-inch  lengths 
and  split  to  the  necessary  thinness;  the  butt  end  yields  four  or 
even  five  ttf  the  splints,  the  top,  but  one.  This  answers  well, 
and  three  poles  furnish  material  enough  for  the  bed.  This  Is 
allowable  because,  though  the  stuff  is  not  of  our  own  woods, 
it  is  American;  it  grows  in  the  Southern  States.  One  or  two 
fellows  in  town  have  made  the  bed  of  dowels  from  a  furniture 
factory. 


3a6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Oirk 

Now  get  a  ball  of  cord,  that  will  stand  a  25-II)  pull,  a  ball  of 
fine  l^en  thread,  and  a  piece  of  shoemaker's  wax,  to  complete 
your  materials. 

If  outdoors,  you  can  stretch  your  cords  bet\  '•'  ,  t'  o  small 
trees  about  seven  feel  apart,  but  it  is  much  easier  I  y<  n  make 
a  rough  frame  of  strips  or  poles  seven  feet  by  three  in<iid«  to 
work  on. 

Cut  four  pieces  of  the  cord,  each  about  l\  iily  .e.'i  long. 


Double  each  and  tie  a  3-inch  hard  loop  in  the  middle.  Twist 
these  doubled  cords  and  put  them  on  a  frame  (Cut  Nm.  i), 
fastened  to  nails  as  at  A  Bj  the  surplus  cord  wrap{Hfl  around 
the  frame,  and  the  others  as  at  C  D  E  F  G  and  H. 

Take  one  of  the  heaviest  rods,  say  a  half  one,  for  a 
starter.  With  a  pointed  stick,  open  the  two  nds  of  the 
twisted  cord,  and  set  the  rod  tight  against  the  knots  I  J  K  L. 

Now  set  a  second  rod  in  place  b^w  the  iirst  seeing  that 


Thfa£g  to  Kx  w  and  Do  22f 

two  t\x  .ts  of  :h.  string  ire  » ^  nveen  tail  rod  .i  a  that  the 
space  sep)aroting  them  is  one  inch.  KetTJ  »!'  -rn^tiBg  butU 
and  to       At  each  point,  tha;  U  at  i      pi;  each  rod, 

make  ^  'ashing  of  waxed  thread,  holo  ag  rod  and  ccwda  to- 
g-  her  v-X  '  2  1  have  seen  beds  with  tmly  two  la^nm,  that 
is,  one  at  ea*  i  emi,  hut  foi  •  '  "^h^  igs  is  ili    <• .  d  nd  a^plan. 

When  the  (ul-work  is  si  .  leet  I  ng,  it  .nt  to  t,jper  •  ' 
p!  '  in  one  big  rod  fo-  a  fin -h  an"  tie  har^^  oops  "  ih*-  coi«! 
ai  (hit.  point.    T'u  u,    ising  rou  ,      ik=  owf 

p,  -t  about  eighteen  i  vhes  higii  i'    a  hea.     i  n  • 
ti  is  hea'^  with  a  piece  erf  brown  kha>  i  or  can  i  -hoi 

Ik  dectirated  with  the  bai  I's   ">  >rs    nd  'oteh     lU  *p 
ur  done  in  beadwork,  or  in  coi'  n    ( (     us  t'  at 


se\  d  .  N'o8.  3  ind  4).    It  is  tsdl  to  add  also  a  wooden 

ho     f(,     nt      atch  (a  and  b,  Cut  "  <   0  and  a  pocket  for 
nd    .iney,  etc.,  at  night. 

jften  elaborated  these  beds  -.o  a  great  extent 


228  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


when  in  permanent  camps.  Each  rod  was  selected,  perfectly 
straight,  thinned  at  the  butt  end,  to  be  uniform,  and  an  extra 
piece  added  at  the  bed,  head  an^l  f(X)t,  to  curl  up  as  end-boards. 
That  at  the  head  was  elaborately  decorated  with  symbols  in 
beadwork.  The  illustration  (No.  5)  shows  a  beautiful  beaded 
bed-head  in  my  possession;  not  only  the  head,  but  the  edges  all 
around,  are  bound  with  red  flannel. 

When  in  use  the  bed  is  laid  with  the  ends  of  the  rods  resting 
on  two  4-inch  poles,  which  are  set  firmly  twenty-si.x  inches 
apart;  and  the  bed  is  staked  at  the  corners  through  the  loops 
to  hold  it  in  place  (Cut  Nc.  6).  Cut  No.  7  shows  a  fine  speci- 
men of  an  Arapaho  bed  all  ready  for  use.  WTien  we  can  get 
no  poles,  we  lay  down  a  couple  of  boards  or  rods  to  carry  the 
ends  of  the  bed,  and  then  (Ug  the  ground  out  in  the  middle. 


No.  7.  ARAPAHO  BED  OF  WILLOWS.   14th  ANN. 
I^.  Bur.  Am.  Etbn.  P.  963 


By  means  of  two  tall  slakes  the  head  part  is  held  upright. 
When  packed  up  the  bed  is  rolled.   It  weighs  about  five  pounds. 

Of  course,  you  always  need  as  much  under  you  a*  over  you. 
Couched  on  such  a  natural  sptiag  nmttrest  m  Uw  wiUow  bed 
yo'j  ikep  in  perfect  comfort. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  339 

For  those  who  wish  to  complete  its  sumptuousness  a  rush 
or  grass  mat  may  be  added.   (See  Camp  Loom.) 

After  long  use  the  willows  get  bent,  to  prevent  this  the  bed 
should  be  turned  over  every  few  days. 

Woodcxaft  Paint! 

Paints  for  ornamenting  robes  are  mixed  with  water.  (Clark: 
"  Sign  Language.")  „  . 

Paints  for  the  body  are  mixed  with  grease  or  tallow  from 

some  animal.  j..,„kia 
Paints  for  lodges,  totem  poles,  etc.,  were  made  durable 
bv  slowly  melting  or  mixing  into  the  grease  enough  rosm  to 
make  it  stickv.   This  formed  their  paint  oU. 

Red  Before  the  Indian  had  the  w>  -te  man  s  vermilion  he 
used  a  certain  stiff  yeUow  clay  (brick  clay)  which,  whenburnt, 
turned  dull  red— i.  e.,  brick  color.  This  he  powdered  and 
mixed  with  the  grease  oil.  .       ,  , 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  there  are  springs  strongly  im- 
pregnated with  iron.  A  log  of  wood  dug  out  of  this-or  fail- 
ing that  an  armful  of  chips  long  soaked  in  it-when  takenout, 
dried,  and  burnt  yielded  ashes  of  a  beautiful  rosy  color.  These 
worked  up  into  a  very  pretty  red.  . 

y,llmv.  Yellow  clav  or  ochres  are  common  m  clay  regions 
and  furnish  a  dull  yellow.  Clark  says  that  the  flower  of  1^ 
prairie  goWenrod  yiekU  a  good  yeUow;  also  the  bnght  yelkw 


ZubI  Eaglesi  23  Am.  Rep-  B.A.E. 

moss  one  sees  on  the  trunks  of  pine  trees  in  the  Rockies.  Wh«i 
dried  and  powdered  thb  makes  a  sort  of  chrome  yellow,  and  is 
also  used  as  a  dye. 
"The  Sioux  use  buU-berries"  for  yeUow.  (Clark.) 


330  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Blue.  They  had  no  good  blue.  Blue  clays  come  nearest 
to  the  color.    Sometimes  black  and  white  mixed  were  used. 

Black.  Soot  and  charcoal,  ground  into  the  paint  oil,  made  a 
good  black. 

White.  For  white  they  used  white  clays,  which  are  com- 
mon in  some  regions,  or  burnt  shells,  finely  powdered. 

"Generally  speaking.  Black  means  joy;  White,  mourning; 
Red,  beauty;  and  an  excessive  use  of  any  of  Uiese  or  other  colors, 
excitement." 

Painting  or  greasing  was  universal  among  Indians.  They  did 
c  b'^autify  themselves  and  also  to  protect  the  skins  from  the 
*  'i  r.  Though  we  condemn  them  for  the  practice,  most  of 
»  somen  and  a  great  many  of  our  men  do  the  same  thing  for 

.  idme  reason. 

Woodcraft  Dyes 

The  dyes  used  to  stain  porcupine  quills,  spruce  roots,  and 
other  strong  material,  of  which  they  made  ornaments  and 
utensils,  were  very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  very  beautiful. 

Red.    Soak  the  roots  in  the  juice  of  the  Squaw-berry- 
BHtum  or  Mis-caw-wa.    Many  other  berries  give  red  or  purple. 

Black.  Boil  the  roots,  etc.,  with  the  bark,  branches,  and 
berries  of  sunuic,  or  the  bark  and  chips  of  oak  and  soft  maple, 
with  some  iron  in  the  pot. 

Yellow.  A  beautiful  yellow  is  made  by  boiling  the  inner 
bark  of  golden  or  black  oak.  Or  the  root  of  yellowroot  or 
hydrastis.  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  ycilow  moss  off  frine 
trees  serves. 

Orange.  Orange  is  obtained  by  two  dips— one  in  the  red  and 
one  in  the  yellow  after  the  first  is  dry. 

Lace  or  Thong 

If  you  need  a  lace  or  thong  and  have  no  leather  long  enough, 
take  a  square  piece,  round  the  corners,  then  cut  it  round  and 
round,  till  it  is  all  used  up.  Pull  and  roll  the  thong  produced, 
until  it  is  small  and  even,  without  kinks. 

Woodcraft  Buttont 

On  the  Plains,  when  a  button  is  lost  or  needed,  it  is  easy 
to  make  one  of  leather.  Usually  a  piece  of  an  old  strap  is 
used.   Cut  it  the  right  size,  make  two  holes  in  it,  and  sew 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  331 


it  on  as  an  ordinary  button.  This  never  breaks  or  fails.  As 
the  old  plainsman  who  first  showed  me,  said,  "There's  a  button 
that'll  be  rij^t  there  when  the  coat's  all  wore  away  from  be- 
hind it." 


Handicraft  Stunts 

Let  each  Woodcrafter  carve  a  fork  and  spoon  out  of  wood, 
with  her  band  totem  on  the  handle. 

Make  a  needle  case  out  of  a  fowl's  leg  or  wing  bone,  thus: 
Clean  and  smooth  about  three  inches  of  the  bone,  plug  up  one 
end  with  a  soft  wood  plug,  and  make  a  wooden  stopper  for  the 
other  end.  Then  with  the  point  of  a  knif.  decorate  the  bone. 
The  lines  should  be  scratched  in  deeply  and  then  have  black 
paint  rubbed  into  them.  If  no  black  paint  is  handy  make  a 
mixture  of  soot  and  pine  gum,  with  a  little  grease,  butter,  or  oil. 

Make  a  tackle  box  or  ditty  box  2x2x6  inches  carved  out  of 
solid  wood. 

Make  peach-stone  baskets,  of  a  peach-stone  shaped  with  a 
file. 

Turkey  call.  An  interesting  curio  is  the  turkey  call.  Take 
a  small  cigar  box  and  cut  ofif  the  end  as  in  the  figure.  Get  a 
piece  of  slate  about  2  x  ,^  inches  long,  or,  failing  slate,  take  a 
flat  piece  of  wood  and  rub  it  °11  with  rosin.  Draw  the  two 
curved  edges  of  the  box  lirh  !.  up  this  one  way,  and  it  will 
make  a  wonderfully  good  in        m  of  a  turkey  (all. 

A  Chicken  squawk.  This  is  another  call  easily  made.  Take 
any  small  round  tin  lx)x— a  condensed  milk  tin  is  good— and 
make  a  hole  through  the  bottom  and  into  thu  put  a  cord.  A 


2^2 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Giils 


knot  on  the  inside  prevents  the  cord  from  slipping  through. 
Rosin  the  cord  an^  draw  the  fingers  down  it  with  short  and 
long  jerks.   This  gives  a  goof!  limitation  of  a  cacUing  hen. 
Picture  frames  as  in  the  illustrations. 


T»rilt«j  (all . 


WooU  or 
Vvifli  fl%t 

u»rv  t»Af 


0  0 

0. 


Birth b»rK 


^;rr/;-ftar*  6o.r«  and  baskets.  These  are  easily  made  if  the 
bark  ho  softened  in  hot  water  before  vou  shape  it.  The  ladnff 
IS  spruce  roots,  or  raffia  also  softened  with  hot  water. 

Noggin.  A  noggin  is  a  wooden  cup  made  out  of  a  tree  burl 
or  knot  polished  outside  and  carefully  scooped  out  so  as  to  leave  a 
thin  shell. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


333 


Books  Recommended 

"How  TO  Make  Baskets,"  by  Mary  White,  Doubleday,  Phge  ft  Co.,  $i 

plus  lorcnts  postaj^e. 

Box  l  i  RNiri  Ri:,  Louise  Hripham,  Century  Co.,  $i.6o. 

How  TO  Make  Poitery,  Mary  White,  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  $r. 

Forking  in  Metals,  Charles  Conrad  Steffel,  Doubleday,  Pa«e  &  Co.,  |i. 

Souvenir  Spoons 

A  good  indoor  activity  of  Woodcraft  is  the  making  of  souve- 
nir spoons.  Some  craftsmen  are  clever  enough  to  make  these 
out  of  wood  or  of  silver.  I  have  found  that  the  best,  easy- 
working  material  is  bone,  deer  antler  or  horn.  Go  to  any  big 
drug  shop  and  get  one  of  the  2  ^cent  horn  spoons.  It  is  alreadv 
of  a  good  spoon  shnpe.  of  cour^^o.  The  handle  is  hard,  smooth, 
and  ready  to  be  ornamented  with  any  device,  cutting  it  with 
knife  or  file,  into  the  owner's  totem,  or  the  band  or  the  tribal 
totems  which  naturally  suetrcst  themselves. 

At  one  time  the  wood  of  the  laurel  was  much  used  for  spoons, 
hence  the  bush  is  still  called  "spoon  wood"  in  some  regions. 

Tlie  design  should  be  sketched  on  with  pendl  or  mk,  then 


334 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


realized  by  shaping  the  outline  with  file  or  knife.  The  inner 
lines  are  merely  scratched  on  the  surface. 

In  general,  one  should  avoid  changing  the  main  outline  of 
the  spoon  handle  or  cutting  it  enough  to  weaken  it.  Always 
rather,  adapi  the  animal  to  fill  the  desired  space.  ' 

There  are  several  purposes  the  spoon  can  answer:  First,  as  a 


K 

Owl 

spoon  in  camp,  especially  when  prizes  are  offered  to  the  camp  that 
makes  most  of  Us  own  equipment;  next,  as  a  salable  article- 
third,  as  an  exhibition  article  when  it  is  desired  to  get  up  a  fine 
exhibit  of  handicraft  products  illustrating  camp  life. 

Bird  Boxes  or  Houses 

A  good  line  of  winter  work  is  making  bird  boxes  to  have  them 
ready  for  the  spring  birds. 

Two  styles  of  bird  houses  are  in  vogue;  one  a  miniature  house 
on  a  pole,  the  other  is  an  artificial  hollow  limb  in  a  tree. 

First— the  miniature  cabin  or  house  on  a  pole  This  is 
veiy  good  for  martins,  swallows,  etc..  and  popular  with  most 
birds,  because  it  is  safest  from  cats  and  squirrels.  But  most  of 
us  consider  it  far  from  ornamental. 

To  make  one,  take  any  wooden  box  about  six  inches  square 
put  a  wooden  roof  on  it  (a  in  Cut),  then  bore  a  hole  in  the  middle 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


of  one  end,  making  it  one  and  one-half  inches  wide;  and  on 
the  bottom  nail  a  piece  of  two-inch  wood  with  an  inch  auger 
hole  in  it  (b).  Drive  in  a  nail  or  a  perch  below  the  door  and  all 
is  ready  for  a  coat  of  soft,  olive-green  paint.  After  this  is  dry, 
the  box  is  finished.  When  you  set  it  in  place,  the  end  of  the 
pole  is  shavefl  to  fit  tight  into  the  auger  hole  in  the  bottom,  and 
the  pole  then  set  up,  or  fastened  to  the  end  of  the  building.  In 


the  latter  case  a  six  or  eight  foot  pole  is  hmg  enough.  In  some 
neighborhoods  it  is  necessary  to  put  tin  as  a  cat  and  rat  guard,  on 
the  pole,  as  shown  (c  and  d).  Some  elaborate  these  Wrd  houses, 
making  a  half  dozen  compartments.  When  this  is  done  the 
pole  goes  nght  through  the  lowest  floor  and  fits  into  a  small  hole 
in  the  floor  above. 

These  large  apartment  houses  are  very  p(^Nifaur  with  the 


WiaWiKjiM  1=.-  ..i;-c. 


336  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

purple  martin,  as  well  as  with  the  English  sparrow  if  they  are 

set  up  in  town. 

Alexander  Wilson  tells  us  that  the  Choctaw  and  Chicasaw 
Indians  used  to  make  bird  houses  for  the  purple  martins  thus: 
"Cut  off  all  top  branches  from  a  sapling,  near  their  cabins,  leav- 
ing the  prongs  a  foot  or  two  in  length,  on  each  of  which  they  hang 
a  gourd,  or  calabash  properly  hollowed  out  for  their  conveni- 
ence." 

But  the  wild-wood  box  or  hollow  limb  is  more  sightly  and 
for  some  birds  more  attractive.  There  are  several  ways  of 
using  the  natural  limb.  One  is,  take  a  seven  or  eight  inch 
stick  of  chestnut  about  twenty  inches  long,  split  four  slabs 
off  it  (o),then  saw  off  three  inches  of  each  end  of  the  "core" 
and  nail  the  whole  thing  together  again  (p  and  q),  omitting  the 
middle  part  of  the  core. 

Another  way  is  to  split  the  log  in  half  and  scoop  out  the 
interior  of  each  half  (1  and  m).  When  nailed  together  again  it 
makes  a  commodious  chamber,  about  five  inches  wide  and  a 
foot  or  more  deep. 

nother  plan  is:  Take  a  five-inch  limb  of  green  chestnut, 
t..  ■ ,  or  any  other  tough-barked  tree.  Cut  a  piece  eighteen  inches 
long,  make  a  long  bevel  on  one  end  (e).  Now  carefully  spUt  the 
bark  on  one  side  and  peel  it.  Then  saw  the  peeled  wood  into 
three  pieces  (f  g  h),  leave  out  g  and  put  the  bark  on  again.  Cut 
a  hole  in  the  bark  on  the  longest  side,  at  the  place  farthest  from 
the  beveled  end  (x  in  e),  and  your  bird  nest  is  finished.  The 
beveled  end  is  there  to  make  it  easily  nailed  up;  when  in  place, 
it  is  as  at  (i).  The  front— that  fa,  the  ade  where  the  door  is— 
should  always  be  the  vaxd&c  one;  and  the  door  in  each  case  should 
be  near  the  top. 

But  these  methods  presuppose  a  fine  big  stick  of  wood.  I 

have  more  often  found  it  convenient  to  work  with  scraps. 

Here  is  one  easy  way  that  I  have  long  used:  From  a  four  or 
five  inch  round  log  saw  off  two  sections  each  two  inches  thick,  or 
failing  a  log,  cut  out  two  circles  from  a  two-inch  plank,  for  »op 
and  ^ttom  parts  (like  f  and  h) ;  then  using  six  or  seven  laths 
instead  of  bark,  make  a  hollow  cylinder  (j).  Cover  the  hollow 
cylinder  with  a  large  piece  of  bark  and  cut  the  hole  (k).  Cut 
your  entry  at  the  top,  half  on  each  of  a  pair  of  laths.  Cover  the 
whole  thing  with  bark  nailed  neatly  on  •  or  failing  the  bark,  cover 
it  with  canvas  and  paint  a  dull  green  mottled  with  black  and 
gray. 

This  last  has  the  advantage  of  giving  most  room  in  a  small 
log.  Of  course,  if  tme  can  find  a  hollow  Umb,  all  this  work  is 


Thingi  to  Know  and  Do  137 


saved.  By  way  of  variety  this  one  can  be  put  up  hanging  fnm 
a  nail,  for  which  the  wire  loop  is  made. 

To  a  great  extent  the  size  of  hole  regulates  the  kuid  of  bird,  as 
most  birds  like  a  tight  fit. 

For  wrens  make  it  about  one  inch;  for  bluebirds  and  tree- 
swallows  one  and  one-half  inches;  for  martins  two  and  one-half 

Sparrow-Proof  Bird  Box 

When  I  was  a  boy,  I  stumbled  on  a  plan  for  keeping  sparrows 
out  of  bird  boxes  and  have  recently  revived  it  with  success.  It 
consists  in  making  a  conspicuous  trap  door  to  cover  the  entrance 
hole.  Watch  for  a  sparrow  to  enter,  then  pull  the  string,  catch 
the  sparrow  and  use  him  as  seems  best. 

After  one  or  two  sparrows  have  been  captured  in  this 
way,  their  friends  become  suspicious  of  the  device  over  the 
door  and  will  not  enter  a  nestmg  box  with  such  an  obvious 
menace. 

Thus  the  sparrow's  intelligence  is  turned  against  himself.  Our 
native  birds,  having  no  evil  experience  with  ue  trap,  do  not  fear 
it. 


The  trap  door  is  shown  on  the  Woodcraft  Bird  Box,  which  is 
one  made  as  already  described  by  slabbing  a  round  log,  cutting 
out  the  core,  then  nailing  it  together  again. 

The  twig  or  wire  at  one  dde  carries  the  weight  of  tbe  striiw 
which,  otherwise,  might  dose  the  door  daring  a  heavy  wind. 


338  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


When  the  string  is  firmiv  pulled,  the  twig  givfy  and  the  door  it 
pulled  down  over  the  hole. 

The  advantages  of  the  Woodcraft  Bird  Box  over  the  other 

kinds  are: 
It  is  cheap. 
It  is  picturesque. 
It  is  observational. 
It  is  sparrow-proof. 

Books  Recommended 

Makinc;  of  a  Hollow  I'kkk,  by  K.  T.  Scton,  Coiintrv  Life  in  Atimk*. 
.NovetnlHT,  u>o«,  and  seq. 

IVttino  LP  Biiu)  HoxKs,  by  B.  S.  Bowdish  (specuJ  leaflet).  Audubon 
Society,  1974  Braedway,  New  York,  15  cenU  per  dosen. 

Useful  Birds  and  Their  Pkotection,  by  K.  H.  Foibuth.  Ufuwrhn- 
setts  State  Hoartl  Agriculture^).  388.  *  '^'^'^ 

For  Utest  ideas  send  to  The  Jacobs  Bird  House  CompMiy,  404  So. 
Washington  Straet,  Waynesburg,  Pa.  "™i*«y,  4«H  «»• 


Knots 

The  following  are  standard  knots  that  an  accmnpUshed  camper 
should  know.  Rememher,  a  {jerfect  knot  is  one  that  neither 
jambs  nor  slips.   See  pages  2.40,  241. 

Blazes  and  Signs 

First  among  the  trail  signs  that  are  used  by  Woodcraflers, 
Indians,  and  white  hunters,  and  most  likely  to  be  of  use 
to  the  traveler,  are  axe  blazes  on  tree  trunks.  Among 
these  some  may  vary  greatly  with  locality,  but  there  is  one 
that  I  have  found  everywhere  in  use  with  scarcely  any 
variation.  That  is  the  simple  white  spot  meaning,  '*Here  is  the 
trail." 

The  Indian  in  making  it  may  nick  off  an  infinitesimal  speck 
of  bark  with  his  knife,  ».he  trapper  with  his  hatchet  may  make 
it  as  big  as  a  dollar,  or  the  settler  with  his  heavy  axe  may  slab 
off  half  the  tree-side;  but  the  sign  is  the  same  in  principle  and 
m  meaning,  on  trunk,  log,  or  branch  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific 
and  from  Hudson  Strait  to  Rio  Grande.  "This  is  your  trail," 
it  clearly  says  in  the  universal  language  of  the  woods. 

There  are  two  ways  of  employing  it:  one  when  it  ai^)ears 
on  back  and  front  of  the  trunk,  so  that  the  Uail  can  be  run 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


230 


SKSiS  i&NB  BLAZES 

, '  Signs  la  Stones 

J't^nj  in  Titfig'.ir 

VV-  ...,'1^ 

Thw  u  the  Tfiil        Turn  to  the  Rijht      Turn  to  thr  Mt       Idfortani  Vaniii^ 

Signs  in  Gr&ss 

ThuiftiMlMil     'AmtotkcRjljIit     liinitvtiMUrr  ImpwiaiitVMi^ 

Signs  in  Blajej 

J  A  A  1 

Code  for  Jlmoke  Jlgnalj  , 


C«M|»i«Htrr    laMlMt.Hcirt       GMiNtM  AacMttoOMatil 

Some  Jpecial  Bla3e5  luecl     HunHrs  ^Swyfiyors 

MM lii  HM 

^^^^^    ^^^^K    ^^^^^   ^^^^    .^^^^«  J^MIKk, 

ATfwt*   ATmrh>    CiiMifte  CWu<»  JpMial   A^rpniiifc  Anv'* 
9^       Left  Uft  SptM  bMNM 


940  Woodcraft  Bfanual  for  Girk 


2^2 


Woodcraft  Manual  tor  Girls 


both  ways;  the  other  when  it  appears  on  but  one  side  of  each 
tree,  making  a  blind  trail,  which  can  be  run  one  way  only,  the 
blind  trail  is  often  used  by  trappers  and  pro^)ectors,  ymo  do 
not  wish  any  one  to  follow  their  back  track. 

But  there  are  treeless  regions  where  the  trail  must  be  marked; 
regions  of  sage  brush  and  sand,  regions  of  rock,  stretches  of 
stone,  and  level  wastes  of  grass  or  sedge.  Here  other  methods 
must  be  employed. 

A  well-known  Indian  device,  in  the  brush,  is  to  break  8  twig 
and  leave  it  hanging.    {Second  line.) 

Among  stones  and  rocks  the  recognized  sign  is  one  stone 
set  on  top  of  another  (top  Hue)  anr'  in  places  where  there  is  noth- 
ing but  grass  the  custom  is  to  twist  a  tussock  into  a  knot  {third 
line). 

These  signs  also  are  used  in  the  whole  country  from  Maine 

to  California. 

In  running  a  trail  one  naturally  looks  straight  ahead  fw 
the  next  sign;  if  the  trail  turned  abruptly  without  notice  one 
might  easily  l)c  set  wrong,  but  custom  has  provided  against 
this.  The  tree  blaze  for  turn  "to  the  right"  is  shown  in  No, 
2,  fourth  row;  "to  the  left"  in  No.  ^.  The  greater  length 
of  the  turning  blaze  seems  to  be  due  to  a  desire  for 
emphasis  as  the  same  mark  set  square  on,  is  understood  to 
mean  "Look  out,  there  is  something  of  special  importance 
here."  Combined  with  a  long  side  chip  it  means  "very  import- 
ant; here  turn  aside."  This  is  often  used  to  mean  "camp  is 
close  by,"  and  a  third  sign  that  is  variously  combined  but  always 
with  the  general  meaning  of  "warning"  or  "something  of  great 
imiKirtance"  is  a  threefold  blaze.  (No.  4  on  fourth  line.)  The 
combination  (No.  i  on  l>ottom  row)  would  read  "Look  out  now 
for  something  of  great  importance  to  the  right."  Hiis  blaze 
I  have  often  seen  used  by  trappers  to  mark  the  wl^reabouts 
of  their  trap  or  cache. 

Surveyors  often  use  a  similar  mark — that  is,  three  simple 
s|H)ts  and  a  strijx;  to  mean,  "There  is  a  stake  close  at  hand," 
while  a  similar  blaze  on  another  tree  nearby  means  that  the 
stake  is  on  a  line  between. 

Stona  Signs 

These  signs  done  into  stone-talk  woukl  be  as  in  the  top  line 

of  the  cut. 

These  arc  much  used  in  the  Rockies  where  the  trail  goes  over 
8t(Hiy  places  or  along  stretches  of  slide-rock. 


Thingg  to  Know  and  Do 


S43 


OfiM  and  Twig  Signs 

In  grass  or  sedge  the  top  of  the  tuft  is  made  to  show  the 
direction  to  be  followed;  if  it  is  a  point  of  great  importance 
three  tufts  are  tied,  their  tops  straight  if  the  trail  goes  straight 
on;  otherwise  the  tops  are  turned  in  the  directkm  toward  «^uch 
the  course  turns. 

The  Ojibways  and  other  woodland  tribes  use  twigs  for  a 
great  many  of  these  signs.  (See  second  row.)  The  hanging 
broken  twis  like  the  simple  blaze  means  "This  is  the  trail." 
The  twig  Clean  broken  oc  and  laid  on  the  ground  across  the 
line  of  march  means,  "Here  break  from  your  straight  course 
and  go  in  the  line  of  the  butt  end,"  and  when  an  especial  ivarn- 
ing  is  meant,  the  butt  is  pointed  toward  the  one  followmg  the 
trail  and  raised  somewhat,  in  a  forked  twig.  If  the  butt  of 
the  twig  were  raised  and  pointing  to  the  left,  it  would  mean 
"Look  out,  camp,  or  ourselves,  or  the  enemy,  or  the  game 
we  have  killed  is  out  that  way."  With  some,  the  elevation 
of  the  butt  is  made  to  show  the  distance  of  the  object;  if  low 
the  object  is  near,  if  raised  very  high  the  object  is  a  long  way 
off. 

These  are  the  principal  signs  of  the  trail  used  by  Wood- 
crafters,  Indians,  and  hunters  in  most  parts  of  America.  These 
are  thi-  standards — the  ones  sure  to  be  seen  by  those  who  camp 

in  the  wilderness. 

Smoke  ^fiuls 

There  is  in  addition  a  useful  kind  of  sign  that  has  l)een  men- 
tioned already  in  these  papers — that  is,  the  Smoke  Signal. 
These  were  used  chiefly  by  »he  Plains  Indians,  but  the  Ojibways 
seem  to  have  employed  them  at  times. 

A  clear  hot  fin  was  made,  then  covered  with  green  stuff 
or  rotten  wood  so  that  it  sent  up  a  solid  column  of  black  sm(^e. 
Hy  spreading  and  lifting  a  bknlcet  over  this  smudge  the  column 
could  be  cut  up  into  pieces  long  or  short,  and  by  a  preconcerted 
code  these  could  be  made  to  convey  tidings. 

But  the  simplest  of  all  smoke  codes  and  the  one  (rf  chi^ 
use  to  the  Western  traveler  is  this: 

One  steady  smoke — ^"Here  is  camp." 

Two  steady  smokes — "  I  am  lost,  come  and  hdp  me." 

I  find  two  other  smoke  signab,  namely: 

Three  smokes  in  a  row — "Good  news." 

Four  nnokes  in  a  row— "All  ue  summmied  to  coumul." 


344  Woodcraft  Maniial  for  Girls 

These  latter  I  find  not  of  general  use,  nor  are  they  so  likely 
to  be  of  service  as  the  first  two  given. 

Signal  by  Shots 

The  old  buffalo  hunters  had  an  established  signal  that  is  yet 
used  by  the  mountain  guides.    It  is  as  follows: 

Two  shots  in  rapid  succession,  an  interval  of  five  seconds 
by  the  watch,  then  one  shot;  this  means,  "where  are  you>" 
1  he  answer  given  at  once  and  exactly  the  same  means  "  Here 
I  am ;  what  do  you  want?  "  The  reply  to  this  may  be  one  shot, 
which  m^s,  " All  right;  I  only  wanted  to  know  where  you 
were.  But  if  the  reply  repeats  the  first  it  means,  "I  am  in 
senous  trouble;  come  as  fast  as  you  can." 

How  to  Raise  Money 

A  good  Woodcrafter  always  "travels  on  his  own  steam." 
W  hen  you  want  to  go  camping,  don't  go  round  begging  for  tlie 
cash,  but  earn  it.   And  a  good  time  to  do  this  is  in  the  winter 

when  you  are  forced  to  jtay  indoors. 

P^^  ^  o"*"  ^^rk,  is  making 

some  bird  houses.  I  Know  a  number  of  persons  who  would 
gladly  put  up  bird  houses,  if  they  could  get  them  easUy. 

V  ou  can  either  sell  them  in  a  lot  to  a  man  who  has  already  a 
stum  for  garden  stuff  or  hardware,  or  put  them  on  a  hand  cart 
and  sell  them  at  much  better  prices  yourself.  It  is  useless  to 
take  them  to  a  farmer,  or  to  folks  in  tov.-n.  but  a  ready  sale  will 
be  found  among  the  well-to-do  in  the  suburbs,  in  a  country 
town,  or  among  the  summer  residents  of  the  country.  The 
simple  boxes  might  fetch  50  cents  each,  the  more  elaborate  I1.00 
or  52.00  according  to  the  labor  they  have  cost  you. 

Another  way  is  the  manufacture  of  Indian  stuff  such  as 
lurniture,  birch-bark  boxes,  baskets,  rustic  seats,  etc 

These  methods  may  be  used  by  the  individual  or  by  the  tribe. 

Money  may  also  be  raised  through  many  group  activities  such 
as  plays,  entertainments,  dances,  and  bazaars. 

Mushroom  growing  is  another  good  way  to  make  some  money, 
providetl  one  has  a  cellar  or  roothouse  at  one's  disposal.  To 
learn  how,  send  to  the  '  nifed  States  Department  of  A-riculture. 
for  Farmers  Bulletin,  No.  204,  "The  Cultivation  of  Mushrooms." 


CHAPTER  IV 


FRIENDS  IN  THE  OUT  OF  DOORS 

How  to  Know  the  Wild  Things  The  Stan 

Sixty-four  Common  Wild  Flowers  Forty  Birds 

Tht  Woodcraft  OM  in  tilt  FoTMt  SaidMt  Good  m4  Bad 
Flftj  CooHMB  Forost  Troos 


CHAPTER  IV 


FRIENDS  IN  THE  OUT  OF  DOORS 
How  to  Know  tko  Wild  Thiogt 

All  Kirls  want  to  know  the  ways  and  things  of  Nature.  The 

difficulty  is  to  know  where  to  begin.  There  are  so  many  kinds  of 
dowers,  ferns,  birds,  trees,  grasses,  bugs,  insects,  fish,  rocks,  etc., 
that  one  is  coitfused  and  hardly  knows  where  to  begin  her  search 

for  knowledge. 

The  trail  is  not  so  hard  to  find  as  it  was  a  few  years  ago,  for  to- 
day there  are  plenty  <A  blazes  <»i  its  trees  and  the  footway  is  well 

worn  and  ( ' "ared  of  logs — that  is  to  say,  there  are  plenty  of  good 
handbooks,  not  to  speak  of  fellow  travellers,  who  help  by  pointing 
to  the  blase  that  perhi^  escaped  our  eye,  mi  are  wearii^  tlw 
pathway  smooth. 

Bui  one  must  make  a  start,  and  it  is  well  to  gel  a  few  general 
rules  in  mind.  First,  take  one  thing  at  a  time.  Second,  "LocA; 
in  the  Ixwk."  Have  a  simple  but  comprehensive  guide  b(X)k  (if 
possible  one  that  you  can  own)  that  tells  in  simple,  clear  language 
the  main  facts.  Later,  you  wiU  want  to  go  into  nuve  sdentmc 
study.  Third,  make  a  record  in  a  notebook  of  what  you  see  and 
either  make  drawings  or  preserve  specimens.  Fourth,  if  you 
have  a  friend  "who  knows"  get  infonnaticm  from  her  as  to  the 
specimen  you  have  seen  or  have  in  your  possession. 

The  best  way  to  begin,  supposing  you  are  alone,  is  with  the 
flowers.   They  are  so  easy  "  to  catch  "  and  preserve. 

Get  a  goodhandbodc  of  flowers.  Reed's  is  ibe  smallest , simplest, 
and  best  for  beginners  (Dana's,  Blanchan's,  or  Lounsbury's  are 
also  good )  and  either  a  big  scrap  alb  jm  or,  better,  a  1 2  by  i8  inch 
portfolio  with  twenty  or  thirty  loose  sheets  of  heavy  white  or 
gray  paper  to  fit;  also  a  tin  case,  any  big  tin  will  do;  but  you  can 
buy  a  properly  made  one  for  about  a  dollar. 

Botanical  enthusiasm  is  always  at  its  height  just  when  you  find 
the  first  spring  flower.  Suf^XKe  then,  in  March,  jrou  have  found 
the  liverleaf  in  its  blue  bloom. 

Take  up  one,  leaf  and  flower;  put  it  in  your  tin  case;  that 
will  keep  it  perfectly  fresh  for  many  hours.  At  hwne,  take  a 

HT 


348  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


bundle  of  old  newspapers  as  dry  as  possible,  lay  the  plant  flat  on 
one  of  them,  spreading  the  flower  as  you  wish  it  to  remain,  put 

the  other  papers  on  top  and  then  a  board;  last,  a  heavy  weight. 

If  the  room  and  the  papers  are  dry,  the  plant  will  be  dried  in 
three  days.  Then  stick  it  on  one  of  the  sheets  in  the  pcMtfolio 
with  a  few  strips  of  i)aper  across  it  here  and  there.  Then  write 
the  time  and  place  on  the  sheet,  also  the  name  as  soon  as  you  can 
find  it.  And  it  is  easy  to  get  the  name  when  you  have  the  speci- 
men.  There  is  sure  to  be  some  botanist  within  reach. 

If  you  gather  and  preserve  half  a  dozen  wild  flowers  each  time 
you  go  out  in  the  season,  you  very  soon  have  the  fifty  that  are 
needed  to  win  you  a  coup. 

But  yovL  are  also  getting  something  else — a  lot  of  pleasant 
friends  that  you  will  remember  and  be  glad  to  see  as  k)ng  as  you 
live. 

Of  course,  there  are  some  plants  that  are  much  harder  to  handle 
than  the  liverleaf,  such  as  the  jewelweed,  which  are  so  juicy 
that  they  must  be  reset  on  new  dry  paper  perhaps  two  or  three 
times.  Some  have  roots  so  big  that  they  are  better  left  off,  and 
some  are  so  big  that  one  must  select  a  small  example  or  taJte 
only  a  sprig;  but  always  get  the  flowers,  if  possible. 

The  Trees  are  also  very  easy  because  they  may  be  found  in 
town  as  well  as  in  country.  Their  flowers  are  usually  up  high 
and  come  in  the  spring.  They  may  be  diflScult  to  see,  but  if  one 
studies  the  leaves,  the  bark,  and  the  general  shape  of  the  tree, 
they  will  be  readily  identified,  so  that  one  can  see  and  know  an 
old  friend  at  considerable  distance.  The  leaves  and  flowers  may 
be  preserved  in  the  same  way  as  the  flowers. 

The  best  tree  books  are  by  Keeler,  Apgar,  Hough,  Sargent, 
Britton,  etc. 

The  Birds  arc  the  true  love  of  everj-  young  naturalist,  and  the 
only  reason  for  giving  them  third  place  is  that  they  are  harder  to 
study  than  flowers  and  trees. 

You  cannot  walk  up  to  the  bird,  at  once  note  its  every  color 
spot  and  so  find  who  he  is.  You  must  make  hasty  notes  through 
an  opera  glass  and  then  turn  to  a  handbook,  unless  you  have  a 
bird  sharp  friend  with  you  or  a  specimen  in  your  hand. 

Therefore,  oh,  bird  lover,  begin  with  a  notebook,  a  field  glass, 
and  a  copy  of  Reed's  Bird  Guide.  Later  when  you  really  get 
acquainted  with  the  birds  you  will  vant  Chapman's  Handbook. 
These  books  give  a  sketch  of  the  habit  and  range  as  as  a 
description  of  the  plumage,  nest,  and  eggs. 

The  Quadrupeda,  oi  A  nimals,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  are 
the  most  interesting  of  all  to  most  pe(^le;  but  are  ttie  hardest  of 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


349 


alt  to  study  because  they  are  so  seldom  seen.  Partly  due  to 
man's  endless  pursuit,  the  wild  fourfoots  art*  nearly  all  iKxrtumal 
now;  but  they  are  there,  and  far  more  numerous  than  you  would 

imagine. 

If  you  live  in  New  York  City,  for  exam|)lo,  you  may  be  sure  that 
within  five  miles  of  the  City  Hall  you  can  find  twenty  wild 
quadrupeds  living  their  lives  as  they  always  did.  Thus,  there 
are  muskrats  along  the  Bronx  and  Harlem  rivers  in  the  salt 
marshes;  there  are  red,  gray,  and  Hying  squirrels,  as  well  as  chip- 
munks, in  most  of  the  parks.  There  are  plenty  of  woodchucks  in 
Westchester  County,  although  I  do  not  know  of  any  within  the 
five-mile  radius.  Of  course,  there  are  deermice  and  short-tailed 
field  mice,  and  jumping  mice  in  most  of  the  large  parks  or  along 
the  Jersey  shore  of  the  Hudson;  and  where  there  are  mice  there 
are  weasels,  and  where  there  are  weasels  there  are  mink. 

The  cottontail  rabbit  is  common  in  sonic  of  the  large  parks  and 
in  most  of  the  near  woodlands,  and  there  are  at  least  three 
species  of  shrew  and  mole  within  the  limibs. 

If  we  go  a  little  farther  into  Westchester  County  or  Jersey,  we 
shall  i  iiU'i  the  region  of  the  skunk,  the  fox,  the  common  deer,  the 
coon,  and  the  possum. 

So  that  the  New  York  naturalist  has  a  large  opiK)rt  unity  among 
tbequadruiHjds;  and  the  resident  of  Chicago,  Boston,  or  Philadel- 
phia is  jusi  as  well  oil ;  while,  of  course,  Uie  country  girl  has  all  the 
world  before  her. 

But  we  seldom  see  the  things,  how  are  we  to  know  that  they 
are  there? 

By  the  tracks  chiefly.   The  mud,  the  dust,  or  the  snow  will  tell 

next  morning  much  alx)ut  the  creature  that  paued  in  the  nif^t, 
and  in  time,  about  all  that  dwell  nearby. 

"Life  Histories  of  Northorn  Animals,"  by  Ernest  Thompson 
Seton,  is  the  only  bo<ik  that  gives  a  full  account  of  t'u;  common 
animals  and  their  tracks;  but  a  good  book  on  Tracks  and  Track- 
ing has  been  published  by  J.  Brunner. 

The  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  student  of  mammals  are  per- 
haps the  largest  of  all,  but  the  rewards  are  as  great;  and  every 
skull,  every  skin,  every  good  track  drawing,  is  a  httte  victory  that 
will  give  you  pleasure  to  see  as  long  as  3  ou  live. 

Jnsech  are  easily  SiUtlied  and  preserved.  A  collection  of 
butterflies,  n.ade  according  to  instruction  in  the  "Butterfly 
Book,"  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company,  is  easily  begun;  while 
beetles  and  other  orders  of  bugs,  if  less  interesting,  are  yet  more 
easily  made. 

In  gowrai,  to  those  who  would  know  the  wild  thinfp:  Keep  a 


3S0  Woodcfalt  MMmal  for  Oiilt 


journal  of  your  notes, sketches, and  photos;  get  a  good  handbook* 
ooUect  speciinenar-and  you  have  the  three  bask  things.  AB  the 
rest  will  be  in  measure  of  your  perseverance. 

SIXTY.FOUR  COMMON  WILD  FL0WSR8 
Of  tht  UnitMl  StetM  and  Soathtm  ^»^n^t 

In  preparing  this  list,  Britten  and  Brown's  "111.  Flora  of  the 

Northern  U.  S.  and  Canada"  has  chiefly  been  consultetl  but  free 
use  has  been  made  of  the  works  of  Neltje  Blanchan,  Alice  Louns- 
berrv,  and  Chester  A.  Reed.  ^^m- 
The  student  is  advised  to  color  each  flower  from  nature  as  the 
^portunity  occurs,  using  water  colors  over  the  outline  given 
They  are  gnnped  here  to  correspond  with  the  eight  plates. 

1.  Blue  Flowtn 

Liverieaf  or  Hepatica  {Ilepatica  triloba) .    A  lovely  lilac  or  blue 
the  iirst  of  the  spring  flowers  in  most  regions.   Blooms  in  the 
woods  fronrj  March  to  May,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and 
southward. 

Blue-eyed  Grass,  Blue  Star  or  Star  Grass  (Sisyrinckium 
anputifolium).  A  bright  blue  flower  of  the  Iris  family;  found  in 
nch  meadows  from  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia  and 
southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf;  blooms  May  to  August. 

Bluebell,  Harebell,  or  Hairbell  {Campamda  rotmtdifolia). 
Found  on  rocky  places  and  uplands  nearly  everywhere  south  of 
the  Middle  States.   Blooms  all  summer. 

Common  Violet,  or  Heart-sease  {Viola  cuccuOata).  The  heart 
shape  of  the  leaf  was  held  to  be  the  proof  of  its  power  to  set  the 
heart  at  ease.  In  rich  ground,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and 
southward  nearly  to  tli'.  Gulf  States.    Blooms  in  spring 

Bird's  foot  Violet  ( Viola  pedata).  So  called  from  the  shape  of 
Its  leaves.   Dry  ground;  Maine  to  MinncsoU  and  southward. 

Lupine  (Lupinus  percnitis)    Dry  sml.f  ran  MatnetoMinnesoU 
and  southward.   Earlv  summer. 

Self-heal,  or  Heal-all  (Pnmella  vulgaris).   Dry  ground  every- 
where;  blooming  May  to  Ckto!)er. 

Vervain,  illue  Vervain,  or  Wild  Hyss(^  ( Verbena  hastata).  In 
moist  ground  everywhere;  blooms  June  to  September. 

Chicory,  or  Succory  [Chicoriutr.  Intybus).  Flowers  bright  blue 
or  sometimes  white.  The  roots  roasted  and  ground  make  a 
wholeaome  substitute  for  cofiee.  Originally  came  here  from 


35^  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girli 


Europe.  Now  found  generally  in  tht'  Hastcrn  U.  S.  Blooms 
July  to  Octol  H'T. 

Fringed  GtiUian  ((fV«//<i»<.i<r/;///<i).  Hri^.'Jif  bliK  ran  ly  white. 
Rich  meadows,  Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  souinward  halfway  to 
Gulf.  Blomni  September  and  October. 

U.  White  Flowart 

Bloodroot  {Simguimria  Canadensis).    Noted  for  bleeding 
when  cut.   Its  root  furnished  the  Indians  with  a  red  paint.  In 
rich  woods,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  southward 
Blooms  April  and  May. 

May  Apple,  or  WUd  Mandrake  {Podophyllum  pdtatum).  In 
low  woods;  southern  Ontario  to  Minnesota  and  southward. 
Flowers  in  May;  fruit  rijw  in  July  or  .^u^'ust  and  wholesome. 

Starflower  {Trientalis  americana).  In  damp  woods  from 
Labrador  westward  and  south  to  the  Mkldle  States.  Blooms  in 
May  and  June. 

Indian  IMjx;  {Monolrofia  unijlora).  In  rich  woods  nearly  all 
U.  S.  and  southern  Canada.  Blooms  Itom  June  to  August.  The 
whole  plant  white  or  ocrasionally  pink. 

Saxifrage  (Saxifraga  Virfiinintsis}.  In  dry  rocky  woods,  New 
Brunswick  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  Geoif^.  Oot  <rf  the 
early  flowers  of  spring.    Bl(K)ms  March  to  May. 

0*-cye  Daisy  {Chrysanthemum  Lcucanthemum).  In  pastures 
throughout  most  of  the  area,  as  a  troublesome  weed  from 
Europe.  In  bloom  May  to  November.  The  white  raya  sur- 
round a  bright  yellow  disk. 

Big  White  Trillium,  or  VVakc-rohin  Trillium  grandifiorum) . 
In  woods,  Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  southward.  Blooming  in 
May  and  Jiwe. 

Boneset  (Eupatorium  perfoliatum).  In  wet  places,  New 
Brunswick  to  Manitoba  and  southward.  Blooms  July  to  Sep- 
tember; flowers  white,  but  sometimes  Uue. 


m.  Pink,  or  Whitt  Strtalrad  Willi  Pink 

Trailing  Arbutus  {Efngaa  repens).  In  sandy  or  rocky  woods; 
generally  distributed  in  east«m  America.  Blooms  in  amsuL 
March  to  xMay. 

Twin  flower  (IJnnea  boreaiis).  In  cold  woods  <rf  the  ncNlhem 
half  uf  tlie  continent  and  southward  along  the  1^  mountains. 
Blooms  June  to  August. 


Thusgf  to  Know  and  Do 


^83 


Sprinc  Beauty  (Clayhnh  Virt^intV  i).   In  moist  wood  through- 
out caslcrn  America.   Blooms  March  to  May. 
Queen  Orchid,  or  Showy  Ladies  Slipper  {Cypriptdium  reginae). 


In  swamps,  No  a  Scotia  to  MinnesoU  and  south  to  Georsia. 
!iy  oms  June  to  September. 
Purple  Moccasin  Flower  {Cypripedium  acauU).  In  sandy  or 


354  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


rocky  woods;  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  the 
Middle  States.   Blooms  May  and  June. 

Rooe  Pink  {ScAbatia  angularis).  In  rich  soil  New  York  to 
Ontario  and  south  to  the  Gulf  States.   Blooms  July  and  August. 

Showy  Ordiis  {Orchis  spectabilis).  In  rich  woods,  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Mmnesota  and  southward  to  the  Middle  States.  Blooms 


Thisgs  to  Know  and  Do  255 

in  April  and  June.  Flowers  videt  ox  purple  streaked  with  white 

or  light  purple.  .  x    ,  , 

Mountain  Laurel  (Kalmia  latifolia) .  In  sandy  or  rocky  woods, 
New  Brunswick  and  Ontario,  southward.  Blooms  May  and  June. 

Pink  Azalea  {Azalea  nudiflora).  In  dry  woods,  Maine  to 
Illinois  and  southward.   Blooms  in  April  and  May. 

IV.  White,  or  Greenish  White  Flowers 

Plantain,  Ribgrass,  or  Whiteman's  Foot  {Phnlago  major). 
Everywhere  in  our  region.  Blooms  all  sumni  er  long  as  well  as  in 
spring. 

Queen  Anne's  Lace,  or  Wild  Carrol  {Daucus  carota).  Every- 
where; brought  from  Europe.  "The  original  of  the  cultivated 
carrot,"  B.  &  B.   Blooms  all  summer. 

Yarrow,  or  Milfoil  {Achillea  Mittefdium).  Generally  dis- 
tributed.  Blooms  June  to  November. 

Grass  of  Parnassus  (Pamassia  CaroUniana).  In  bw  meadows, 
New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba  and  southward  to  the  Middle 
States.   Blooms  June  to  September. 

Solomon's  Seal  {Polygonaium  biflorum).  In  woods,  New 
Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  southward.  Blooms  April  to  July. 
Its  roots  show  seal-like  impression,  whence  the  name. 

False  Solomon's  Setl,  Wild  Spikenard,  or  Zigzag  (Vagnera 
racemosa) .  United  States  and  s<Hith  Canada  generally.  Bkxxms 
May  to  July. 

Stickweed,  Cleavers,  or  Bedstraw  {Galium  moUugo).  Gen- 
erally distributed  in  fields  in  the  Northeastern  States.  It 
flowers  all  summer  long.   There  is  a  kmd  with  a  yellow  flower. 

Pennsylvania  or  Canada  Anemone  {Anemone  Canadensis). 
Labrador  to  the  Plains  and  southward  to  Kansas  on  low  ground. 
Blooms  all  summer. 

Wind  flower  {Anemone  quinquifolia).  In  low  woods.  General 
east  of  the  Rockies.  One  of  the  early  spring  flowers.  Bkwms 
April  to  June. 

Rue  Anemone  {Syndesmon  thaUdroides).  In  woods,  Atlantic 
to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Kansas.  White,  but  often  pinkish. 
One  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers.   Blooms  March  to  June. 

y.  Yellow  Flowws 

Celandine  {Chdidonium  majus).  A  straggler  from  Europe  now 
common  along  roadsides  in  eastern  U.  S.  .  Blooms  AfNril  to  Sep- 
tember.  Its  juice  is  a  strong  ydlow  dye. 


356  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Black-eyed  Susan  or  Cone-flower  (Rudbeckea  hirta).  In  fields 
Quebec  to  the  Plains  and  southward.  Blooms  May  to  Septem- 
ber. 


Yellow  Star-grass  (Hypoxis  hirsuta).   In  dry  soil,  Maine  to 
the  Plains  and  southward.    Blooms  May  to  October. 
Jewelweed,  Touch-me-not,  or  Silverleaf  (Impatiens  biflora).  In 


^  iags  to  Know  and  Do 


257 


moist  ground,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  and  southward.  Bloomi 

July  to  October. 

Yellow  Toadflax,  or  Butter  and  Eggs  (Linaria  Linana).  In 
dry  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  south  to  the 
Middle  States.  Blooms  June  to  October. 


Evening  Primrose  {Onagra  biennis).  In  dry  soil,  Labrador  to 
the  Rockies  and  south  to  Florida .  B  looms  from  June  to  October. 
Opens  chiefly  at  night. 

Adder's  Tongue  or  Dog-tooth  Violet  {JErythronium  Ameri- 
canum) .  In  moist  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  south- 


•si  Woodcfift  Ifamnl  for  Giris 

Maytojidy  ^  "^^'y     recogniaed.  It  hkxmw 

Blooms  August  to  No^bi    Th.l         ^^"^55  °^ 
classify  them.  America,  so  that  it  «  expert  work  to 

VI.  Red,  Puiple,  or  Scariet  Flowers 

September.   BriUianrX.'SriS  -f^^  'o 

sSSF— ^^^^^^ 

H«  Ptok  (Sifcw  Xri»<a7  ?n  ^^J""™^  AP--11  to  July. 

the  Gulf    BWn^Sv  to         T.,""/  «'"*'«'»'<i  l>alt<«y  tc 

A  Secret 

You  see  that  flaming  painted  cup 
Ihe  rich  low  wood  beside; 
Remember  this,  where  e'er  it  nows 
A  painted  warrior  died. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  359 

Bee  Balm,  or  Oswego  Tea  {Monarda  didyma).  In  moist  soil, 
in  the  East  from  Ontario  to  Georgia.  Blooms  July  and  Sep- 
tember. 

Redcap,  or  Puiple  Flowering  Raapbeny  (RiAus  odorchts).  On 


theedgeof  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Michigan  andsouth  ward  half  way 
to  the  Gulf.  Blooms  from  June  to  August.  Its  blooms  are  worth 
far  more  than  its  berry,  which  is  a  thin  red  cap  cl  &ie  bdd 
tc^ther  with  a  little  fruit  pulp. 


ate  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girlg 


Trumpet  Creeper  (Tecotna  radicans).  In  moist  woods,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward  to  Texas.  Blooms  August  and 
September. 

Vn.  Brownish  Purple  Flowen 

Wild  Ginger  {A  sarum  Canadense) .  In  rich  woods,  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Manitoba  and  southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf.  Blooms 
April  and  May.   Its  roots  are  flavored  like  ginger. 

Jack-in-the-pulpit,  or  Indian  Turnip  {Arisaema  tnphyUium). 
Inmoist  woods, Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  Gulf 
States.  Its  root  is  frightfully  acrid  and  pungent  when  raw,  but 
when  boiled  becomes  wholesome  food. 

Red  TriUium,  or  Smelly  Wake-robin  {Trillium  erectum).  In 
woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  James'  Bay  and  Manitoba,  thence  south- 
ward halfway  to  the  Gulf.  Its  color  varies  from  dark  purple  to 
pink,  green,  or  white.  It  blooms  from  April  to  June.  The 
name  Wake-robin  is  supposed  to  mean  tlmt  it  wakes  when 
the  robin  comes.  It  has  a  very  bad  smell  and  in  conseq  ?nce 
country  boys  call  it  by  simple,  sincere,  but  very  venuti  Alar 
names. 

Skunk  Cabbage  (Spaihyema  foetida).  In  swamps.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Minnesota,  southward  to  the  Gulf  States.  Its  bloom  is 
the  first  of  all  the  spring  flowers,  in  moist  localities,  for  it  sends 
its  big  egg-shaped  and  purple-mottled  bloom  into  the  cold  world 
as  early  as  February,  long  before  its  leaves  will  venture  forth.  In 
March  ac*  ^pri'  it  b  stm  in  flower. 


Vm.  Pink  Flowen 

Wild  Geranium,  or  Crane's*Bill  {Geranium  maculatum).  In 
woods,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba  and  southward  nearly  to  the 
Gulf.  Blooms  ftom  April  to  July.  The  name  Crane's  BiU  is 
from  the  shape  of  the  seed  pod. 

Fire  Weed,  Epilobium,  or  Spiked  Willowherb  {Chamaenerion 
angustifolium).  In  dry  sunny  places,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  and 
southward  at  least  halfTvay  to  the  Gulf.  So  called  because  of  its 
commonly  springing  iq>  alter  a  forest  6k.  Blooms  June  to 
September. 

Milkweed  (Asclepias  purpurascens).  In  dry  simny  places. 
Massachusetts  to  Minnesota  and  southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf. 
Blooms  June  to  August. 

Spotted  Pipsissiwa  (Ckimaphila  maculaia).  In  dry  woods. 


Thingi  to  Know  and  Do  a6i 


Maine  to  Minnesota  and  southwaid  neariy  to  the  Gulf  States. 
BkKMns  June  to  August. 


Booin  RM<miaiesded 


fiOWMi  GmOE,  Chester  A.  Reed,  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  I1.00. 
Our  E/lrly  Wild  Flowers,  Harriet  L.  Keeler,  Scnbners,  Ji.so. 
How  TO  Know  the  Wild  Flowers,  Mrs.  Wm.  Starr,  Dana,  $2.00. 
How  To  Know  the  Ferns.  Frances  Theodora  Parsons,  Scnbners,  *i.so. 


262  Woodcraft  MaatMl  for  Oiils 


Thi  Woodcnft  Oid  ia  lh«  FofMt 

I  nippow  thtt*  never  was  a  boy  or  girl  who  did  not  love  trees. 
I  remember  a  little  prairie  girl  in  my  young  days  whose  idea  of 
heaven  was  a  big  tree  on  the  prairie  with  an  angel  under  it, 
who  never  said,  ^' I  don't  know"  when  asked  a  question.  A 
tree  has  always  been  a  blessed  and  glorious  thing  to  me.  Often 
I  feel  the  axe  chopping  into  my  own  soul  when  I  see  it  laid  to 
some  nriendid  tree  that  has  been  selected  for  destruction.  Let 
every  Woodcraft  Girl  commit  to  mind  that  lovely  little  poem 
by  Joyce  Kihner  originally  appearing  in  "Publications  of 
Poctiy,"  and  printed  in  Boys'  Ltfe,  October,  1913. 

I  think  that  I  shall  never  see 

A  poem  lovely  as  a  tree, 

A  tree  whose  hungry  mouth  is  pressed 

Against  the  Earth's  sweet  flowing  breast, 

A  tree  that  looks  at  God  all  day 

And  lifts  her  leafy  arms  to  pray, 

A  tree  that  may  in  summer  wear 

A  neat  oi  robins  to  her  hair, 

Upon  whose  bosom  snow  has  lam: 

who  totimately  lives  with  rain.  / 
Poems  are  made  by  fools  like  me. 
But  only  God  can  make  a  tree. 

There  are  only  three  things  that  can  justify  the  destruction  of 
a  tree.  These  are:  we  need  its  lumber,  we  need  its  room,  or  it 
IS  breeding  plague. 

•  How  very  seldom  nowadays  are  we  justified  in  destroymg 
little  trees,  and  above  all,  what  a  fearful  crime  becomes  the 
roaring,  racing,  raging  hell  known  as  a  forest  fire. 

Four-fifths  of  America's  forests  have  been  destroyed  by  wild 
fires,  which  were  in  most  cases  preventable — in  all  cases  lamen- 
table. For  besides  destroying  the  trees  it  destroyed  thousands 
of  human  beings,  millions  of  beautiful,  harmless  birds  and  other 
wild  creatures,  and  utterly  ruined  the  soil  of  the  country  be- 
neath. 

No  one  with  an  ounce  of  patriotism  will  be  responsible  for  a 
wild  fire,  ^d  fire  is  the  demon  that  we  strike  at  in  our  sixth 
law.  Oh,  Woodcraft  Girl,  never,  never  forget  your  vow  to 
face  and  fight  all  wild  fire  in  the  woods.  It  is  far  worse  in 
some  ways  than  fire  in  town.  For  there  you  are  sure  to  have 
competent  firemen  ready  at  hand,  but  the  forest  fire  may  spread 
out  over  a  county  before  its  presence  is  fully  realized,  and  yet 
a  angle  Woodcraft  Girl  on  the  spot  when  first  it  begins  may  stop 


Tliiofs  to  Know  and  Do  263 

it  with  A  biidcet  of  water,  the  blow  of  a  shovel,  or  evtt  ct  a 

stick.  .     .     .    ,       #  . 

These  are  some  of  the  rilee  that  kad  to  lafety: 

Never  build  a  big  fire,  x  here  is  a  certain  type  of  madman  who 
thinks  a  camp  is  incomplete  without  a  "bonfire."  All  such 
folk  shouW  be  to  jail.  No  Woodcrafter  ever  builds  a  bonfire. 
It  is  wasteful,  uucomfortab'.     isocial,  dangerous,  and  cnmmal. 

Let  your  fire  be  the  little  m  -  uf  the  cook  or  the  Council  Ring. 
Do  not  build  it  on  piles  of  logs,  rotten  wood,  or  rubWsh,  nor 
near  them,  nor  on  bog-  Try  to  have  it  on  the  bare  ground; 
and  so  that  you  can  go  all  around  it  on  bare  ^>ound. 

In  wtody  weather  or  dangerous  places  dig  a  hole  or  waU  up 
the  fire  with  stones,  sods,  green  lofi,  sand,  or  other  things  that 

do  not  bum.  ^       .  ^         ...  1.. 

Never  leave  a  camp  or  the  campfire  without  extmguishing 
cverv  spark,  using  water  and  plenty  of  it,  if  you  love  your  country 
or  Uie  good  green  woods.  Never  leave  the  campfire  burning 
even  for  a  rfiort  time  without  some  one  there  to  guard  it. 

Never  throw  down  burning  matches  or  Ughted  cigars  or 
cigarettes.   I  suppose  half  of  the  fires  come  from  this  cause. 

These  are  offered  you  as  Woodcraft  rules,  offered  that  your 
acceptation  may  rest  on  love  of  the  thing  protected.  But  do 
not  forget  that  any  breach  of  this  is  listed  as  crime  m  the  law 
of  the  land  and  may  be  visited  by  heavy  pains  and  penalties. 

But  we  hope  that  the  Woodcraft  Girl  will  not  need  to  think 
of  anything  but  the  beauty  of  the  blessed  woods  ami  be  ready 
and  eager  at  all  times  to  do  her  share  toward  keeping  these 
for  the  joy  oi  havmg  them. 


FIFTY  COMMON  FOREST  TREES  OF  £AST£RN 
NORTH  AMERICA 


White  Pin* 

R«d  PfaM,  Casidkai  Piat  or 

Norway  Pine 
Long-leaved  Pine,  Oeorgia  Pine, 
BoBtfMB  PIb«,  Tdtow  PfaM 
.  TMirack  or  Larck 
'•<  Spmce 

jMlsamTtee 
Bald  Cypren 

Arbor-rttae  or  White  Cedar 
Quaking  Asp,  or  Quiver  Leaf 
Black  Willow 

Balaam  POflar  or  Bain  of  OOood 

Cottonwood 
Black  Walnut 
White  Wahwt 
Pecan 

Shagbark  or  Shellbark 

Mockemut 
Pignut  Hickory 

Gray  Birch   or  Aspen-leaved 
Birch 

White,  Canoe  or  Paper  Birch 
Yellow  Birch  or  Gray  Birch 
Ironwood  or  Hop  Hornbeam 
Blue  Beedi  or  American  Horn- 
beam 
White  Oak 


YeUow  Oak  or  Chestnut  Oak 
Rod  Oak 

Scarlet  Oak 

Black  Oak  or  Golden  Oak 
Pin  Oak  or  Swaav  Oak 

Beech 
Chestnut 

White  Blm,  Water  or  Bmtmf  Bm 

Slippery  Blm 

Osage  Orange  or  Bow-wood 
Tulip  Tree,  Wkftonrood  or  Tal- 
low Poplar 
Sass^  *ras 

Sweet  Gum,  Star4oavod  Own  or 

Liqoidambar 
Sycamore  or  Buttonwood 
Rod-bud  or  Judaa  Tree 
Sugar  Maple,  Bock  Mi^  or 

Hard  Maple 
Silver  Maple  or  Soft  Maple 
Red,  Scarlet,  Water  or  Swan^ 

Maple 

Box  Elder,  or  Ash-leaved  Maple 
Basswood,  White-wood  or  Lin- 
den 

Sour  Gum,  Black  0am,  P^or- 

Idfo  <tf  Tupoto 
White  Aak 

Black  Ash,  Hoop  AA  or  Water 
Alb 


FIFTY  COMMON  FOREST  TREES  OF  EASTERN 
KORTH  AMERICA 


White  Pine,  or  Weymouth  Pine 

{Pinus  Strobus) 

A  noble  evergreen  tree,  up  to  175  feet  high.  The  lumber- 
man's prize.  Its  leaves  are  in  bunches  of  5,  and  are  3  to  5 
inches  long;  cones  4  to  8  inches  long.  Wood  pale,  soft,  straight- 
grained,  easily  split.   Warps  and  diecks  less  than  any  other  of 


our  timbers.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  24  lbs.  (a  cubic  foot  of  water 
weighs  63  lbs.).   Miimesota  and  Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and 

Pennsylvania. 

Red  Pine,  Canadian  Pine,  or  Norway  Pine 

(JPinus  resinosa) 

Everjgreen;  somewhat  less  than  the  White  Pine,  with  leaves 
4  to  6  inches  long,  in  bunches  of  2,  comes  15  to  25  inches  long. 
Wood  darker,  harder,  and  heavier.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  31. 
lbs.   Range  as  above. 

Long-leaved  Pine,  Georgia  Pine,  Southern  Pine,  Yellow 
Pine,  or  Hard  Pine 

{Pinus  palustris) 

A  fine  tree,  up  to  100  feet  high;  evergreen;  found  in  great 
forests  in  the  Southern  states;  it  supplies  much  of  our  lumber 
now;  and  most  of  our  turpentine,  tar,  and  rosin.  Wood  strong 
and  hard,  a  cubic  foot  weighs  44  lbs.   Its  leaves  are  10  to  x6 

267 


a68  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  369 

inches  long,  and  are  in  bunches  of  3's;  cones,  6  to  lo  inches  kmg. 
Range,  Virginia  to  Louis'ana  and  Florida. 


Tamarack,  Larch,  or  Hackmatack 

{Larix  laricina) 

A  tall,  straight  tree  of  the  northern  swamps  yet  often  found 
flourishing  on  dry  hillsides.  One  of  the  few  conifers  that  shed 
all  their  leaves  each  fall.  Leaves  i  to  i  inch  long;  cones  i  to 
finch.  Wood  very  resinous,  heavy,  and  hard,  "a  hard,  soft  wood" 
very  durable  as  posts.  In  Manitoba  I  have  seen  tamarack  fence 
posts  unchanged  after  twenty  years'  wear.  It  is  excellent  for 
firewood ,  and  makes  good  sticks  for  a  rubbing-stick  fire.  A  cubic 
foot  weighs  39  lbs.  Found  north  nearly  to  the  limit  of  trees; 
south  to  nortitem  New  Jersey  and  Minnesota. 


White  Spruce 

(Picea  canadensis) 

Evergreen;  60  to  70  or  even  150  feet  high.  Leaves  §  to  f 
inch  long;  cones  i|  to  2  inches  long,  are  at  the  tips  of  the  branches 

and  deciduous;  the 
twigs  smooth. 
Wood  white,  light, 
soft,  weak,  straight- 
grained,  not  dur- 
able; a  cubic  foot 
wei^  25  lbs.  Its 
roots  afford  the  wat- 
tap  or  cordage  for  canoe-building  and  camp  use  generally. 
North  to  the  limit  of  trees  east  of  Rockies,  soutli  to  Dakota, 
Wisconsin,  and  Maine. 


Hemlock 

{Tsuga  canadensis) 

Evergreen;  60  to  70  feet  high;  occasionally  100;  wood  pale, 
soft,  coarse,  splintery,  not  durable.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  26 
lbs.  Bark  full  of  tannin.  Leaves  ^  to  f  inch  long:  cones  about 
the  same.  Its  knots  are  so  hard  that  they  quickly  turn  the 
edge  of  an  axe  or  gap  it  as  a  stone  might;  these  are  probably 


vjo  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


the  hardest  vegetable  growth  in  our  woods.  Wisconsin  to 
-Nova  Scotia  and  south  on  the  mountains  to  Georgia. 


Hemlock 

Balsam  Tree  or  Canada  Balsam 

{Abies  balsamed) 

Evergreen;  famous  for  the  blisters  on  its  trunk,  yieldnig 
Canada  balsam  which  makes  a  woodman's  plaster  for  cuts 


Balsam 


or  a  waterproof  cement;  and  for  the  exquisite  odor  of  its  boughs, 
which  also  supply  the  woodman's  ideal  bed.  Its  flat  leafage  is 
distinctive.  Wood  pale,  weak,  soft,  perishable.  A  cubic  foot 
weighs  24  lbs.  New  Alberta  to  Newfoundland  and  south  to 
Virgina. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


371 


Ba!d  Cjrpress 

{Taxodium  distichum) 

A  fine  forest  tree,  up  to  153  feet,  with  thin  leaves  somewhat 
like  those  of  Hemlock,  hall  an 
inch  to  an  inch  long;  cones 
rounded  about  an  inch  through. 
Sheds  its  leaves  each  fall  so  is 
"  bald ' '  in  winter.  Noted  for  the 
knees  or  uphent  roots  that  it 
develops  when  growing  in  water. 
Timber  soft,  weak,  but  durable 
and  valuable;  a  cubic  foot  weighs 
27  lbs.  In  low  wet  country  of 
Mississippi  Valley  and  Southeast 
coast. 

Arbor-vitfle,  or  White  Cedar 

{Thuya  occidentalis) 

Evergreen;  50  to  60  feet  high.  Wood  soft,  brittle,  coarse- 
grained, extremely  durable  as  pests;  fragrant  and  very  light  (the 


lightest  on  our  list).  Makes  good  sticks  for  rubbing-stick  fire. 
A  cubic  foot  wei^  only  ao  lbs.  Tht  scale-like  leaves  are  ahcmt 


/ 


373  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Oiris 

6  td  8  to  the  inch,  the  c  ^nes  half  an  inch  long  or  less.  Man- 
itoba to  Nova  Scotia,  and  Penn^ivania;  south  on  mountains  to 
North  Carolina. 

Qnakfaif  AMf,  Qiiiv«r  Leaf,  Atj^  Poplar,  <Mr  Popgh 

(Poptiim  s  muloides) 

A  small  iorest  tree,  but 
occasionally  loo  feet  high. 
Readily  known  by  its  smooth 
bark,  of  a  light  green  of 
whitish  color.  The  wood  is 
pale,  soft ,  close-grained,  weak , 
perishable,  and  light.  A 
cubic  foot  weighs  25  lbs. 
Good  only  for  paper  pulp, 
but  bums  well,  when  sea- 
soned. When  green  it  is 
so  heavy  and  soggy  that 
it  lasts  for  days  as  a  fire 
check  or  back-log.  Leaves 
to  2  inches  long.  Can* 
ada  and  Northern  States. 

Black  Willow 

{JSdlix  nigra) 

The  common  Willow  of  stream-banks,  usually  20  to  40  feet 
high,  sometimes  ico.   Bark  nearly  black.   Its  long  narrow, 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


yellow-green  shining  leaves  are  sufficiently  distinctive.  A  d'xoc- 
tion  of  Willow  bark  and  roots  is  said  to  be  the  beat  known  sub- 
stitute for  quinine.  Noted  for  early  leafing  and  late  shedding; 
leaves  3  to  6  inches  long.  Wood  pale,  weak,  soft,  dose-grained ;  a 
cubic  foot  we^  28  lbs.  Mnnitcba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Kmth 
to  Gulf. 

Balsam  Poplar,  Balm  of  Gilead,  or  Tacamahac 

{Pofmlus  balsamifera) 

Fifty  or  60  feet  ordinarily,  but  sometimes  100  feet  high. 
Bark  rough  and  furrowed.  The  great  size  of  the  buds  and 


their  thick  shiny  coat  of  fragrant  gum  are  strong  marks.  Wood 

much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  weighs  23  lbs.  a  cubic  foot 
Leaves  3  to  6  indies  long.  Canada  and  Northern  States. 

Cottonwood 

{Popuhts  ddioUes) 

Small  and  rare  in  the  Northeast.  Abundant  and  lar^  in 

West;  even  1 50  feet  high.  Wood  as  in  other  poplars  but  weighs 
2  4  lbs.  a  cubic  foot.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long.  Maine  to  Georgia 
uid  west  to  Alborta. 

Black  Walnut 

{Tuglans  nigra) 

A  magnificent  forest  tree  up  to  150  feet  high;  usually  much 
smaller  in  the  east.  Wood,  a  dark  piupUsh  brown  or  gray; 
hard,  dose-grained;  strong;  voy  durable  in  iveather  or  ground 


374  Woodcraft  Uamud  for  Girls 


Fruit  ai  Uadc  walnut. 


Fruit  of  butternut 

Both  life  size. 


TUngi  to  Kb0w  and  Do 


work,  and  heavy.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  38  Hm.  Leaflets  13 
to  23;  and  3  to  5  inches  long.  Fruit  nearly  round,  li  to  3  inches 
in  diameter.  Massachusetts  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Miss- 
issippi. 

White  Walnttt,  Oil  Nut,  or  Butternut 

(Juglans  cinerea) 

Much  smaller  than  tlie  last,  rarely  100  feet  high;  with  much 
smoother  bark  and  larger,  coarser,  compound  leaves,  of  fewer 
leaflets  but  the  petioles  or  leaflet  stalks,  and  the  new  twigs  are 
covered  with  sticky  down. 


The  wood  is  light  brown,  soft,  coarse,  not  strong  but  very 
enduring  in  weather  and  ground  work;  light;  leaves  15  to  30 
inches  long;  leaflets  11  to  19  in  number  and  3  to  5  inches  long; 
fruit  oblong,  2  to  3  inches  long.  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and 
south  to  Mississippi. 

Pecan 

(Hicoria  Pecan) 

A  tall  slender  forest  tree  in  low  moist  soil  along  streams,  up 
to  170  feet  ill  height:  famous  for  its  delicious  nuts,  they  are 
smooth  and  thin  shelled;  fruit,  oblong,  cylindrical,  li  to 
inches  long.  Its  leaves  are  smooth  when  mature;  leaflets  11 
to  15,  and  4  to  7  inches  long;  wood  hard  and  brittle,  a  cul^ 
foot  w^hs  45  lbs.   Central  Mississippi  Valley. 


Woodonft  MuauH  lor  Oiiig 


Ptocan 


Shagbark,  SheUbaxk,  or 
White  Hickory 

{Hkoria  cvaki) 

A  tall  forest  tree  up  to 
1 20  feet  high.  Known  at 
once  by  the  great  angular 
slabs  of  bark  hanging  partly  detach^  from  its  main  trunk, 

forced  off  by  the 
growth  of  wood,  but 
too  tough  to  fall.  Its 
leaves  are  8  to  14 
inches  long,  with  5 
to  7  broad  leaflets. 
The  wood  is  very 
light  in  color,  close- 
grained,  tough,  and 
elastic.  It  makes 
an  excellent  bow;  is 
the  best  of  fuel.  A 
cubic  foot  weighs  52 
lbs.  Dakota  to  Maine 
and  south  to  Missis- 
sippi. 

Mockemut,  White  Heart,  or  Big-bud  Hickory 

(Hicoria  alba) 

A  tall  forest  tree,  up  to  100  feet.  Wood  much  like  that  of 
Shagbark,  but  net  quite  so  heavy  (5 1  lbs.).  Its  bark  is  smooth 


Thiofi  to  Xnoir  tad  Do 


and  furrowed  like  that  of  the  Pignut.  Its  leaves  are  like '  hose  of 
the  Shagbark,  but  it  has  7  to  9  leaflets,  instead  of  s  to  it  has 
a  large  terminal  bud  i  to  |  of  an  inch  long,  and  the  leaver  ax-c  a 
resinous  smell.  Its  nut  in  the  husk  is  nearly  a  inches  k>i  jt;  the 
nut  shell  is  4-ridged  toward  the  point,  has  a  very  thick  sh^  and 
small  sweet  kernel.  Maine  to  Oklahoma  and  Florida. 


plates.  Leaves  8  to  12  inches  long.  Nut  slightly  or  not  at  all 
angular,  very  thick  shelled;  the  pear  shape  of  fruit  is  a  strong 


t  ■ 


ayt         Woodenft  Ifaaual  for  OMi 

feature,  i\  to  a  inches  long.  Maine  to  Nebraska  and  south  to 
the  Gulf. 

Of»y  Birch  or  Aspen-leaved  Birch 

(Beiula  populi/olia) 


A  small  tree  found  on  dry  and  poor  soil;  larely  50  feet  high. 
Wood  soft,  close-grained,  not  syrong,  splits  in  drying,  useless  fm* 


weather  or  ground  work.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  36  lbs.  Leaves 
2  to  3  inches  long.  It  has  a  black  triai^ular  scar  at  each  armpit. 
Quebec  south  to  Maryland. 


White,  Canoe,  or  Paper  Birch 

{Beiula  papyri/era) 

A  tall  forest  tree  up  to  80  feet  high;  the  source  of  bark  for 
ranoes,  etc.   One  of  the  most  important  trees  in  the  northern 


Things  to  'Jaam  and  Do  W 

forest.  Betides  canoes,  wigwams,  vessels,  and  paper  from  its 
bark,  it  furnishes  svrup  from  ito  sap  and  the  famer  bark  is  used 
SLb  an  emergency  fooa.  Every  novice  rediscovers  for  himself 
that  the  outer  bark  is  highly  inflammable  as  well  as  waterproof, 
and  ideal  for  fire-lighting.  Though  so  much  Uke  the  Gray  Birch, 
it  is  larger,  whiter,  and  with  but  sma'l  black  scars  at  each  limb. 
Thfc  timber  is  much  the  same,  but  this  weighs  37  lbs.  Its  leaf 
and  catkin  distinguish  it;  the  former  b  3  to  3  inches  loiig.  All 
Canada  and  south  to  nUnob. 


Yellow  Birch,  or  Gray  Birch 

(Betula  lutea) 

A  forest  tree,  of  31  feet  in  height.  Bark  obviously  birch, 
but  shaggy  and  "        uuli  yellow.   Wood  as  in  the  others,  but 


reddish,  A  cubic  foot  weighs  4 1  lbs.  Leaves  3  to  4  inches  long. 
Mumesota  to  Newfoundland  and  south  to  Virginia. 


Iionwood,  Hard-hack,  Leverwood,  B«etle-wood,  or  Hop 

Hornbeam 

(Ostyra  Virginiana) 

A  small  tr  •  20  to  30,  rarely  50,  feet  high;  named  for 
its  hardne  ^  a  U  :  -  hopUke  fruit.  Bark  furrowed.  Wood 
tough,  cl  e  "iiin  ;  iisplittable.  One  of  the  strongest, 
heaviest,  a.  dVrdetsL  of  iunbers.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  over 
51  lbs.  T  .U.  :  it  cciT.es  lear  to  Shagbark  Hickory  m  weight 
and  perha^.r  .'•xi  beyc  d  i.  in  strength  and  hardnewa.  Leaves 


28o         Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

3  to  s  inches  long.  Fruit  li  to  2^  inches  long.  Dakota  to 
Nova  Scotia  and  south  to  Gulf. 


but  lighter.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  45  lbs.  Leaves  3  to  4  inches 
long.    United  States  east  of  Missouri  River. 


White  Oak 

(Querctis  alba) 

A  grand  forest  tree;  over  100  feet  up  to  150  feet  high.  The 
Snest  and  mo»t  vahiable  ci  our  oaks.  The  one  perfect  timber 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


381 


for  shipbuilders,  farmers,  and  house  furnishers.  Its  wood  is 
pale,  strong,  tough,  fine-grained,  durable,  and  heavy.  A  cubic 
foot  weighs  46  lbs.  I  found  that  when  green  it  weighed  68  lbs. 


to  the  cubic  foot  and  of  course  sank  in  water  like  a  stone.  Called 
white  from  pale  color  of  bark  and  wood.  Leaves  5  to  9  inches 
long.   Texas  to  Minnesota  and  easterly. 

TeUow  Oak,  Chestaut  Oak,  or  Chinquapin  Scrub  Oak 

iQuercus  Muhlenbergii) 

A  great  forest  tree;  up  to  160  feet  high;  wood 
as  usual,  but  the  heaviest  of  all  when  dry;  a  cubic 
foot  weighs  54  lbs;  when  green,  it  is  heavier  than 


382  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


water,  and  sinks  at  once.  It  is  much  like  the  chestnut  oak  but 
Its  leaves  are  narrower,  more  sharply  saw-edged,  and  its  acorns 
much  smaller,  about  half  the  size.  Its  acorns  ripen  in  one  sea- 
son. Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long.  Louisiana  to  Iowa  and  east- 
erly to  Massachusetts. 


Red  Oak 

(Quercus  rubra) 


A  fine  forest  tree,  70  to  80,  or  even  140,  feet  high.  Wood 
reddish  brown.  Sapwood  darker.   .lard,  strong,  coarse-grained, 


heavy.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  41  lbs.  It  checks,  warps,  and 
does  not  stand  for  weather  or  ground  work.  The  acorn  takes 
two  seasons  to  ripen.  Apparently  all  those  oaks  whose  nnts 
take  two  seasons  to  ripen  have  wood  that  soon  rots.  The 
flat  shape  of  the  cup  is  distinctive;  in  fact,  it  has  no  cup,  it  has 
a  saucer;  leaves  4  to  8  inches  long.  Missouri  to  Muinesota 
and  east  to  Atlantic. 


Scarlet  Oak 

(Quercus  coccinea) 

Seventy  to  80  or  even  160  feet  high.  Scarlet  from  its  spring 
and  autumn  foliage  color.  The  leaves  are  a  little  like  those  of 
the  Black  Oak,  but  are  frondlike  with  three  or  four  deep,  nearly 
even,  cuts  on  each  side.  The  acorns  of  this  can  be  easily  rnatched 
among  those  of  the  Black  Oak,  but  the  kernel  of  the  Scarlet 
IS  white,  that  of  the  Black  is  yellow;  thev  take  two  seasons  to 
ripen.   Wood  much  as  in  Red  Oak  but  weighs  46  lbs.  per  cubic 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  283 

foot.  Leaves  4  to  8  inches  long.  Massachusetts  to  Georgia 
and  Iowa. 


Scarlet  dak 


Black  Oak,  Golden  Oak,  or  Quercitron 

(Quercus  vdutina) 

Seventy  to  80  or  even  150  feet  high.  The  outer  bark  is  very 
rough,  bumpy,  and  blackish;  inner  bark  yellow.   This  yields 


yeUow  dye  called  qu,  citron.  The  leaf  is  of  the  Scarlet  Oak 
yle,  but  has  uneven  cuts  and  usually  a  large  solid  area  in 
le  outer  half.  The  wood  is  hard,  coarse-grained,  checks, 


284 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


and  does  not  stand  for  weather  or  ground  work.  A  cubic  foot 
weighs  44  lbs.   Wisconsin  to  Maine  and  south  to  Gulf. 

Pin  Oak  or  Swamp  Oak 
(Quircus  pdustris) 

Fifty  to  70  or  even  120  feet  high,  in  swampy  land.  Wood 
hard,  coarse-grained,  very  strong  and  tough.   Will  not  stand 


exposure  next  to  ground.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  34  lbs  Its 
acorns  take  two  seasons  to  ripen.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long. 
In  moist  woods  and  along  swamp  edges.  Massachusetts  to  Iowa 
and  Arkansas. 

Beech 

(Fagus  grandifdia) 

•  ^"  North  America  there  is  but  one  species  of  beech.  It 
is  a  noble  forest  tree,  70  to  80,  and  occasionallv  120,  feet  high; 
readily  distinguished  by  its  unfurrowed  ashy  gray  bark  wSxi 
hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  pale,  heavy.  Leaves  x  to  4 
inches  long.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  43  lbs.  Wisconsin  to  Nova 
Scotia  and  south  to  Gulf. 


Tilings  to  Know  and  Do 


Chestnut 

{Castanea  der.'.ata) 

A  noble  tree,  60  to  80  or  even  100  feet  high.  A  cubic  foot 
of  die  wood  wei{^  28  lbs.  Leaves  6  to  8  inches  l(mg.  Mass- 
achusetts to  Indiana  and  Mississippi 

White  Elm,  Water,  or  Swan^  Elm 

(Ulmus  Americana) 

A  tal'  splendid  forest  tree;  commonly  100,  occasionally  icc 
feet.   Wood  reddish  brown;  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  hard  xo 
split.   A  cubic  foot  weighs  41  lbs.   Soon  rots  near  the  ground. 
Leaves  2  to  5  indies  long.   Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south 
to  Gulf. 

Slippery  Elm,  Moose,  or  Red  Elm 

(Ulmus  fidva) 


Smaller  than  White  Elm,  maximum  height  about  70  feet. 
Wood  dark,  reddish,  hard,  close,  tough,  strongs  durable  next 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


387 


the  ground;  heavy;  a  cubic  foot  weighs  43  lbs.  Its  leaves  are 
larger  and  rougher  than  those  of  the  former.  Four  to  8  inches 
long,  and  its  buds  are  hairy,  not  smooth.   Maine  to  Minnesota 

and  south  to  Gulf. 

Osage  Orange,  (Bois  D'arc)  Bodarc,  or  Bow-Wood 

(Toxylon  pomiferum) 

A  small  tree,  rarely  60  feet  high.  Originally  from  the  middle 
Mississippi  Valley,  now  widely  introduced  as  a  hedge  tree. 


Famous  for  supplying  the  best  bows  in  America  east  of  the 
Rockies.  Wood  is  bright  orange;  very  hard,  elastic,  enduring 
and  heavy.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long.  A  cubic  foot  weigl:^ 
48  lbs. 


Tulip  Tree,  White-wood,  Canoe  Wood,  or  YeHow 

(Liriodendron  Tulipifera) 

One  of  the  noblest  forest  trees,  ordinarily  100  feet,  and  some- 
limes  150  feet  high.  Noted  for  its  splendid  clean,  straight 
column;  readily  known  by  leaf,  3  to  6  inches  long,  and  its  tuUp- 
Uke  flower.  Wood  soft,  straight-grained,  brittle,  yellow,  and 
very  light;  much  used  where  a  broad  sheet  easily  worked  is 
needed  but  will  not  stand  exposure  to  the  weather;  is  poor  fuel; 
a  dry  cubic  foot  v  ^hs  26  lbs.  Mississif^i  to  Atlantic,  Lake 
Ontario  to  Gulf.  See  page  289. 


Woodcraft  BCanual  for  Girls 

Sassafras,  or  Ague  Tree 
(Sassafras  sassafras) 

Usually  a  smaU  tree  of  dry  sandy  soil,  but  reaching  12c  feet 
high  m  favorable  regions.   Its  vvoci  is  dull  orange  wft  wS 
coarse  brittle,  and  light.   A  cubic  foot  weighsTi  lbs  W 
dumble  next  the  ground.  Leaves  4  to  7  inches  long 
to  Iowa  and  Texas  to  Atlantic  See  next  page 

Sweet  Gum,  Star-Leaved,  or  Red  Gum,  Bilsted,  Alligator 
Tree,  or  Uquidambar 

{Liquidambar  Styraciflua) 

I'^^Ku^  "?  ^eet  high  of  low,  moist  woods  remark- 

able  for  the  corky  ndges  on  its  bark,  and  the  unspSfe  ^ 


3tosincheslong.    MasU^Sf  titetS^rt^tJ^^^! 

Sycamore,  Plane  Tree,  Buttonball,  or  Buttonwood 

(Platanus  ouidentalis) 

One  of  the  largest  of  our  trees-  im  fn  u-  1. 


390 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


its  strength.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  3c  lbs.  Little  use  for  weather 
work.  Famous  for  shedding  its  bark  as  well  as  its  teftves. 
Leaves  4  to  9  iiudies  long.  Canada  to  the  Gulf. 


Red-Bud,  or  Judas 
Tree 

{Cercis  canadensis) 

Small  tree  of  bottom 
lands,  rarely  50  feet  high; 
so  called  from  its  abundant 
spring  crop  of  tiny  rosy 
blossoms,  coming  before 
the  leaves,  the  latter  2  to 
6  inches  broad.  "Judas 
tree"  because  it  blushed 
when  Judas  hanged  himself  on  it  (Keeler).    Its  wood  is  dark, 
coarse,  and  heavy. 
A  cubic  foot  weighs  40  lbs.   Maryland  to  Iowa  and  southward. 

Sugar  Maple,  Rock  Maple,  or  Hard  Maple 

{Acer  saccharum) 

A  large,  spiendid  forest  tree, '80  to  120  feet  high;  red  in  au- 
tunm.   Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  and  heavy  but  not  durable. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


39Z 


A  cubic  foot  weighs  43  lbs.   It  tujoys  with  Beech,  Hickory, 
etc.,  th-  sad  distinction  of  being  a  perfect  firewood.  Thanlu 
to  this  it  has  been  exterminated  in  some  regions. 
Bird's-eye  and  curled  Maple  are  freaks  of  the  graui.  Leavef 


3  to  s  inches  long.  Its  sap  produces  the  famous  maple  sugar. 
Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south  to  Gulf. 


Silver  Maple,  White,  or  Soft  Maple 
{Acer  saccharimm) 


Usually  a  little  smaller  than  the  Sugar  Maple  and  much 
inferior  as  timber.  Wood  hard,  dose-grained.  A  cubic  foot 


''^hs  33  lbs.  Leaves  s  to  7  inches  long.  This  tree  produces 
a  little  sugar.  It  is  noted  tot  its  yellow  foliage  in  autumn. 


2g2  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  souta  to  Oklahoma  and 
Georgia. 

R«d,  Seartot,  Water,  or  Swamp  Mapit 

(Aarmbnm) 

A  fine  tree  the  same  size  as  the  preceding.  Noted  for  its 
flaming  crimson  foliage  in  fall,  as  well  as  its  red  leaf-stalks, 
flowers,  and  fruit  earlier.  Its  wood  is  Ught-colored,  tinged 
reddish,  close-grained,  smooth  with  varieties  of  grain,  as  in 
Sugar  Maple;  heavy.  A  cubic  foot  weig^  39  lbs.  Leaves  a 
to  6  inches  long.  Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Gulf. 


Box  Elder,  or  Ash-Leaved  Maple 

(Acer  Negundo) 

A  small  tree,  40  to  50  up  to  70  feet  high,  found  chiefly  along 
streams.   Wood  pale,  soft,  dose-grained,  light.  A  cubic  fo<^ 


i 


Thing!  to  Know  and  Do  293 

weighs  27  lbs.  Poor  fuel.  Makes  paper-pulp.  Leaflets  2 
to  4  inches  lonff.  Massachusetts  to  British  Columbia  south  to 
Meidco  and  AuuNuna. 

BftMwoodt  White-Wood,  Whistle- Wood,  limo,  or  linden 

(XUia  amerkana) 

A  tall  forest  tree  60  to  125  feet;  usually  hollow  when  old. 
Wood  soft,  straight-grained,  weak,  white,  very  light.  A 
cubic  foot  wei^  38  um.  It  makes  a  good  dugout  canoe  or 
sap  trough. 


The  hollow  trunk,  split  in  halves,  was  often  used  for  roofing. 
Poor  firewood,  and  soon  rots,  makes  good  rubbing-sticks  for 
friction  fire.  Its  inner  bark  supplies  coarse  cordage  and  mat- 
ting. Its  buds  are  often  eaten  as  emergency  food.  Leaves  2 
to  5  inches  wide.  Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south  to 
Texas. 


394  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Sour  Gum,  Black  Gum,  Pepperidge,  or  Tupelo 

{Nyssa  sylvatica) 


A  forest  tree  up  to  no  feet  Heh;  in  wet  lands.  Wood  pale, 
very  strong,  tough,  unsplitt? ble,  ^  nd  Iieavy.  A  cubic  foot  weighs 


40  lbs.  Used  for  turner  work,  but  soon  rots  next  the  ground. 
Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and 
south  to  Gulf. 


White  Ash 

{Faxinus  americana) 


A  fine  forest  tree  on  moist  soil;  70  to  90  or  even  130  feet 
high.   Wood  pale  brown,  tough,  and  elastic.   Used  for  handles, 


springs,  bows,  also  arrows  and  spears;  heavy.  A  cubic  foot 
weighs  4z  lbs.  Soon  rots  next  the  ground.  Called  white  for 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


395 


the  silvery  under  sides  of  the  leaves;  these  are  8  to  12  inches 
long;  each  leaflet  3  to  5  inches  long.  Mississippi  Vall^  and 
east  to  Atlantic. 

Black  Ash,  Hoop  Ash,  or  Water  Ash 

{Fraxinus  nigra) 

A  tall  forest  tree  of  swampy  places;  70,  80,  or  rarely  100  feet 
high.   Wood  dark  brown,  tough,  soft,  coarse,  heavy.   A  cubic 


foot  weighs  39  lbs.  Soon  rots  next  to  the  ground.  Late  in  the 
spring  to  leaf,  and  early  to  shed  in  the  fall.  The  leaves  are  12 
to  16  inches  long;  its  leaflets,  except  the  last,  have  no  stalk.  they 
number  7  to  1 1 ,  are  2  to  6  inches  long.  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba 
and  south  to  Virginia. 


Book!  RMommeoded 

TsEES  OF  THE  NoKTHBXN  Unred  STATES,  Austio  C.  Apgar.  Price,  $1.00, 
American  Book  Co. 

The  Forester's  Manual,  or  Forest  trees  of  Eastern  North  AinerKS;ja 
fully  illustrated  Manual  with  map  showing  range  of  each  sptck*.  By 
Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  published  hy  Doubleday,  Page  & 

Our  Native  Trees,  by  Harriet  L.  Keeler,  1900.  Charles  ScrQ»ers 
Sons,  New  York  City.  Pnce,  fa. 


396  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


THE  STARS  AS  THE  CAMPER  SEES  THEM 
(See  Hate  of  Stare  and  Principal  Constellations) 

So  far  as  there  is  a  central  point  in  our  heavens,  that  point 
IS  the  Pole-star,  Polaris.  Around  this  star  all  the  stars  in  the 
sky  seem  to  turn  once  in  twenty-four  hours. 

It  is  easily  discovered  by  ti.  i  help  of  the  Big  Dipper,  or  Great 
Bear,  known  to  every  country  boy  and  girl  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  world.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  most  important  star 
group  m  our  sky,  because  of  its  size,  peculiar  form,  the  fact 
that  it  never  sets  in  our  latitude,  and  that  of  its  stars,  two, 
sometimes  called  the  Pointers,  always  pomt  out  the  Pole-star.' 
It  is  called  the  Dipper  because  it  is  shaped  Uke  a  dipper  with 
a  long,  bent  handle. 

Why  it  is  called  the  Great  Bear  is  not  so  easy  to  explain 
The  classical  legend  has  it  that  the  nymph,  Calisto,  having 
violated  her  vow,  was  changed  by  Diana  into  a  bear,  which 
after  death,  was  immortalized  in  the  sky  by  Zeus.  Another 
suggestion  is  that  the  earliest  astronomers,  the  Chaldeans 
called  these  stars  "the  shining  ones,"  and  their  word  happened 
to  be  very  like  the  Greek  arktos  (a  bear).  Another  explanation 
IS  that  vessels  in  olden  days  were  named  for  animals,  etc.  They 
bore  at  the  prow  the  carved  effigy  of  the  namesake,  and  if  the 
Great  Bear,  for  example,  made  several  very  happy  voyages  by 
setting  out  when  a  ctn^m  constellation  was  in  the  ascendant, 
that  constellation  might  become  known  as  the  Great  Bear's 
constellation.  Certainly,  there  is  nothmg  in  its  shape  to  justify 
the  name.  Very  few  of  the  constellations,  mdeed,  are  like  the 
thing  they  are  called  after.  Their  names  were  usually  given 
for  some  fanciful  association  with  the  namesake,  rather  than 
for  resemblance  to  it. 

The  Pole-star  is  really  the  most  important  of  the  stars  in  our 
sky;  It  marks  the  north  at  all  times;  all  the  other  stars  seem  to 
swing  around  it  once  in  twenty-four  hours.  It  is  in  the  end  <rf 
the  Little  Bear's  tail;  this  constellation  is  sometimes  called  the 
Little  Dipper.  But  the  Pole-star,  or  Polaris,  is  not  a  very  bright 
one,  and  it  would  be  hard  to  identify  but  for  the  help  of  the 
Pomters  of  the  Big  Dipper. 

The  outside  stars  (Alpha  and  Beta)  of  the  Dipper  point  nearly 
to  Polaris,  at  a  distance  equal  to  about  five  times  the  space  that 
separates  these  two  stars  of  the  Dipper's  outer  side. 

Indian  names  for  the  Pole-§tar  are  the  "  Home  Star,"  and  "  The 
Star  That  Never  Moves,"  and  the  Big  Dipper  thev  call  the 
"Broken  Back."  /  wui  uw 


apS  Woodcraft  Maaual  for  Girls 


The  Great  Bear  is  also  to  be  remembered  as  the  hour-hand 
of  the  woodman's  clock.  It  goes  once  around  the  North  Star 
in  about  twenty-four  hours,  the  same  way  as  the  sun,  and  for 
the  same  reason — that  it  is  the  earth  that  is  going  and  leaving 
them  behind. 

The  time  in  going  around  is  not  exactly  twenty-four  hours, 
so  that  the  position  of  the  Pointers  varies  with  the  seasons, 
but,  as  a  rule,  this  for  woodcraft  purposes  is  near  enough.  The 
bowl  of  the  Dipper  swings  four-fifths  of  the  width  of  its  own 
opening  in  one  hour.  If  it  went  a  quarter  of  the  curcle,  that 
would  mean  you  had  slept  a  quarter  of  a  day,  or  six  hours. 

Every  fifteen  days  the  stars  seem  to  be  an  hour  earUer;  in 
three  months  they  gain  one-fourth  of  the  circle,  and  in  a  year 
gain  the  whole  circle. 

According  to  Flammarion,  there  are  about  seven  thousand 
stars  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  of  these  twenty  are  stars  of 
the  first  magnitude.  Fourteen  of  them  are  visible  in  the  latitude 
of  New  York,  the  others  (those  starred)  belong  to  the  South  Polar 
region  of  the  sky.  The  following  table  of  the  brightest  stars  is 
taken  from  the  Revised  Harvard  Photometry  of  1908,  the  best 
authority  on  the  subject. 

The  First  Twenty  Stars  in  Order  of  Brightness 

1.  Sirius,  the  Dog  Star. 

2.  *Canopus,  of  the  Ship. 

3.  *Alpha,  of  the  Centaur. 

4.  Vega,  of  the  Lyre. 

5.  Capella,  of  the  Charioteer. 

6.  Arcturus,  of  the  Herdsman. 

7.  Rigel,  of  Orion. 

8.  Procyon,  the  Little  Dog-star. 

9.  *Achemar,  of  Eridanus. 

10.  *Beta,  of  the  Centaur. 

1 1 .  Ahair,  of  the  Eagle. 

12.  Betelgeuze,  of  Orion's  right  shoulder. 

13.  *Alpha,  of  the  Southern  Cross. 

14.  Aldebaran,  of  the  Bull's  right  eye. 

15.  Pollux,  of  the  Twins. 

16.  Spica,  of  the  Virgin. 

17.  Antares,  of  the  Scorpion. 

18.  Fomalhaut,  of  the  Southern  Fish. 

19.  Deneb,  of  the  Swan. 
ao,  Regulus,  of  the 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


399 


Other  ConsteUations 
Orion 

Orion  (0-ri-on),  with  its  striking  array  of  brillLint  stars, 
Betelgeuze,  Rigel,  the  Three  Kings,  etc.,  is  generally  admitted 
to  be  the  finest  conitellation  in  the  heavens. 

Orion  was  the  hunter  gLnt  who  went  to  Heaven  when  he 
died,  and  now  marches  arcund  the  great  dome,  but  is  seen  only 
in  the  winter,  because,  during  .he  summer,  he  passes  over  during 
daytime.  Thus  he  is  still  the  hunter's  constellation.  The  three 
stars  of  his  belt  are  called  the  "Three  Kings." 

Sirius,  the  Great  Dog-star,  is  in  the  head  of  Orion's  Hound, 
the  constellation  Canis  Major,  and  following  farther  back  is  the 
Little  Dog-star,  Frocyon,  the  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Cams  Minor 

In  old  charts  of  the  stars,  Orion  is  shown  with  his  hounds, 
hunting  the  bull,  Taurus.  This  constellation  is  recognizable 
by  this  diagram;  the  red  star,  Aldebaran,  being  the  angry  right 
eye  of  the  Bull.  His  face  is  covered  with  a  cluster  of  little  stars 
called  the  Hyades,  and  on  his  shoulder  are  the  seven  stars,  called 
Pleiades. 

Pldades 

Pleiades  (Ply-a-des)  can  be  seen  i..  winter  as  a  cluster  of  small 
stars  between  Aldebaran  and  Algol,  or,  a  line  drawn  from  the 
back  bottom,  through  the  front  rim  of  the  Big  Dipper,  about 
two  Dipper  lengths,  touches  this  little  group.  They  are  not  far 
from  Aldebaran,  being  in  the  right  shoulder  of  the  Bull.  They 
may  be  considered  the  seven  arrow  wounds  made  by  Orion. 

Serviss  tells  us  that  the  Pleiades  have  a  supposed  connection 
with  the  Great  Pyramid,  because  "about  2170  b.  c,  when  the 
begirming  of  spring  coincided  with  the  culmination  of  the  Plei- 
ades at  midnight,  that  wonderful  group  of  stars  was  visible  just 
at  midnight,  through  the  mysterious  southward-pointing  passage 
of  the  Pyramid. 

Cassiopeia 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Pole-star  from  the  Big  Dipper, 
and  nearly  as  far  from  it,  is  a  W  of  five  bright  stars.  This  is 
called  Cassiopeia's  Chair.  It  is  easily  foui^  and  visible  the 
year  round  on  clear  nights. 

Thus  we  have  dOcribed  ten  consteIlati<His  from  which  the 
Woodcraf ter  may  select  tlu  numba  needed  to.qoalif y,  nam^) 


3»o  Woodeaft  llumal  for  Girls 

The  Moon 

any  known  atmosphereS^^^^^^^^ 

therefore  i  rises  twenty-four  hours; 

average;  but  tTere^re  w,?.  H^  successive  night  on  the 

for  PTan^r^l^ \u  ,  ,  ^  deviations  from  this  averaee  as 

PaSlSct "       »  ""^  »  ^-PPoeed  to  be  the  North 
The  Stan  as  Tests  of  Byesiglit 

fo/"ot  S^^l;?  rr;ts^:^r'fc"?>r 

Mizar  and  Alcor  M^;  >L  h  ^^'J'^'  "le  old  test  of 
the  handle  o  "he  Kn^r'  fuS Tit; "  "      bend  of 

that  a.^o„„mers'JS'K,  0^2         "  "  ' 

Can  you  see  the  papoose  on  the  old  squaw?  Wk?  "  AnH 

The  Pleiades 

One  of  the  oldest  of  all  eve  tests  w  thi-  PUUa^  n 
a  mere  haze,  fairly  good  Ja^^.'^t'Sr^^r^l^^ 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


301 


The  rarest  eyesight,  under  the  best  conditions,  see^  up  to  ten; 
and,  according  to  Flammarion,  the  record  with  unaided  eyes  is 
thirteeen. 

Vega,  of  the  Ljrre 

If  one  draw  a  line  from  through  tlie  back  wall  of  the  Dipper, 
that  is,  from  the  back  bottom  star,  through  the  one  next  the 
handle,  and  continue  it  upward  for  twice  the  total  length  of  the 
Dipper,  it  will  reach  Vega,  the  brightest  star  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  sky,  and  believed  to  have  been  at  one  time  the  Pole-star 
— and  likely  to  be  again.  Vega,  with  the  two  stars  near  it,  form 
a  small  triangle.  The  one  on  the  sidenexttheNorthStar  iscalled 
Epsilon.  If  you  have  remarkably  good  eyes,  you  will  see  that 
it  is  a  double  star. 

The  Nebula  in  Orion's  Sword 

Just  about  the  middle  of  Orion's  Sword  is  a  fuzzy  Ught  spot. 
This  might  do  for  blood,  only  it  is  the  wrong  color.  It  is  the 
nebula  of  Orion.  If  you  can  see  it  with  the  naked  eye,  you  are 
to  be  congratulated. 

On  fbB  Moon 

When  the  moon  is  full,  there  is  a  large,  dark,  oval  spot  on  it 
to  the  left,  as  you  face  it,  and  close  to  the  east  rim,  almost  half- 
way up;  this  is  the  Plain  of  Grimaldi;  it  is  about  twice  the  size 
of  the  whole  State  of  New  Jersey;  but  it  is  proof  of  a  pair  of  ex- 
cellent eyes  if  you  can  see  it  at  all. 

Books  Hecommonded 

The  Book  of  Stars,  by  R.  F.  Collins.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.  Pilce,  li.oo. 
Around  the  Year  With  the  Stars,  by  Garrett  P.  Serviss.  Harpers. 
Price,  $1.00. 


BIRDS 


Forty  Birds  That  Every  Woodcrafter  Should  Know 


The  Bald  Eagle  or  White-headed 

Eagle 
Golden  or  War  Eagle 
Rc  uuled  Hawk  or  Henhawk 
The.Barred  or  Hoot  Owl 
Great  Homed  Owl  <tf  Cat  Owl 
Screech  Owl 

Turkey  Voltnre  or  Btuxtrd 

Loon 

Common  Seagull 
Pelican 

Wild  Duck  or  Mallard 
Wood  Duck  or  Summer  Duck 
Wild  GooM,  Canada  Ooom»  or 

Honker 
Swan 
Bittern 

Great  Blue  Heron 
Quail  or  Bobwhite 
Ruffed  Gronso  or  Partridge 
Dove 


Downy  Woodpecker 
Flicker  or  Highhole 
Ruby-throated  Hominiiigbird 
Kingbird 
Blue  jay 
Coflunon  Crow 
Bobolink  or  Reedbird 
Baltimore  Oriole 

Purple  Crackle  or  Crow  Black- 
bird 
Snowbird 
Song-Sparrow 
Scarlet  Tanager 
Purple  Martin 
Bam  Swallow 
Mockingbird 
Catbird 

Common  House  Wren 
Chickadee 
WoodThroah 
Robin 


Bhtebird 


BIRDS 


'  Forty  Birdi  That  Brtiy  Woodcttfter  Should  Know 

The  Bald  i^agle,  or  White-headed  Eagle  {Hdiaetos  leucocep- 
iuilus)  is  the  emblem  of  America.  It  is  three  to  four  feet  from 
l>cak  to  taU,  and  six  or  seven  feet  across  the  wmgs.  When  fully 
adult  it  is  known  by  its  white  head,  neck,  and  t?  il,  and  the  brown 
body;  but  when  young  it  is  brownish  black,  uplashed  and  marked 

with  dull  white.  .    ,  „       •  xl  ;j 

The  only  other  eagle  found  in  the  United  States  is  the  Golden 
or  War  Eagle  {AquUa  chrysaetos).  This  is  a  Uttle  larger.  When 
full  grown  it  is  dark  brown,  with  the  basal  half  of  tail  more  or 
less  white.  The  plumage  of  the  young  birds  U  somewhat  like 
that  of  die  young  Bald  Eagle;  but  the  two  species  may  always 
be  distinguished  by  the  legs.  The  War  Eagle  wears  leggings-- 
his  legs  are  feathered  to  the  toes.  He  is  ready  for  the  warpath. 
The  Bald  Eagle  has  the  legs  bald,  or  bare  on  the  lower 

^^edtailed  Hawk  or  Benhawk  {Buteo  borealis).  The  common 
hawks  of  America  are  very  numerous  and  not  easy  todistinguish. 
The  best  known  of  the  large  kinds  is  the  RedtaU.  This  is  about 
two  feet  long  and  four  feet  across  the  wings.  In  general  it  is 
dark  brown  above  and  white  beneath,  with  dark  brown  marks; 
the  tail  is  clear  reddish  with  one  black  bar  across  near  the  Up. 
In  young  birds  the  tail  is  gray  with  many  small  bars.  It  has 
four  primaries  notched  on  the  mner  web.  The  legs  are  bare  of 
feathers  for  a  space  above  the  toes.  It  is  common  m  North 
America  east  of  the  Rockies  up  to  mid-Canada.  It  does  much 
good,  killing  mice  and  insects.  It  is  noted  for  its  archng 
flight  and  far-reaching  whistle  or  scream. 

The  Barred  or  Hoot  Owl  {Strix  varia).  This  Owl  is  known 
at  once  bv  the  absence  of  horns,  the  black  eyes,  and  the  plumage 
barred  across  the  chest  and  striped  below  that.  It  is  about 
twenty  inches  long,  in  general  gray-brown  marked  with  white. 
It  is  noted  for  its  loud  hooting;  it  is  the  noisiest  owl  in  our  woods. 
Found  m  the  wooded  parts  of  America  up  to  about  latitude  50 
d^rees,  east  of  the  Plains. 

SOS 


So6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Great  Horned  Owl  or  Cat  Owl  {Bubo  virginianus).  This  k 
the  largest  of  our  Owls.  About  twenty-four  inches  lone  and 
four  feet  across  the  wmgs.  It  is  known  at  once  by  its  great  ear 
tufts  Its  yellow  eyes,  its  generally  barred  plumage  of  white, 
black  and  buff,  and  its  white  shirt  front,  this  is  the  wingS 
tiger  of  the  woocls.  Noted  for  its  destruction  of  game  and  poul- 
try.  It  IS  found  throughout  the  timbered  parts  of  North  America 

iicreech  Owl  (Otus  asio).   This  is  not  unlike  the  Homed  Owi 
in  Shape  and  color  but  is  much  smaller— only  ten  in.  hes  lone 
bometunes  its  plumage  is  red  instead  of  gray.    It  feeds  on  mice 
and  insects  and  has  a  sweet  mournful  song  in  the  autumn— iu 


Bald  Ei^ 


lament  for  the  falling  leaves.  It  is  found  in  the  timbered  parts 
of  North  America. 

Turkey  Vulture  or  Buzzard  (Cathartes  aura).  The  Turkey 
Vulture  IS  about  two  and  a  half  feet  long  and  about  she  feet 
across  its  wmgs.  It  is  black  everywhere  except  on  ♦v^"  ""-i"- 
side  ot  the  wing  which  is  gray,  and  the  head  which  is  naked  and 
red.  It  IS  known  at  once  by  the  naked  head  and  neck,  and  is 
femous  for  its  splendid  flight.  It  is  found  from  Atlantic  to 
Pacific  and  north  to  the  Saskatchewan.   It  preys  on  carrion. 

in  the  Southern  States  is  another  spedes—the  Black  Vokuie 


3o8  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


or  Carrion  Crow — ^which  is  somewhat  smaller  and  wears  its 
coat  collar  up  to  its  ears  instead  of  low  on  the  neck;  also  its  com- 
plexion is  dusky,  not  red. 

Loon  {Gavia  itntner).  The  common  Loon  is  known  by  its 
size — thirty-two  inches  long  and  about  four  feet  across  the  wings 
— and  its  brilliant  black  and  white  plumage.  It  is  noted  for  its 
skill  as  a  fisher  and  diver.  Its  weird  rolling  call  is  heard  on 
every  big  lake  in  the  country. 

Common  Seagull  {Larus  argentatus).  The  common  Seagull  is 
twenty-four  inches  long  and  four  feet  across.  The  plumage  is 


Common  Seagull 


white  with  blue-gray  back,  when  adult;  but  splashed  brown  when 
young,  and  with  black  tips  to  the  wings.  Its  beak  is  yellow 
with  icd  spot  <XL  the  lower  mandible.  It  is  found  throughout 
North  Ajnerica. 

Pdican  (Pelecanus  erythmrhynchos).  The  white  Pelican  is 
known  at  once  by  its  great  size — about  five  feet  Ion:,  and  eight 
feet  across  the  wings — by  its  long  beak,  its  pouch,  and  its  feet 
fully  webbed.  Its  plumage  is  white,  but  the  wing  tips  are  black. 
It  b  found  in  the  interim  <tf  America  19  to  Qreat  Sbive  Lake. 


Things  to  Kaow  and  Do 


309 


Pelican 


Wild  Duck  or  Mallard  {Anas  flatyrhynchos).  Of  all  our  num- 
erous wild  ducks  this  is 
the  best  known.  It  is 
about  twenty-three 
inches  k>ng.  Its  bottle- 
green  head,  white  col- 
kr,  chestnut  breast,^ 
penciled  sides,  and 
curled  up  tail  feathers 
identify  it.  The  female 
is  str«iky  brown  and 
gray.  It  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  continent,  up  to  the  edge 
of  the  forest.  This  is  the  wild  duck  from  which  tame  ducks  are 
descended. 

Wood  Duck  or  Summer  Duck  {Aix  sponsa).  This  beautiful 
duck  is  about  eighteen  inches  long.  Its  head  b  beautifully 
vanegated,  bottle-green  and  iHiite.  Its  eye  is  nd,  its  bceast 


310 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Wood  Duck  or  Sununer  Duck  >r 


purplish  chestnut,  checkered  with  white  spots,  while  its  sides 
are  buflf  with  black  pencilings.   This  is  one  of  the  wildest 

and  most  beautiful  of 
ducks.  It  nests  in  hol- 
low trees  and  is  found 
in  North  America  up  to 
about  latitude  50  degrees. 

Wild  Goose  {Branta 
canadensis).  This  fine 
bird  is  about  three  feet 
long.  Its  head  and  neck 
are  hlexk;  its  cheek 
patch  white;  its  body 
gray;  its  tail  black  widi 
yrinte  coverts  above  and 
below.  It  is  found  up 
to  the  Arctic  reg'  ">ns,  and 
breeds  north  ot  about 
latitude  45  degrees.  It  is 
easily  tamed  and  reared 
in  captivity. 

Swan.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  Swan  found  in 
America:  The  Trum- 
peter (Olor  bttccinator), 
which  is  almost  extinct, 
is  very  large  and  has  a 
black  bill,  and  the  Whis- 
tling Swan  {Olor  columbi- 
anus),  which  is  smaller 
— about  five  feet  long 
and  seven  feet  across. 
Its  plumage  is  pure  white; 
its  bill  black,  with  a  yeUmv 
spot  near  the  eye.  It  is 
found  generally  throughout  North  America  but  is  rare  now. 

Bittern  {Botaurus  lengtiginosus).  This  bird  of  marshes  is 
about  twenty-eight  inches  long  and  can  stand  nearly  three  feet 
high.  Its  general  color  is  warm  yellowish  brown  splasl»ed  with 
dark  brown.  The  black  mark  on  the  side  of  the  neck  is  a  strong 
feature,  and  its  bright  green  legs  and  beak  are  very  distinctive. 
It  is  famous  for  its  guttural  call  notes  in  the  marshes,  and  is 
found  throughout  North  America  up  to  about  latitude  60  degrees 
II  Jhe  interior. 


Wild  Goose,  Canada  Goose,  or  Honker 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  3x1 

Great  Blue  Heron  (Ardea  herodias).  This  bird  is  commonly 
called  Blue  Crane.  Its  great  size  will  distinguish  it.  It  is 
about  4  feet  from  tip  of  beak  to  tip  of  tail.  In  general  it  is 
blue-gray  above,  white  below;  head,  white,  with  black  hind  head, 
crest,  and  marks  on  neck  and  shoulders.  Its  thighs  are  chest- 


Bittern  Great  Bltie  Bttoa 


nut.  It  is  found  throughout  North  America  to  the  limit  of 
heavy  timber. 

Quail  or  Bohwhite  {Colinus  virginianus).  This  famous  and 
delicate  game  bird  is  about  ten  inches  long.  Its  plumage  is 
beautifuUy  varied  with  reddish  brown,  lilac,  and  black  mark- 
ings, on  a  white  ground.  Its  whistle  sounds  like  "Bob  White." 
It  is  found  in  eastern  North  America  up  to  Massachusetts  and 
South  Ontario. 

Ruffed  Crome  or  Partridge  (Bonasa  umbellus).  It  is  known 
by  its  mottled  and  brown  plumage,  its  broad  and  beautiful  fan 
tail,  and  the  black  ruffs  on  each  side  of  the  neck.  It  is  noted 
for  its  drumming,  which  is  usually  a  love  song — a  call  to  its  mate. 
Found  in  the  heavy  woods  of  North  America,  north  of  the  Gulf 
States. 


3X3  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Dove  (Zenaidura  macroura).  This  is  an  abundant  inhabi- 
tant of  the  farming  country  as  far  north  as  wheat  is  now  grown. 
It  is  about  twelve  inches  long,  and  known  by  its  pigeon-like 
look,  and  its  long,  wedge-shaped  tail,  with  black  and  white  marks 
on  the  feathers.  Its  breast  is  soft  purplish  gray.  Its  extinct 
relation,  the  once  plentiful  Passenger  Pigeon,  was  eighteen  inches 
long  and  had  a  reddish  breast. 

Downy  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  ptibesuns).  About  six  and 
a  half  inches  long,  blade  and  white.  In  the  male  the  nape  is 


QuaO  or  Bobwhitp  Ruffed  Gimae  at  Futridfp 


red,  the  outer  tail  feathers  white  with  black  spots.  Carefully 
distinguish  this  from  its  large  relation  the  Hairy  Woodpecker, 
nv  lich  is  nine  and  a  half  inches  long  and  has  no  blaidc  spots  on  the 
white  outer  tail  feathers.  A  familiar  inhabitant  of  orchards  the 
year  round,  it  is  found  in  woods  throughout  eastern  North 
America. 

Flicker  or  Highhule  (Colapks  auratus).  This  large  and  beauti- 
ful woodpecker  is  twelve  inches  long.  Its  head  is  ashy  gray 
behind,  with  a  red  nape  in  the  neck,  and  brown-gray  in  front. 
On  its  breast  is  a  black  crescent.  The  spots  below  and  the  Httle 
bars  above  are  black,  and  the  under  side  of  wings  and  tail  arc 
bright  yellow.  The  rump  is  white.  Its  beautiful  plumage  and 
loud  splendid  "clucker"  cry  make  it  a  joy  in  every  woodland. 
It  is  found  throughout  North  Aincrica,  cast  of  the  Rockies  up 
to  the  limit  of  trees. 

Ruby-throated  Hummingbird  {Trochilus  colubris).  Every 
one  knows  the  Hununingbird.  The  male  only  has  the  throat 
of  ruby  cotor.  It  is  about  four  inches  l^g  fn»n  tip  <A  beak  to 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


313 


tip  of  tail.  This  is  the  only  Hummingbird  found  in  the  Northern 
States  or  Canada  east  of  the  Prairies. 

Kingbird  {Tyrannus  tyr annus).  This  bird  is  nearly  black 
in  its  upper  parts,  white  underneath,  and  has  a  black  tail  with 
white  tip.  its  concealed  crest  is  orange  and  red.  It  is  eight 
and  a  half  inches  long.  Famous  for  its  intrepid  attacks  on  all 
birds,  large  and  small,  that  approach  its  nest,  it  is  found  in  North 
America  east  of  the  Rockies,  into  southern  Canada. 

Bluejay  (Cyanocitta  cristata).  This  bird  is  soft  purplish  blue 
above,  and  white  underneath.   The  wings  and  tail  are  bright 


314  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

blue  with  black  marks.  It  is  found  in  the  woods  of  America 
east  of  the  Plains  to  about  latitude  55  degrees.  The  Bluejay  is  a 
wonderful  songster  and  mimic,  but  it  is  mischievous— nearly  as 
bad  as  the  crow  indeed. 

Common  Craw  {Corvus  brachyrhynchos).  The  Crow  is  black 
from  head  to  foot,  body  and  soul.  It  is  about  eighteen  inches 


long  and  thirty  wide.  It  makes  itself  a  nuisance  in  all  the  heavily 
wooded  parts  of  eastern  North  America. 

Bobolink  or  Reedbird  {Dolkhonyx  oryzivorus).  This  bird  is 
about  seven  and  a  half  inches  long.  The  plumage  is  black  and 
white,  with  brown  or  creamy  patch  on  nape;  and  the  tail  feath- 
ers all  sharply  pointed.  The  female,  and  the  male  in  autunm, 
are  ail  yellow  buff  with  dark  streaks.  Though  famous  for  its 
wonderful  song  as  it  £ies  over  the  meadows  in  June,  it  is  killed 
by  the  thousands  to  su{^ly  the  restaurants  in  autumn  and  served 
up  under  the  name  Reedbird.  It  is  found  in  North  America, 
chiefly  between  north  latitude  40  and  52  degrees. 

Baltimore  Oriole  (Icterus  galbula).  The  Oriole  is  about  eight 
inches  long,  flaming  orange  in  color,  with  black  head  and  back 
and  partly  black  tail  and  wings.  Tlie  female  is  dvHOet  in  plum- 
age. Famous  for  its  beautiful  nest,  as  well  as  its  gorgeous  plum- 
age and  ringing  song,  it  is  abundant  in  eastern  North  America 
in  opqi  wocSs  up  to  northern  Ontario  and  LAt  Winnyeg. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


315 


Purple  Crackle  or  Crow  Blackbird  {Quiscalus  quiscala).  This 
northern  bird  of  paradise  looks  black  at  a  distance  but  its  head 
is  shiny  blue  and  its  body  iridescent.  It  is  twelve  inches  long. 
When  flying  it  holds  its  long  tail  with  the  edge  raised  like  a  boat, 
hence  "boat  tail."  In  various  forms  it  is  found  throuj^out  the 
Eastern  States,  and  in  Canada  up  to  Hudson  Bay. 


Baltimore  Ork^ 


Puipte  Gradde  or  Crow  Bkckbitd 


Snowbird  {Plectrophenax  nivalis).  About  six  and  a  half 
inches  long,  this  bird  is  pure  white,  overlaid  with  brown  on  the 
crown,  back,  and  sides.  The  wings,  back,  and  tail  are  partly 
black.  The  Snowbird  nests  in  the  Arctic  regions  and  is  common 
in  most  of  temperate  agricultural  America  during  winter,  wher- 
ever there  is  snow. 


SBcnvfaiid 


3x6  Woodcimft  BfamuU  for  Girls 


Song-Sparrow  Scarlet  Tanager 


Song-Sparrmv  (.Uchspiza  r.iclodia).  The  Song-sparrow  is 
about  six  and  a  l.alf  inches  long — brown  above — white  under- 
neath. It  is  thickly  streaked  with  blackish  marks  on  flanks, 
breast,  and  all  upper  parts.  All  the  tail  feathers  are  plain  brown. 
There  is  a  black  blotch  on  the  jaw  and  another  on  the  middle  of 
the  breast.   Always  near  a  brook.   It  is  noted  for  its  sweet 


Purjde  Martin  Bam  Swalknr 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


3x7 


and  constant  song,  and  is  found  in  all  well  wooded  and  watered 
parts  <^  Nwdi  America. 

Scarlet  Tanager  {Piranga  erythromelas).  This  gorgeous  bird 
is  about  seven  inches  long.  The  plumage  of  the  male  is  of  a 
flaming  scarlet,  with  black  wings  and  tail;  but  the  female  is  dull 
green  in  color.  The  Scarlet  Tanager  is  found  in  the  woods  of 
eastern  America,  up  to  Ottawa  and  Lake  Winnipeg. 

Put  fie  Martin  O^^ogne  subis).  About  eight  inches  in  length, 
with  long  wings  and  forked  tail,  the  Purple  Martin  is  everywhere 
oi  a  shiny  bluish  or  purplish  black.  Like  the  Kingbird  it  attacks 
any  intruder  on  its  lower  range.  Hie  swallow  is  found  in  the 


wooded  regions  of  east  temperate  America,  north  to  Newfound- 
land and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Barn  Swallow  (Hirundro  erythrogaster).  About  seven  inches 
long,  this  bird  is  steel-blue  above,  chestnut  on  throat  and  breast, 
buffy  white  on  belly.  It  is  known  by  the  long  forked  tail  which 
is  dark  with  white  spots.  Famous  for  its  mud  nest,  it  is  found 
in  open  country  about  bams  m  America  generally. 

Mockingbird  (Mimus  polyglottos).  About  ten  inches  long, 
soft  gray  above,  dull  white  beneath,  wings  and  tail  black  and 
white,  with  m  black  on  head— the  MocHngbird  is  famous  for 
its  song,  and  is  found  in  United  States  north  to  New  Jersey. 

Catbird  {Dumetdla  caroHtmw).  This  northern  Mocking- 


3i8 


Woodcrtft  Mtanal  for  Oiite 


bird  IS  about  nine  inches  long,  darlt  slate  in  color,  with  a  black- 
brown  cap,  black  tail  and  a  red  patch  "on  the  seat  of  its  pants." 
It  abounds  in  the  Eastern  States  and  Canada,  north  to  Ottomu 
Saskatchewan,  and  British  Columbia.  «vr*»w«, 

Common  House  Wren  (Troglodytes  aidon).  This  litUe  faiiy 
IS  about  f  ve  inches  lone;  soft  brown  above  and  brovmish  gray 
below,  It  is  barred  with  dusky  brown  on  wings  and  tail.  It  nests 
in  a  hole,  and  is  found  in  wooded  America  east  of  the  Plains, 
north  to  Saskatchewan,  Ottawa  and  Maine. 

Chickadee  (Penthesies  airkapittus).  This  cheerful  UtUe  bird 
IS  five  and  a  half  inches  knig.  Its  cap  and  throat  are  bbck. 


ConuxKm  Home  Wren 


Wood  Thrush 


Chickadee 


Its  upper  parts  are  gray,  its  un^Ier  parts  brownish,  its  chedcs 
white,  no  streaks  anywhere.  It  does  not  migrate,  so  it  is  weU 
known  m  the  winter  woods  of  eastern  America  up  to  the  Cana- 
dian region  where  the  Brnwn-capDcd  or  Hudson  Chickadee 
takes  Its  place.  Its  familiar  song  chickadee  dee  dee  has  given  it 
itsiiame. 

Wood  Thrush  (Hylocichla  mustelinus).  About  eight  inches 
long,  annamon-brown  above,  brightest  on  head,  white  hdaw, 


Thingf  to  Know  »'  3^9 

with  black  spots  on  breast  and  sM.  j  i»  diiOngu^ed 

from  the  manv  thrushes  in  Amer.  . '  .    •     ^  t,by  _themi^  ;ii 


from  the  many  thrushes  in  Amer  'r' •  t 

head  and  round  black  spots  on  .  n  '  -  ^.  It  is  tot  n 
the  woods  of  eastern  North  Ameiiu'         .  _  -Kmt  and  e- 

Robin  {Planesticus  migratorius).  The  Robin  is  about  ten 
inches  kmg,  mosUy  dark  gray  in  color,  but  with  black  on  head 


Robin 


Bluebird 


and  tail;  its  breast  is  brownish  red.  The  spots  about  the  eye, 
also  the  throat,  the  beUy,  and  the  marks  m  outer  tail  feathers 
are  white.  Its  mud  nest  is  known  in  nearly  every  orchard. 
Found  throughout  the  timbered  parts  <rf  America  north  to  the 

limit  of  trees.  .   ,     i       u  -iKn^f 

Bluebird  {Sialia  sialis).  About  seven  mches  long,  briUiant 
blue  abox  e,  dull  red-brown  on  breast,  white  below.  Found  m 
eastern  North  America,  north  to  about  laUtude  50  degrees  m 
the  interior,  not  so  far  on  the  coast. 

Books  Recommended 

Water  B«ds,  Laxd  Birds  East  of  Roocies  and  L^dBirdsJ^ 
OF  RociuKS,  Chesler  A.  Reed.   Doabfcday,  Page  &  Co.   PHce,  ♦i.oottCli 

volume.  (P(x>uiar.)  l  i?  w 

Handbook  or  the  Birds  of  Eastern  North  America,  by  F.  M.  ui^»- 

man.  Appleton,  N.  Y.  Price  $3.00.   (Technical.)  pt«„„^ 
Handmok  o;  Bikdb  of  the  Western  United  States  by  Florence 

MeniamBiiky.  Hottghtoa.  MiffiiB  ft  Co.  Fnce,t3-50-  (Techmcal.) 


Sao  Woodmft  Ifaaott  tot  OMi 


Bird  Fluim,  by  \.  R.  Dtt^ien.  UoMtduj,  FlfB  ft  Co.  Price,  ts-so. 

(Popul  r.) 

BiKUb  That  If  \kk  HfTNTCD,  by  Ndtjc  Bhnrhw.  Doi^tt  Ay, 

i'ace  &  Co    Prk. ,  $3.50.  (Pu^^ular.) 

SNAXBS  Gr>OD  AHD  BAD 


Sittkes  are  to  the  ammal  woti  i 


N''fetabl('  world-  won(lcr*'ul 
buiiie  thing  ,  ijocaii'^  somt 


^ed  intc  Coc. 


what  toadstoob  are  to  the 
autiful  ih  ags,  but  fear- 
.  son. 

-ity,  we  leam 
PS  found  m 
They  are  found 
athwefit. 
MoccaainSi  and 


ill  s 

hei  ea(! 
itmars*  as  our 

es 

Of 


n  tnt 

X 


'0 


Taking  Mr.  Ra\   ond  I 

that  out  of  u:  ''^ed  .  It 
the  UB=ted  Siat  veniet;  ir 
in  ever>-  state,  -m^i  a    most  a  um 

These  naay  oe 
Rattlers. 

The  Cora]  S?\ar-    .  foi 
are  very  n  sch  'i- .  '  mle. 
distinguish     by  th'  rema 
rinp  of  rt     rid  tfe* 
rings  .f  yel.  " 

The  "^attlesnukt .  an  re 
But  Moct.isins  are 
the  Wa  r  Ml  asm,  or  C 
Gewgia  Flor  .  Alab^in 
htad,  hi  h  i;  ae  Hi^ 
Snake,  found  from  — ^ 
Illinois  and  Texas. 

Hert  are  distingu  m 
.he  Rattlers,  lave  t^a  -tcu 
ar,   ii-  ts.rii.  a  H   n  ptt 

he  M  il  o-  -u  eye  .>  an  i,  right  line,  as  in  a  cat;  the  haim- 
inai-  r  ha',    i  rovmd  pupil. 
The  M   raans   mve  "  single  row  of  platr  rnder  the  tail, 
^  iie  '  ■•  1     nles       k.    aave  a  double  row. 

Th^  vai- r  M'j'-  ^  lull  olive  with  wide  black  transverse 
band- 

The  Coj  pt  rheac.  fia^el  .rown,  marked  acroM  the  back 

yrifh  dumb-bells  of  ic^ai:xa  bruwn;  the  top  of  the  head  more  or 
lesfc  coppery. 

Both  Moccasins  and  Rattlers  hive  a  flat  triangular  head, 
whi  h  is  much  wider  than  the  thui  neck;  while  most  harmless 
s  ^es  have  a  narrow  kcad  that  shades  off  into  the  neck. 


«E    m  Sta  Tlwsy 
shape,  but  easily 
rs,  "broad  ai  crnating 
'ter  bonkrnd  with  very  namw 

old  at  once  by  the  rattle. 
)t  t>u  easy.   There  are  two  kincb: 
>n-mouth,  fciunH  in  South  Carolina 
and  Louisiana,  and  the  Copper- 
,  or  North*  rn  Moccasin  or  Pilot 
auf"    s  &»  Florida  and  west  to 


'k-  The  Moccasins,  as  well  as 
Ac  ot  the  head,  between  the  eye 


*Tlb  artkie  ■  cUcfly  a  con. 
aitad  SUMi,"  wd  it  nwde  wiU>  c- 


swiion  1 4  his  pamphlet  on 
permiuton  ana  af^iroval. 


322  Woodcirft  Manual  for  Girls 


Rattlesnakes  are  found  generally  distributed  over  the  United 
States,  south»n  Ontario,  southern  Alberta,  and  Saskatchewan. 

How  Does  a  Snake  Bite? 

Remember,  the  tongue  is  a  feeler,  not  a  sting.  The  "sting- 
ing" is  done  by  two  long  hollow  teeth,  or  fangs,  through  which 
the  poison  is  squirted  into  the  wound. 

The  striking  distance  of  a  snake  is  about  one-third  the  crea- 
ture's length,  and  the  stroke  is  so  swift  that  no  creature  can 
dodge  it. 

The  snake  can  strike  farthest  and  surest  when  it  is  ready 
coiled,  but  can  strike  a  little  way  when  travelling. 

You  cannot  disarm  a  poisonous  snake  without  killing  it.  If 
the  fangs  are  removed  others  come  quickly  to  take  their  place. 
In  fact,  a  number  of  small,  half-grown  fangs  are  always  waiting 
ready  to  be  devetopcd. 

In  Ctki  e  of  Snake  Bite 

First,  keep  cool,  and  remember  that  the  bite  of  American 
snakes  is  seldom  fata!  if  the  propt  r  measures  are  followed. 

You  must  act  at  once.  Try  to  keep  the  poison  from 
getting  into  the  system  by  a  tight  bandage  on  the  arm  or  leg 
(it  is  sure  to  be  one  or  the  other)  just  above  the  wound.  Next, 
get  it  out  of  the  wound  by  slashing  the  wound  two  or  more 
ways  with  a  sharp  knife  or  razor  at  least  as  deep  as  the  puncture. 
Squeeie  it — wash  it  out  with  permanganate  of  pota^  dissolved 
in  water  to  the  color  of  wine.  Suck  it  out  with  the  lips  (if 
you  have  no  wounds  in  the  mouth  it  will  do  you  no  harm  there). 
Work,  massage,  suck,  and  wash  to  get  all  the  poison  out  After 
thorough  tfeatment  to  ranove  the  vemnn  the  iigatore  may  be 
removed. 

"Pack  small  bits  of  gauze  into  the  wounds  to  keep  them  open 
and  draining,  then  dress  over  them  with  gauze  saturated  with 
any  good  antiseptic  solution.  Keep  the  dressing  saturated 
and  the  wounds  open  for  at  least  a  week,  no  matter  how  favw- 
able  may  be  the  symptoms." 

Some  people  consider  whiskey  or  brandy  a  cure  for  snake 
bite.  Then  is  plenty  of  evidence  that  many  have  been  killed 
by  such  remedies,  and  little  that  they  have  ever  saved  any  one. 
except  perhaps  when  the  victim  was  iosmg  courage  or  b«:ominff 
sleq>y. 

In  any  case,  send  as  iast  as  you  can  for  a  doctor.  He  ahouU 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


333 


come  equipped  with  hypodermic  fringe,  tubes  of  anti-venomous 
serum  and  strychnine  tablets. 

Harmless  Snakes 

Far  the  greatest  number  of  our  snakes  are  harmless,  beautiful, 
and  beneficent.  They  are  friendly  to  the  farmer,  because, 
although  some  destroy  a  few  birds,  chickens,  ducklings,  and 
game,  the  largest  part  of  their  food  is  mice  and  insects.  The 
Blacksnake,  the  Milk  Snake,  and  one  or  two  others,  will  bite 
in  self-defence,  but  they  have  no  poism  fangs,  and  the  bite  is 
much  like  the  prick  d  a  bramble. 


Books  Recommended 

Thf.  Reptile  Book,  Raymond  L.  Ditmars.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co., 
1907  ;  465  pages,  many  ills.  Price,  $3.50.  ,     .  c   •  /-. 

Poisonous  Snakes  of  North  America,  Leonhatd  Stejneger.  uov- 
emment  Printing  Office.  j 

The  Crocodiuans,  Lizards,  and  Snakes  of  North  America,  Edward 
Drinker  C<H)e.   U.  S.  National  Museum,  June,  1898.      .....  ^ 

RErmu  <»  THE  WoRU>  (with  mulaUe  histories  of  theu  habits)  about  300 
ilhutratbw.  Ibe  Stuipt  Ik  Walton  Co.  Prioe,f5M. 


 —      -  ^-^^.-..-iTi^--^:^ 


il 
=  1 


CHAPTER  IV 


CODPS  AHD  DBOBXB8 
WOODCRAFT  EXPLOITS  AHD  ACHIBVBMBHTS 

The  Woodcraft  League  is  organized  on  the  idea  that  boys  and 
girls  who  are  interested  in  outdoor  life  and  in  active  Uving  will 
continue  along  these  lines  as  they  grow  older.  Many  of  the 
Coups  are  such  as  to  be  within  the  reach  of  Woodcraft  Boys  and 
Girls  but  the  Degrees  will  in  many  cases  be  available  only  for  the 
older  members  of  the  League.  Woodcraft  Exploits  and  Degree 
are  standard.  They  include  work  for  both  sexes,  though  each 
sex  will  find  it  dearable  to  select  the  ones  most  fitted  to  it.  In 
many  cases,  however,  both  boys  and  girls  may  select  the  same 
Exploit  or  Degree.  In  fact,  we  believe  that  a  ahanng  of  many 
experiences  would  help  greatly  in  solving  tome  of  the  problems 
which  we  are  facing  at  the  present  *ime.  n  a 

Exploits  are  indicated  by  the  wearing  of  the  Coup  or  Grand 
Coup  Badge  each  for  a  single  exploit  as  listed. 

Achievement  is  indicated  by  the  wearing  of  the  DewwBad^e 
for  general  proficiency  in  any  one  ol  the  varknia  Degrees  m 
Woodcraft. 

The  Exploits  are  intended  to  distinguish  those  who  are  first 
class  in  any  department,  and  those  who  are  so  good  that  thw 
may  be  considered  in  the  record-making  class.  The  French  word 
"coup"  has  been  used  by  the  Woodcraft  Movement  for  i6  years. 
No  one  can  count  both  Coup  and  Grand  Coup,  or  get  a  second 
similar  badge  in  the  same  department  except  for  heroism, 
motwitain  climbing,  and  others  that  are  ^)ecified  as  "  rqiefttas, 
in  which  each  badge  is  added  to  that  previously  worn. 

No  badges  are  conferred  unless  the  exploit  has  been  properly 
witnessed  or  proven,  and  approved  by  a  careful  conmuttee. 
When  it  is  a  question  of  time  under  one  minute,  <Muy  st^ 
watches  are  allowed.   Badges,  once  fairly  won,  can  never 
for  subsequent  failure  to  readi  the  standard.  Except 
otherwise  stiued,  the  eiplfliti  we  BMtpit  lor  «&  ages. 


338  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Any  one  counting  coup,  according  to  the  class  above  him  may 
count  it  a  grand  coup^in  his  own  class,  unless  otherwise  provided. 

This  list  is  made  by  the  Council  of  Guidance.  The  exploits  are 
founded  on  world-wide  standards,  and  with  the  help  of  the  best 
experts.  The  Council  will  gladly  consider  any  suggestion,  but  it 
mustlje  understood  that  no  local  group  has  any  power  to  add  to 
or  vaiy  the  exploits  in  any  way  whatsoever. 

Badges  for  Coups 

(For  form  of  conferring  coup  badRCs  see  pape  33) 


Coup  (above)  and  Gnwd  Coup 

The  badge  for  the  coup  is  an  embroidered  eagle  feather. 

The  badge  for  the  Grand  Couo  has  a  red  tuft  embroidered  on 
the  end  of  the  Coup  badge. 

In  the  case  of  the  Sagamore  who  has  won  twoity-four  coups  he 
or  she  is  entitled  to  wear  the  twenty-four  conventional  eagle 
feathers  on  a  Council  Robe.  Also  the  Woodcraft  Boy  is  en- 
titled to  wear  a  war  b<mnet  of  twenty-four  eagle  feathers  on  spt- 
cial  occasions  such  as  grand  councils. 

CLASS  I-BXPLOITS 

Athletic 
Coups  and  Grand  Coups 

Badges  are  allowed  for  saving  a  human  life  at  risk  of  one's 
own;  it  is  a  coup  or  a  grand  coup,  at  the  di8creti<m  <A  the  CoundL 

A  soldier's  war  medals  count  for  a  grand  coup  each. 

Courage.  (The  measure  of  courage  has  not  yet  been  dis- 
oovned.) 


Coups  and  Degrees  3^ 


Riding 

To  ride  a  hors  i  one  mile  in  three  minutes,  clearing  a  fow- 
foot  hurdle  and  an  eight-foot  water  jump,  counts  coup;  to  do 
it  in  two  minutes,  clearing  a  five-foot  hurdle  and  a  twelve-foot 

water  jump,  grand  coup.  .  ,     ,        .  j  u-i- 

Trick-riding.  To  pick  up  one's  hat  from  the  ground  while 
It  full  gallop  on  a  horse  of  not  less  than  thirteen  hands,  counts 

To  do  it  three  times  without  failure,  from  each  side,  with 
horse  of  at  least  fifteen  hands  counts  grand  coup. 

General  Athletics 

Those  under  ten  pre  children;  those  over  ten  and  under 
sixteen  are  boys  or  young  girls;  those  over  sixteen  and  under 
-ighteen  are  lads  or  girls;  those  over  eighteen  are  men  or 

women.  ,  .  .  ,  ^ 

Girls  take  the  standards  accordmg  to  their  ages  up  to  eighteen, 
but  for  athletics  are  never  over  that.  No  matter  what  their 
age,  henceforth  they  continue  in  the  "lad  class,"  and  in  fihng 
the  claim  need  only  mention  their  class. 

Men  over  seventy  return  to  the  lad  class. 

The  records  are  given  according  to  Spaldmg's  Ahnanac, 
where  will  be  found  the  names  ol  those  who  made  them,  mtn 
date  and  place. 

A  dash  (— )  means  "not  open." 

No  test  requiring  violent  exercise  should  be  taken  unless  the 
member  has  passed  a  general  physical  examination.  The  Guide 
of  each  group  should  see  that  this  precaution  is  observed,  and 
especially  so  in  the  case  of  the  girl  members. 

Failure  to  observe  the  condition  of  the  body  may  result  m  hfe- 
long  harm. 

Don't  try  for  any  Coup  in  athletics  without  getting  your 
Guide's  approval. 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


I 

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i«  o>  i/v'Jjvo  t^MI     r«IIIMI     "it*  "S?"!!! 

S^fta^:?^!  II  ^1  II 1 II  ?!?  T  « 

Walking 

50  yards 
I :»  yards 
aao  yards 
440  yards 
8lio  yards 

c  mile 
in  one  hour 
12  hours 
5  miles 
Running 
so  yards 
100  yards 
2  :!o  yards 
440  yards 
SSo  yards 
I  mile 
5  miles 
Running  backward 
i;o  yards 
100  yards 
Shrnding  high  jump 

ivitkout  weights 
Running  high  jump 
without  weights 

Coapt  and  DograM 


♦ 


Woodcifft  Manual  for  Girla 


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(reii;ulation) 

BaUing  baseball 
Thrmnng  lacrosse 
ball  wiUi  stick 

FootbiM  kick  a 
drciD  coal 

Football 

Place;  kick  counted 
to  w  here  ball  first 
striki;s 
ground 

Running  high  kick 

Oiml>  rope 

i8  ft;  hands  only 

Ckmthebar 

33S 


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(Opm  to  ««•  orijr  "-^ 


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"  in  any  tioie. 
frond  coup  in  any  OBI 
MB        «n  »4  hra., 
aoo  *4        f*"*  ••^ 

(Aoc  10  L.  A.  W.  niki) 


circle:  c<mp.  aa  ft.; r^"^  coup,  hand 
Z>u«ft-W/.  Push  up  one  S<>;»b.  dum^beUmm^^ 

to  fuU  arm  length  above  the  shoulder:  15  time*  lor  couf,  3 

times,  grand        R«Cj94  tunj. 
Ditto  with  100-Ib.  dmnlHJei:  5  timet,  «Mf *  10  »' 

coup;  Rec.  20  times. 
Ditto  with  two  lOO-lb  duiub-bells  once,  «^ 

same  time,  proud  coup. 

To  turn  a  wheel,  coup.  ,  WfukrwiM'  CBll#; 

Bandspring.  Throw  a  tumbler  or  4-legged  tendipnng,  €mp» 
throw  a  clean  hMd^|^tteg.^«^cou^^^ 
Btuh  kandsprkn.  A  dam  back  handsprmg,  r«» 

Witw  Sporta  and  iiayel 
(For  SBiBHBiiig,  lOwiBg.  €tc,  MB  clB«lfi«d  athletics  on  a  previous  page.) 

Balking.   A  c^/>  for  lu^ving  ba^       of^^f;  ^ 
of  natural  temperature  anywhere  north  of  N.  Lat.  30,  or  louu. 


336  Woodcraft  Manual  lor  Giils 

of  S.  Lat.  30,  for  300  days  in  the  year;  a  grand  coup  for  365 

^?addle.  Row  or  pole  five  miles  a  day  for  five  successive  days, 
each  day  make  a  note  and  sketch  (or  photograph)  of  some  m- 
teresting  scene,  ftw^  .  .  ,    ^,       ,  • 

Sail  a  boat  without  expert  help  for  fifty  miles  m  one  season, 

coup.  .      .  ^ .  . 

Run  a  motw  boat  100  miks  on  <»e  occaaion,  that  u,  m  one 

txip,  coup.  ,  .         .  . 

Log-riding.  Tread  a  sawlog  100  yards  m  any  tune,  witM)Ut 
going  overboard,  for  coup;  do  it  100  yards  and  back  in  thirty 
minutes,  for  gran</co«^.  ...       «  -n 

Canoeman.  Single  paddle  a  canoe  on  dead  water,  bpui 
the  canoe  and  get  into  her  again,  and  bak  her  alone  coimis 

coup.  . 

A  grand  coup,  spiU,  right,  and  bale  the  canoe  alone,  three 
times  in  succession,  and  have  run  a  rapid  that  falls  sa  feet 
in  200  yards.  ,  .  .  < 

Canoe-crjnper.  Have  made  a  ccmtmuous  canoe  tnp  of  500 
miles,  sleeping  out  every  night,  cmp;  ifioo  miles  of  the  same, 

grand  coup.  .  jj,    *  •  r 

Saddle-camper.  Have  made  a  omtmuous  saddle  tr^  <» 
500  miles,  sleeping  out  every  ni^t,  coup;  1,000  miles,  pram 
coup. 

Lone-tramper.  Travel  alone,  on  foot,  100  miles,  carry 
outfit,  deep  out  every  ni^^t,  coup;  a  grand  couPf  for  aoo 
miles. 

Gang4ramper.  Travel  150  miles  on  foot  with  a  party,  rarry 
own  outfit,  sleep  out  every  night,  coup;  a  grand  coup,  for  250 

miles.  .       .       ,         .,  • 

Ski-man.  Travel  six  miles  m  an  hour,  forty  miles  m  one 
day,  cover  forty  feet  in  a  jump,  and  travel  500  miles  all  told, 
coup;  travel  seven  miles  in  an  hour,  fifty  miles  in  one  day, 
make  a  fifty-foot  jump,  and  travel  1,000  miles  all  txM,  a  grand 
coup. 

Arctic  Traveler.  A  coup,  for  entering  the  Arctic  Circle  by 
sea ;  a  grand  coup,  by  land. 

Tropic  Traveler.  CrOM  the  Equator  by  sea  or  rail,  coup;  a 
gtatd  coup,  on  iixti. 

Motoring.  Have  covered  1,000  miler,  within  thirty  day», 
acting  as  your  own  chauffeur  and  mechanic,  coup;  have  covered 
ifioo  miles  in  four  days,  100  miles  in  two  hours,  acting  as  your 
ownchauftur  and  mechanic,  grand  coup. 

(In  both  cases  garage  privileges  allowed.) 


Coups  and  Degrees  337 
Mountain  Climbing  (aU  Afoot) 

(Not  open  to  those  under  14-) 
By  Sir  Martin  Conway,  ex-president  of  the  Alpine  Chlb. 

The  exploits  in  this  class  are  repeaters.  one 
The  first  one  to  climb  a  stanSard  peak  gets  two  badges:  one 

for  dimb,  one  tatjirst  ditnb. 

For  time  over  14  end  under  18. 

Coup 

In  Great  Britain-^  Macdhuie,  Ben  Nevis,  Ben  Lomond, 

Ben  Cruachan,  Snowdon,  Scarf  ell. 

;:rr7S!^i?"&t«..  n.  h.  ^  ^ 

Wyo. 

Grand  Coup 

In  Europe-m.  Blanc,  Monte  Viso,  Etna,  Monte  Rosa. 
In  NoJAmerica-me's  Peak,  Shasta,  Adams. , 
In  ylsia— Fujiyama;  Tabor. 
Add  to  this  all  the  list  of  next  group. 

For  sD  time  over  z8. 

Coup 

In  Europe^m.  Blanc.  Monte  Rosa,  JJon^* J^f'^j^' 
Gmnd  ParJdis.  Tungfrau,  Finst«aarhorn  Wrtt«horn,  Bermna, 
Ortler,  Gross,  Glockner,  Matterhorn  from  Zerrratt. 

In  North  Anurica-St.  Helen's  Adams,  Slmsta^iood, 
Rainier,  Mt.  Shaughnessy,  Mt.  Stephen,  Popocatapetf;On«ba. 

Grand  Coup 

In  Europe-Ue\]e,  Aig.  du  Gr^pon,  Aig.  du  G^J.  A^^du 
Dru,  Mattwhom  (by  Italian  or  Stockjerida^^^ 
Mischabdhamer  from  Seas,  Schieckkom,  Monte  di  Sarscen, 
FllnfiingerSp.,KleineZinne.  t«— «  Mt.  An- 

/,.  North  Ammca-m.  Sir  DonaM.  Mt.  Logan.  1^  ^ 
siniboine,  Mt.  Fairweather,  Mt.  St.  Elias,  Grand  Teton,  Mt. 
McKinley.   Any  peak  in  Alaslui  over  13,000  feet  luph. 

In  Simth  Amerka-Cbimhonzo,  Cotopaxi,  IHunani,  Aam- 
cagua. 


33$  WoodciBft  Maaaal  for  Giiii 

In  /Ij/a— Any  peak  19,000  feet  high. 

In  Africa— Any  peak  ov«r         feet  high. 

Utrfit  Sbootfat 

(Open  to  men  or  women  only.) 

Everything  that  can  be  said  in  fa\'or  of  fireaimi  for  uw  in  general  sport 
api^  to  the  rifle  only  (and  its  understudy  the  revolver).  The  icatter-gun 
has  BO  ollicial  existence  for  us.  It  is  ruination  to  the  marksman's  power  and 
sboyd  be  abolished.  A  riie  range  is  •  deafaibie  adjunct  to  all  grown-up 
caniM.  Badges  awarded  acooidiag  to  tlwunystudiinis. 

Revolver-shot.  Target  4x4  feet.  Bull's-eye  eight  inches 
(counts  four  points).  Inner  ring  two  feet  (three  points).  Outer, 
the  rest  of  target  (two  points).   Distance,  thirty  yards. 

Ninety-six  shots  divided  in  any  number  up  to  six  days,  one 
hand,  standing:  250  points  count  coup;  7,00,  grand  loup. 

Half  with  left  hand  only;  half  with  right  only:  230  points,  coup; 
260,  grand  coup. 

Rifleman.  To  be  a  marksman  of  the  highest  rank  but  one, 
according  to  militia  standards,  a  coup;  to  be  an  expert  rifleman 
of  the  highest  rank,  a  grand  amp. 

Spot  the  Rabbit  three  times  out  of  five  at  sixty  yards,  also 
distinguish  and  map  out  correctly  sue  Pleiades  and  see  ckarly 
the  "Pappoose  (Alcor)  on  the  Squaw's  (Mizar)  back"  counts 
a  coup;  spot  the  Rabbit  three  times  out  of  five  at  seventy  yards 
and  seven  Pleiades  and  the  Piq^MXise,  counts  a  far-i^t  grmd 
amp.  (Those  who  habitually  wear  glasses  may  use  tkm  in 
this  test.)    (See  "Far-sight,"  among  the  games.) 

Make  a  seventy-five  score  in  ten  tries  in  the  game  <rf  Quick- 
sight,  with  ten  counters,  counts  coup;  a  ninety-five  sc<wc  counts 
a grat$d coup.    (See  "Quick-sight,"  among  the  games.) 

CLASS  n— CAMPERCRAFT 

Bee-kne.  Come  to  camp  through  strange  woods  from  a  point 
one  mile  off  and  return  in  thirty  minutes,  coup;  in  twenty,  for 
ffrarui  coup. 

Match-fire.  Light  fifteen  campfires  in  succession  with  fifteen 
matches,  all  in  different  places,  all  with  stuff  found  in  the  woods 
by  one's  self,  one  at  least  to  )x  on  a  wet  aay ,  ca»p;  VL  a&  Mteea  MB 
done  on  wet  days,  w  if  one  does  thirty,  of  lAigk  two  are  as  wet 
6Ay%,pratidcoup. 


Coups  and  Decrees  339 

i  Vnt  and  SUd  Fire.  Light  fifteen  campfires  in  succession  with 
wildwood  timber,  one  at  least  on  a  wet  dfX. J*"^  "O"*  ***f 
over  a  minute  from  striking  the  flint  to  hfvmg  the  blazes 
,ouP:  if  all  fifteen  are  done  on  one  day,  or  if  one  does  thuty 
ur^in  unbroken  succe^ion.  fwo  atl^t  on  wetdays^ 
in  no  case  more  than  half  a  minute  from  ftnke  to  biaae,  irwtf 

""tubbing-stick  t  ire.   Light  a  fire  with  a  fireKfrfil  or  rubbing- 
icks! S  material  of  oii?'s  own  gathering,  cmp;  to  do  it  in  one 

"^rj^^Si^r  BoU  one  quart  of  water  in  a  twojj^uart 
in  twSve  minutes;  in  nine  mmutes,  ?rand  coup.   Allowed  one 
L  Tnc  match,  one  axe  or  hatchet.   The  water  >s  boihng  when 
iumoinz  and  bubbling  all  over  t  he  surface. 
^  Chop  down  three  six-inch  trees  m  succ^ion 

in  sixt  V  seconds  each,  throwing  them  to  drive  f»th  a  given  stake; 
in  forty-five  seconds  each,  granJ  ct)!*/'. 

Knots    Mefce  twenty-five  different  standard  knots  moHatcd 
and  t  agged  for  exhibition  for  amp;  fifty  for  grand  coup. 

JVlakt-  an  exhibition  card  of  braiding  and  splicing  ropes  ma 
fancy  knots— twenty,  mtp;  Airty,  grand  coup. 

l  asw.  Catch  ten  horses  or  cattle  in  corral  with  ten  throws  of 
the  lasso,  coup;  catch  ten  on  the  range  m  ten  throws,  gramdcoM. 

W  Ck^  a  horse  or  beef  by  e«di  ol  hi*  fowr  foct  m  four 

successive  throws,  grawJ  rtwA-  . 

Lasso.  To  catch,  throw,  and  'hog-tie"  »  beef  «  hjm  m 
two  and  one-half  minutes,  amP;  in  one  and  one-half  mmutea, 
grand  coup.   The  record  is  sakl  to  be  forty  seconds. 

Diamond  Hitch.  Pack  a  horse  with  not  IwOiMioy^^ 
of  stuff,  with  diamond  hitch,  to  hold  durmg  dgkt  tomt  ol  a*vei, 
amp;  ten  days  in  succession,  grand  coup. 

iiu  Guessing.  Guess  one  inch,  one  foot,  one  yard,  one  rod, 
one  acre.  lOO  yard*,  30e  ywds,  one-ttuarter  mile,  one-half  mile, 
an.!  a  mile,  within  20  per  «nt.  of  average  error,  for  coup;  10 

per  cent,  for  erafid  coup.  .    ,  •  ,      c  .     .  , 

Height  and  Weigkt  Gmsting.    Guess  the  h,  ight  of  ten  tree5 

or  other  high  things,  and  the  weight  o<  ten^jnes  or  oth«thmg 

ranging  horn  one  ounce  to  100  poumk,  wkmi  10       OKK-  «■ 

average  error,  for  comp:  5  per  cent  for  grand  roup 
Gating  Farness    Measure  the  hei#»t  of  Um  trees  without 

climbing,  or  ten  distances  aemt  S  rfwr  wHhoot  crossing. 

within  lopercent.  of  average  error, «ii^SP«C«t,|Feei  «iiff 

tools .  an  axe  and  a  pocket  rule  aaly. 
Star  Gating.   Know  sod  IMM  fit«n  itsr  groups  for  fipn^. 


940  Woodcnft  Mtmal  lor  Giili 


know  twenty  star  groups  and  tell  the  names  and  somethfag  about 

at  least  one  star  in  each,  for  grand  coup. 

LaHtude.  Take  the  latitude  from  the  stars  at  ni^ht  with  a 
cart  wheel,  or  some  home-made  instrument,  ten  tunes  from 
different  points,  within  one  degree  of  average  error,  for  cmp; 
one-half  degree  for  grand  coup. 

Traveler.  Take  correct  latitude,  longitude,  and  local  time, 
coup.  Having  passed  the  Royal  Geographical  Society's  exam- 
ination of  "expert  traveler,"  grand  coup. 

Boat-builder.  Build  a  boat  that  will  carry  two  men  and  that 
can  be  paddled,  rowed,  or  sailed  by  them  five  miles  an  hour, 
coup;  six  miles  an  hour,  grand  coup. 

Birch  Canoe.  Make  a  birch  canoe  that  has  traveletl,  with  at 
least  one  man  aboard,  loo  miles  or  more  in  safety,  grawJ  coup. 

Sign  Talking.  Know  and  lUK  correctly  200  signs,  coup;  400 
signs,  grand  coup. 

Wi^'ag  or  Myer  Signaling.  Know  this  code  and  signal,  as 
well  as  receive  a  message  a  quarter  mile  off,  at  the  rate  <rf  ten 
words  a  minute,  coup;  &  same,  at  a  mile,  twwty-foitf  wovii  a 
minute,  grand  coup. 

Morse  Code.   The  same. 

TraiHng.  Know  and  clearly  discriminate  the  tracks  of  twenty- 
five  of  our  common  wild  quadrupeds,  also  trail  one  for  a  mile  and 
secure  it  without  aid  of  snow,  coup;  similarly  discriminate  fii^ 
tracks,  and  follow  three  tracks  a  mile  as  before,  but  for  thiw 
(Ufferent  animab,  grand  coup. 

Camper.  Pass  thirty  successive  nights  out  of  doors,  never 
once  sleeping  under  shingles,  but  in  lent,  teepee,  or  bivotMC, 
every  night,  coup;  sixty  nights  of  the  same,  £rand  coup. 

Cooking.  Cook  twelve  digestible  meals  lor  at  least  three  per- 
sons, using  ordinary  camp  outfil,  coup;  or  twenty-one  meals  and 
in  addition  make  good  breail  each  day,  grand  couh. 

WUdemess  Cooking.  Make  and  bake  bread,  fry  fish  or  meat , 
and  boil  potatoes  or  fish  without  p<^  ot  pans.  Couf  or  §rand 
coup,  according  to  merit. 

Cahin.  Build  a  habitable  k>g  cabin  not  less  than  6x8,  with 
wind-tight  walls  and  waterproof  roof.  Coup  or  ptni  emPt  ac- 
cording to  merit. 

Teni  or  Teepee.  Make  a  two-man  t«at  or  an  8-foot  teepee  or 
better,  single  handed,  and  set  them  up;  coup  or  itmJ  coup  ac- 
cording to  merit. 

Lakwe,  Make  and  run  'or  three  days  a  perfect  latrine  in 
army  faahion,  coup  or  grand  coup,  acrording  to  merit. 

Cify^unkr.  find  and  ketch  twenty-five  blazes  and  totems 


341 


in  town  and  tefl  whwe  you  found  them.  In^te  the  distin- 

gutthing  marks  of  policemen,  park  |)olicemen,  traffic  squad.stro^ 
arm  squad,  etc.  Coui  or  pand  coup  according  to  merit. 

mates  and  Sipts.  Make  the  four  usual  Indian  Signs  or  Blazes 
on  tree  trunk,  in  twigs,  grass,  stones,  give  the  smoke  signals, 
and  add  twenty-five  other  signs  or  pictographs  used  by  the 
Indians.   Coup  or  grand  amp,  according  to  merit. 

Herald.  Open  and  lead  tin-  Council,  light  the  sacred  fire,  per- 
forming the  Peace  Pipe  ceremony  and  the  Naming  ceremony. 
Know  three  Indian  dances,  songs,  and  the  Omaha  Invocatkm. 
Coup  or  graml  coup,  according  to  merit. 

Peace  Messenger.  Know  loo  signs  of  the  Sign  Language 
and  transkte  faito  English  from  any  other  language  sentences 
amounting  to  300  words,  coup;  know  200  signs  and  translate  from 
two  lansuages,  grand  coup. 

Have  plumed,  made,  and  established  a  Council  Rmg,  amp 
or  i?ra»J  coM^  according  to  merit. 

Map.  Make  a  <  orrect  map  of  a  region  one  mile  long,  one- 
quarter  mile  wide,  such  as  a  mile  of  highway,  taking  in  one- 
eighth  of  a  mile  on  each  side,  marking  every  house,  fence,  hm, 
and  prominent  tree,  etc.  When  there  is  a  stream,  indicate  the 
size,  speed,  ^llons  it  runs  per  hour,  and  bridges.  Coup  or  ffMi 
ftfui,  according  to  merit.  ,0        t  j  *u 

Sweat  Lodge.  Make  and  use  properly  a  Sweat  Lodge  tluree 
times  in  one  week,  in  two  of  the  timet  it  may  be  given  to  another 

person  for  fo«p.  1.  * 

Run  a  Sweat  Lodge  successfully  for  tme  month,  treatmg  at 

least  a  dozen  patients,  grand  coup. 
Bm  and  A  rrmi's.   Make  a  bow  and  six  arrows  that  will  carry 

100  yards,  roup;  1 50  yards,  grand  coup. 
Tomtom.   Make  and  decorate  a  tomtom;  cmp  or  p^m 

coup,  ftccording  to  morit. 

Archery 

(Revised  by  Will  H.  Thompwn,  of  Se»ttk»  Wash.) 

Make  a  total  score  of  300  with  sixty  shots  (in  or  two  omHs) 
four-foot  target  at  forty  yards  (or  three4oot  target  at  thirty 
yards) ,  for  coup;  make  400  for  grand  coup. 

Shoot  so  fast  and  far  as  to  have  six  arrows  in  the  air  at  000^ 
for  coup;  seven,  for  frafMf  cmp.  (Accotdiag  to  Catlin,  the  record 
is  eight.) 

For  children  (under  ten),  to  send  an  arrow  ninety  yards,  eomp; 
115  yards,  ^and  coup.  For  those  ten  to  fourteen,  to  send  an 
arrow  125  yaidi,  coup;  150,  pattd  coup.  For  thwe  fourteen  to 


343  Woodenft  IfamMl  for  Giili 

dl^teen,  to  send  an  arrow  175  yards,  coup;  200,  srand  amp. 

Vot  those  over  eighteen,  to  wnd  an  •mm  350  yaidi,  cottp; 

275,  grand  coup. 
To  hit  the  Burlap  Deer  in  the  heart,  first  shot: 
10-14   at  45  yards,  coup;  55  yards,  grand  coup 
14-18    "  60     "      "     70     "       "  " 
Over  18  "75     "      "    85     "      "  '* 

(The  heart  is  nine  indies  acrois.) 

To  cover  a  mile: 

Giildren  in  10  shots  fat  coup;  15  shots  for  grand  coup 

10-14  "  14  "  "  "  II  "  "  "  " 
14-18  "10  "  "  "  9  "  "  "  " 
Over  18  "  8    "    "    "      7    "    "      "  " 

Long  Range,  Clout,  or  Flight  Shootiiif 

14-18  Three-foot  target  at  130  yards,  if  possibk  on  a  steep 
hillside. 

In  the  target  is  a  bull's  eye,  and  counts     ...  9 
Within  X  feet  of  outside  of  target  " 
6 


II    j2  "  "    "        "  " 


7 
5 
3 

Coup  is  for  300  at  sixty  consecutive  shots.  Grand  coup  is  for 
400  at  sixty  consecutive  shots. 

(In  one  or  two  meets.) 
Over  18  Four-foot  target  at  x8o  yards,  if  possible  on  a  steep 

hillside. 

In  the  target  is  a  bull's  eye,  and  counts  ...  9 
Within  6  feet  of  outside  of  target    "      ...  7 

5 
3 
1 

Coup  for  300  at  sixty  consecutive  shots.  Grand  coup  for  400 
at  sixty  ccmsecutive  shots. 

(In  one    two  meets.) 

Fishing 

(By  Dr.  Haaiy  vui  Dj^,  Author  of  "littk  RKvfs,**  •TUflnasa'S 

Luck,"  etc.) 

(B<^  an  thoM  under  14;  kds  14  to  t8;  mm  iS  sad  ovor.) 
(Yoai«  girit  an  thoae  uader  14;  giilt,  14  to  it;  wobwb  iS  aad  ow.) 

Tackle-making.  Boys  and  young  girls  r  To  make  a  six-foot 
leader  of  clean  gut,  with  smooth  knoU  to  stand  a  strain  of 


<(      j2  K  <(  «  «  «  « 

II  II  If  11  II  M  tt 

II  II  II  II  II  II  II 
24 


Cmf  tad  DegiMt  343 

five  pounds,  coup.   To  tie  six  different  flies,  of  regular  patterns 
on  number  eight-twelve  hooks,  and  take  trout  with  each  of 
them,  by  daylight  casting  in  clear  water,  pamd  ceup. 

ilads  and  G^b:  Make  a  bait  rod  of  three  points,  straight  and 
.c.und,  fourteen  ounces  or  less  in  weight,  ten  feet  or  less  m  length, 
to  stand  a  strain  of  one  and  one-half  pounds,  at  the  tip,  thirteen 
pounds  at  the  grip,  «m*.  Make  a  pmted  fly-rod  eight-ten 
fll^^^o^g  four-six  o\mce8  In  weight,  capable  of  castmg  a  fly  sixty 

^^f/Sf«»r'Ws  and  lads  and  young  girls  and  Rirls:  Take 
with  the  fly.  unassisted,  a  three-pound  trout  or  black  bass.ona  rod 
not  more  than  five  ounces  in  weight,  Take  a  five-pound 

trout  or  black  bass  or  a  four-pound  landk)cked  salmon  under  the 

same  conditions,  grand  coup,       ....   -  .  »^  .Jtu 

Men  and  women:  Hook  and  land  with  the  fly.  unassisted,  with- 
out net  or  gaff,  a  trout  or  landlocked  salmon  over  four  pounds,  or 
a  salmon  over  twelve  pounds,  coub.  To  Uke,  under  the  same 
conditions,  a  salmon  over  twenty-five  pounds,  grand  coup. 

General  Fishing.  Boys,  lads,  men,  young  girls,  girls,  and 
women  Take  on  a  rod,  without  assistando  m  hooking,  playing, 
or  landing,  a  trout,  black  bass,  pike,  Kraylmg.  sa^ 

n^on,  bluefish,  weakfish,  striped  bass,  kmgfish,  sheepshead  or 
other  game  fish,  whose  weight  in  pounds  equals  or  exceeds  that 
of  the  rod  in  ounces.  ,   . , 

Take  under  the  same  conditions  a  game  fish  that  is  double 
in  pounds  the  ounces  of  the  rod,  grand  i»Mp.  n„^.u 

htdoor  Fly-casting.  Boys  and  young  girls:  To  cast  a  fly  with 
a  roil  of  five  ounces  or  less,  not  over  ten  feet  long,  forty  Ject, 
coup;  fifty-five  feet,  grattd  coup.  .  .     ,  .  j 

Lads  and  girb:  Sixty-five  feet,  coup;  eighty  feet,  grand  coup. 

Men  and  women:  Eighty  feet,  coup;  mnety-five  feet,  proud 

'^'^'^Every  fish  caught  and  kept,  but  not  used,  is  a  rotten  spot 
in  the  angler's  recod"  (H.  v.  D.). 

Bait  CMtlng 

(ReviMd  by  Lou  S.  Dwlliig,  of  New  York,  Author  of  •TVwiWMBt 

Casting  and  the  Proper  Equipment  ) 

With  one-fourth-ounce  dummy  frog,  five-foot  rod,  indoors, 
overlwad  casting,  toumamttit  i^: 
Child  class,        40  Jeet  foe  cmp;   50  feet  for  iMwrf  cmp. 

Boys  and  ^.  „   „  „ 

younggirU"     60  "    «    "     7^  "  V  *' 


344  Woodcraft  Mamial  for  Girls 

T^dsandgirbcIa88,8ofeetfor«»M/;  90  tttt  tot  pmd  coup. 

Men  and 

Women      "    100  "    "    "    lao    "  "      '*  " 
If  out  of  doors  add  10  per  cent,  to  each  of  the  distances  if 

cast  is  made  with  the  wind. 
If  a  wooden  plug  is  used  instead  of  the  dummy  frog  add 

30  per  cent  to  each  distance. 

CXASS  m— NATURB  STUDY 
Vertebrates 

(Reviled  by  Fnuk  M.  Chapman,  of  the  American  Museum  «rf  Natunl 

History,  New  York  City.) 

Know  and  name  correctly  twenty-five  native  wild  quadrupeds, 
for  coup;  know  and  name  correctly  fifty,  and  tell  something 
about  each,  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  draw  unmistakable  pictures  of  twenty-five  tracks 
of  wxT  four-foot  animals,  for  coup;  of  fifty,  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  100  of  our  native  birds  as  seen 
mounted  in  a  museum,  the  female  and  young  to  count  separately 
when  they  are  wholly  different  from  the  male.  Two  hundred 
birds,  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  fifty  wild  birds  in  the  field:  xoo, 
grand  cou^. 

Recognize  fifty  wild  Kirds  by  note;  100  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  ten  turtles;  twenty  for  p'ond  coup,  with 
something  interesting  about  each. 

Know  and  name  ten  different  snakes,  tdl  idiich  are  poisonous, 
for  coup;  twenty  snakes  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  ten  Batracfaians;  twenty  for 
grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  fish;  fifty  fish  for  pand  coup. 

Lower  Forms  of  Life 

(Revised  by  John  Borroughs.) 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  native  land  and  fresh-water 
shells,  fifty  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  moths,  fifty  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  butterflies,  fifty  for  grand  amp. 

Know  and  name  fifty  other  insects,  100  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly.  e.,  with  the  accepted  En^Ui 
names,  according  to  any  standard  authority,  twenty-five  trees, 
Mod  teU  something  interesting  about  whem,  fifty  for  grand  coup. 


Cmqw  ad  Degnet  345 


Know  and  name  correctly  fifty  of  our  wild  flowers,  100  for 
grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  twenty-five  of  our  wild  ferns,  fifty 
for  grand  amp. 

Know  and  name  correctly  twenty-five  of  our  native  mwifi, 
fifty  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  fifty  common  toadstools  or  mushrooms, 
100  for  grand  coup. 

Make  and  maintain  a  vivarium  (aquarium  with  part  land 
for  turtles,  frogs,  etc.)  successfully  for  six  months  and  keep 
record  of  life  of  inmates.  Dimensions  two  by  four,  iratul  coup 
for  one  year  success  or  unusual  beauty  or  size. 

Kt«p  ten  records  oi  different  l»rdls  when  first  seen,  nesting 
broods  hatched,  flying,  etc.,  in  one  year.  Grmtd  amp  for  fifteen 
records. 

Dry  and  mount  twenty-five  ferus,  properly  identified.  Fifty 
for  prand  amp. 


Geology,  ttc. 

(Revised  by  Prof.  Chaiies  D.  Wdcott,  Sacntaiy,  SoiitlitoBkui  TnttftBtfen  ) 

Paleontology.    Know  and  name,  referring  to  thdr  proper 
strata  if  ty  native  fossib,  100  for  grand  coup. 
M ineratogy.   Know  and  name  fifty  minerals,  for  coup;  or  zoo 

for  grand  coup. 

Geology.  Know  and  name  and  describe  the  fourteen  great  di- 
visions of  the  earth's  crust,  according  to  Geikie,  idso  define 
watershed,  delta,  drift,  fault,  glacier,  terrace,  stratum,  dip,  and 
identify  ten  different  kinds  of  rock,  for  coup.  In  addition  to  the 
first,  define  sediment  metamorphic,  antklinal,  syndinal,  mo- 
raine, coal,  metal,  mineral,  petromim,  and  klntify  in  all  two^ 
kinds  of  rock,  for  grand  coup. 


nioto^apby 

(Revised  by  A.  Radclyffe  Dugmora,  of  Couv  i  j  Life  in  Anurica,  New  YoA.) 

(Photographs  accepted  and  used  at  Hea^fquarters  count  each  a 
coup  or  grand  coup  according  to  merits.) 

Make  a  good  rec<^i2able  photmrauh  of  any  wild  bird  larger 
than  a  robin  while  00  iu  nest  With  image  three  indies  k»g 
grand  coup. 


34^  Woodcfift  BfaaMU  for  Oirit 

Make  a  good  photograph  of  a  Ruffed  Grooae  drumming,  * 
Prairie  Chicken  daitdng,  A  Woodcock  or  a  WIA  Tuhuy  ttniU> 

ing,  grand  coup. 

Make  a        recogninUe  photogn4<h  ci  a  wild  animal  in 

the  air,  or  t^rattd  conp^  according  to  merit. 

Dittofor  a  tish. 

Get  a  ffooA  photograph  of  any  large  wild  animal  in  its  native 
surroundings,  and  not  looking  at  ym,  for  comp  or  iramd  comp, 
according  to  merit. 

(As  these  are  tests  of  woodcraft,  moMgerie  animals  do  not 

count.) 

Photograph  and  negative  of  Council  or  Woodcraft  activities 
that  can  ix-  used  ( need  not  be  developed  by  self)  as  lantom  dMe 
and  accepted  by  National  Headquarters.  Coup  or  ffond  eomp. 
according  to  merit. 

Photo  and  negative  of  descript've  dances  as  above  (folk  ot 
Indian  dances)— accepted  and  u&ed  by  ikadquarters  coup  or 
grand  coup. 

Photo  Hiid  negative  of  insects  and  butterllics,  moths,  etc., 
in  natural  surroundingsr— as  above — coup  or  g^atid  coup  accord- 
ing to  merit. 

Blueprints  direct  from  flowers  (in  collection  named  and  iden- 
tified as  to  locality  and  season)  coup  for  twenty-five;  ff^and 
coM^  for  fifty. 

CLASS  IV— CRAFTS 

Handicraft 
Coup  or  frond  coup  according  to  merit 

Make  a  carved  wood  future  frame  at  least  8  x  lo  Inches  rc  idy 
for  Dicture  with  glass  aiMi  back — ^Indian  carving  suggested. 

Make  model  teepee,  model  log  cabin,  or  good  mmiature  model 
(rf  Council  Ring  with  removable  furnishings. 

Make  a  model  of  camp— tents,  teepees,  fireplace. 

Make  a  four-poster  for  wiUow  bed. 

Make  and  use  a  Navajo  loom— for  blanks  weaving. 

Make  a  decorated  noggin. 

Faint  and  deomte  Doards  for  Four  Fires.  Coup  w  giraiid 
CM^ according  to  merit. 

Make,  decorate,  and  fire  foiu:  bowls  (Zimi,  Acoma,  San  Do- 
mingo, and  Moquin  style). 

Make  a  set  ol  four  candtartlcks  and  fire  bowl  lor  Good^ick 
Fire. 


Cot^a  tntf  Degrees  347 


Make  a  set  of  tracking  ircms. 

Make  a  bracelet  ai  hammered  lOver  or  piece  of  bran  or  copper 

work  or  silvcrwork. 

Make  a  set  of  three  metal  hubs,  dies,  or  punches  for  stamping 
on  metalwork. 

Indian  Bed.  Make  an  Indian  bed  of  at  least  sixty  rods,  all 
lied  tight  for  coup.  Make  one  of  eighty  or  more  rods  with  four 
cords  all  straight,  and  bound  at  ♦he  edges,  for  grand  coup. 

Basket.  Make  a  serviceable  basket  of  wikhrood  materiab, 
not  less  than  five  inches  across. 

Weaving.  Weave  a  good  grass  or  nuh  rug,  square  and  even, 
not  less  than  2x5  feet. 

Indian  Clock.  Make  an  Indian  clock,  that  is,  a  sun-dial,  that 
works. 

Make  a  pa\r  of  tilting  stools  and  spears  according  to  rules  i.e., 
stM.)l<  circular  on  top,  fifteen  inches  across,  about  twenty 
inches  high  on  four  widespread  kgi.  Spears  as  per  "Wood- 
craft Manual  for  Boys." 

Make  a  set  of  six  plain  cooking  dishes  of  cia}%  dry  and  prepare 
by  self. 

Agriculture 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  vegetables  or  fruits  or  cereal  grains  grown,  at  Covmty,  State,  or 
National  Fair.    Grand  coup  for  first  prize. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  domestic 
animals  exhibited  at  County,  State,  or  National  Fair.  (Cats 
or  dogs  not  included.)    Grand  coup  for  first  prize. 

Take  prize  at  an}'  County,  State,  or  National  Faur  lor  chickens, 
geese,  ducks,  guineas,  bees,  silk-worms,  or  aninuds.  Grand  coup 
for  first  prize. 

Milk  a  cow  twice  a  day  for  a  month.  Know  how  to  treat  a 
caked  bag.  Identify  six  different  kinds  of  cattle  and  tell  their 
good  and  bad  points. 

Ilave  four  window  boxes  of  growing  plants  planted  and  cared 
for  by  self  for  four  mmths  <x  year.  Boxes  must  be  at  least 
24  X  8  inches. 

Have  successful  perennial  vegetable  garden  for  two  years. 
Garden  must  contam  eig^t  <^  the  following:  asparagus,  Swiss 
chard,  sorrel  (rumex),  parsley,  leeks,  onions,  spinach,  sage, 
thyme,  mint,  Iwrseradish,  cornsalad,  hardy  chiv,  and  rhubexfo. 
Grand  coup  tor  twdve. 

Have  grown  for  one  year  a  cdd-irame  ol  pansies  or  vkkCa. 


MICROCOPY  RESOLUTION  TEST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^    yiPPLIED  \MA\3E  Inc 

1653  East  Main  SIrMt 
Rochester.  Neo  York      14609  USA 
(716)  482  -  0300  -  Phone 
(716)  288  -  5989  -  Fox 


348  Woodcmft  Manual  for  Girls 


.  Grand  coup  for  having  also  started  a  friend  with  plants  and 

helped  make  and  fix  cold-frame. 

Clear  $25  on  a  half-acre  garden,  after  paying  for  labor,  etc., 
in  one  summer. 

Make  a  successful  mushroom  cellar. 


Home  Craft 

Coup  or  grand  coup  according  to  merit 

Train  a  class  in  cooking — showing  the  members  and  niaking 
them  do  it  correctly,  for  six  persons  and  give  demonstration  of 

success. 

Spin  enough  cotton,  flax,  wool,  or  hemp  to  make  five  yards 
of  stuff  or  six  pairs  of  socks. 

Weave  ten  yards  of  doth  or  rag-carpet  rug  or  bedspread. 

Prepare,  cook,  and  serve  daintily,  four  ten-course  diimers  for 
a  party  of  not  less  than  four  people.  Everything  must  be  hwne 
cooked.  e  •  r 

Serve  practical  and  attractive  meals  to  a  family  of  six  for 
one  month  at  the  rate  of  ten  cents  per  meal  per  person,  a  total 

ol  $54-  ,     .  ,  .     I.-  1 

Prepare  twelve  meals  on  a  tray  for  sick  persons,  usmg  chicken 

broth,  eggnog,  milk  toast,  and  show  the  value  of  bright  and 

cheerful  serving. 

Know  and  be  able  to  buy  and  cook  all  of  the  best  cuts  of 
lamp,  mutton,  beef,  and  pork,  making  sure  meat  is  fresh  and 
cooked  correctly. 

Know  value  of  cereals  and  proper  preparation  of  com,  wheat, 
rice,  barley,  and  rye  for  bread  and  porridges.  Also  know  about 
the  care  and  feeding  of  infants  from  birth  to  three  ye^rs. 

Have  been  a  "little  mother,"  being  a  real  daily  guardian  for 
three  months— dressing,  undressing,  and  caring  for  on  time. 

Act  as  hostess  at  a  formal  limcheon,  dinner,  or  party  of  some 
band  to  at  least  six  people  for  which  the  invitations  were  self- 
made  and  menu  supervised.  Also  plan  and  carry  out  three 
outdoor  picnics  or  entertainments  for  a  dozen  or  more  girb, 
at  which  refreshments  are  served. 

Keep  an  eight-room  house — used  by  not  less  than  four 
people — clean  and  in  order,  caring  for  clothes,  etc.,  arranging 
flowers,  and  assisting  at  meals  for  one  month. 

Do  a  family  washing  and  ironing  for  not  less  than  four  persons 
for  one  month  and  do  idl  cleaning  and  pressing  of  suits,  skirts, 
trousers,  etc. 


Coups  and  Degrees  349 


Drying,  Preserving,  and  Canning  Coups 

Dry  three  pounds  (weight  when  dried)  of  apples,  peaches,  or 
other  fruit,  coup.   Grand  coup,  five  pounds. 

Glace  three  pounds  of  any  kind  of  fruit  (candied  fruit)  coup. 
Grand  coup  five  pounds  (cherries,  cranberries,  pineapple,  orange, 
etc.). 

Make  three  dozen  glasses  of  jelly  (without  addition  of  any 
artificial  jelly  maker).   Grand  coup,  five  dozen  glasses. 

Preserve  or  can  three  dozen  quarts  of  any  fruit,  coup.  Five 
dozen  quarts,  grand  coup. 

Make  one  pound  gumbo  file'  (sassafras,  buds  and  tender 
leaves  dried  and  powdered),  coup.   Grand  coup,  two  pounds. 

Can  two  dozen  quarts  any  vegetable  except  tomatoes,  coup. 
Grand  coup,  three  dozen. 

Make  two  quarts  (four  Vays)  of  tomato  preserve  and 
pickle.  Canned  ripe  and  unripe,  coup.  Six  ways  for  gra$§d 
coup. 

Preserve  uncooked  in  cold  water  alone  six  quarts  each  of 
rhubarb  and  green  gooseberries,  coup. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  Canned  Goods  or  Preserves  at  County,  State,  or  National 
Fair.    Grand  coup  for  first  prize. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  cooked  foods  at  County,  State,  or  National  Fair.  Grand  coup 
for  first  prize. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  preserves  at  County,  State,  or  National  Fair.  Grand  amp  for 
first  prize. 

Candy  one  pound  each  of  grape-fruit,  orange,  and  lemon-peel, 
coup. 

Candy  one-half  pound  each  of  mint  leaves,  rose  kaves,  videts, 
and  calamus  root,  coup. 

Make  one  pint  elder-flower  water,  cucumber  juice  toilet  water, 
or  witch-hazel  extract.  Materiak  must  be  gathered  by  self,  cou p. 

Make  one  pint  mullein,  camomile,  ginger,  and  boneset  tea. 
Materials  gathered  by  self,  coup. 

Make  salve  from  brunella  (self-heal),  witch  haael,  or  marigdd 
(calradula);  materials  gathered  by  self,  coup. 

Curing  Meat  luid  Fish 

Catch  and  prepare  for  cooking  100  pounds,  dressed  we^^ 
salt  water  fish.  Fish  must  be  used  and  not  wasted. 


350  Woodenft  Manual  for  GMs 

Needle  Craft 

Unless  oOerwise  staled  coup  or  grand  coup  according  to  merU 
.Jf^h  ^  «^en«g.  graduation,  or  party  dress    Mu<it  « 

tSf  °'  '""k»'ic  design  „d 

Ka' J?Sf  ?T    r  "I  '''^'S"  <»  »  ceremonial  rob. 

CLASS  V— ENTERTAINER 

Cw^  or  ^afw;  coup  according  to  merit 

fS^S"-— ^^^^^^^^ 

sUtuUon  and  Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Address.^^  to  toe  COn- 


Coups  and  Degrees  351 

Teach  a  class  of  children  successfully  for  six  months  in  school, 
church,  or  recreation  centre. 

Entertain  younger  pf  l.e  on  five  different  occasionf-intro- 
ducing  song,  story,  dancc,  and  manual  training. 

Dance  su  good  folk  dances  that  are  solo  dances. 

Give  a  superlaUve  perfomumce  of  any  of  the  standard  dances 
on  three  pubhc  occasions. 

Give  lustory  of  woman's  movement  in  tliis  country,  telling 
what  btates  have  woman  suffrage. 

Name  the  ten  Americans  whom  you  consider  greatest  in  our 
history  and  say  why.  Do  not  include  Kving  people.  Teil 
briefly  of  their  hves  and  work.  o  r-  t- 

Dancer.  Know  three  Indian  dancing  songs  and  be  able  to 
dance  and  teach  three  standard  Indian  incS 


CLASS  VI— UFE  CRAFT 

Red  Cross.  A  grand  ojup  for  having  passed  the  Red  Cross 
examination  of  first  aid  to  the  injured. 

Life  Saving  For  passing  the  U.  S.  Vol.  Life  Saving  Corns 
diploma  test  for  hfe  sa^/mg  m  the  water,  a  coup.  For  the  same 
and  an  actual  rescue,  f;rand  coup. 

Tf^^ffing  Life  Buoy.  For  those  under  eighteen:  To  threw  it 
forty  feet  within  ten  feet  of  the  mark  is  coup;  the  same  but 
forty-five  feet  withm  five  feet  of  the  mark  is  grand  coup.  In 
each  case  It  must  be  thrown  three  out  of  five 

For  th<Me  over  dghteen:  To  throw  it  fifty-five  feet  within 
ten  feet  of  the  mark  is  cou^;  sixty  feet  withm  five  feet  of  the 
mark  IS  grand  coup.  In  each  case  three  times  out  of  five. 


DEGREES  IN  WOODCRAFT 

The  Degrees  in  Woodcraft  are  given  because  of  general  aU- 
around  proficiency.  They  cover  aU  phases  of  life  and  enable 
Woodcraf  ters  to  work  along  lines  which  arouse  the  most  interest 
and  give  the  greatest  pleasure.  Some  subjects  are  of  interest  to 
only  one  sex,  but  all  are  open  to  both  sexes. 

fn,SL  *  ^yj^^  of  Guidance.   The  degrees  are 

founded  on  world-wide  standards,  and  with  the  help  r.f  the  best 
experts.    The  CouncU  will  gladly  consider  any  suggestion,  but  it 

r'L'''^^^^       "*»  ^  ?^°"P  ^      I^wer  to  add  to 
or  vary  the  degrees  m  any  way  whatsoever. 


353  Woodcraft  Mantud  for  Girls 

DtgTMf  ai  OifMi  in      Woodcrtft  leagot 


Art  Craftsman 
Art  Metal  Worker 
Athlete 

Backwoods  Handicraft 
Bird  Sharp 

BFOther-Sister  Craft 

Business 

Camper 

Camp  Cook 

Camp  Craftsman 

Camp  Doctor 

Canner 

Canoeman 

Carpenter 

Citizen 

Colonial  Housekeeper 

Conservator 

Cradle  Craft 

Dancer 

Entertainer 

F' inner 

Fisherman 

Foodcraft 

Forester 

Frontiersman 

Gardener 

Gleeman 

Handihelp 

Herald 

Home  Cook 

Horseman 

Hostess 


Housekeeper 
Hunter 

Hunter  in  Town 
Indian  Ciaf  tsman 
Indian  Lore 

Laundry  Expert 

Life  Craft 

Lightning  Wheeler 

Market  Woman  or  Buyer 

Metalworker 

Mountaineer 

Needle  Woman 

Nurse 

Patriotism 

Potter 

Scout 

Scout-Runner 
Seamanship 
Sharpshooter 
Small  Stock  Farmer 
Star  Wiseman 
Stock  Farmer 
Swimmer 
Teacher 

Three  Years'  Service 
Thunder  Handler 
Thunder  Roller 
Traveler 
Village  Scout 
White  Man's  Woodcraft 
Wise  Woodman 
Woman's  Power  in  History 


Degree 


I>egree  Badges 

The  Degree  Badge  is  an  embroidered 
square  with  a  horn  on  each  side. 

The  Blanket  Degree  badge  is  the  Zuni 

Coil. 


Art 
Craftsman 


Coops  and  Degrees 


.1 


Art  Metal 
Worker 


Athlete 


353 


Backwoods 
HuKlkisft 


Bird  Sharp 


Bfotb^-Sbter 
Craft 


Business 


Canper 


□ 


C«np  Cook        Camp Craftamaa      CimpDpcloc  Cuner 


Carpenter 


Citizen 


Colonial 
Hotisckegpeg 


Conservator  Cradle  Craft 


Dancer  ^itertaiaer 


Farmer 


Fkhennaa 


Foodcraft 


FoMttr 


354  Woodcnft  Mumal  for  Oiris 


Frontiersman  Gardener 


Berald  Home  Cook 


Bonoua 


[MM 

Bobtcr  Hunter  in  Town 


Indian 
Craftsman 


I*«mliy  Expert        Life  Craft 


Market  Woman    Metal  Worker 
or  Buyer 


MouatatDeer 


Pfttriotiam 


Potter 


Scout 


Coups  and  Degrees 


Scuouth^ 


355 


a 

SowU 
Sto^Fumer 


Stock  Fanner 


Teacher 


Three  Veil/ 

«f.-„f 


Thunder 
Handler 


m 


Thunder  Itevckr 
Roller 


(3 


■■Mpe  ^iHIHH  VTBH  WWMIUK  ff TTlnnBnHI 


Wmnan's 
Power  in 
Kstoiy 


Claiming  Degrees 

A  Degree  may  be  claimed  at  Council  after  application  has 
been  made  on  a  properly  filled  form  which  sets  forth  the  claim 
with  suflBcient  witnesses  to  prove  legally  that  the  test  was  fairly 
taken.  (See  page  33) 

The  Degree  Claim  is  certified  by  the  Chief  and  Tally  Keeper 
of  the  Council  conferring  it,  and  returned  to  the  applicant,  but 
record  is  kept  in  the  Tribal  Tally. 

None  but  Chartered  Tribes  in  good  standing  have  power  to 
award  either  Coup  ot  Degree  Badges. 


Giri: 


356         Woodcraft  Ifaanal  for  OtiU 

Art  CiafttBuui 

(Motdnieio) 

The  Degree  of  Art  Craftsman  may  be  conferred  on 

any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests;      '™  ^ 
I.  Make  a  ceremonial  suit  for  one's  self. 

.17u  ^^^''^^^^'■^"'^"'aiWiofbeadworktellineastorv 
Make  a  ceremonial  suit  for  younger  Woodcraft  « 

w«i  i  ^7/'  ^  "^^^  ten  inches  high)  accurately  in 

Woodcraf  ceremonial  suit,  or  some  other  distinct  outfit  ^ 

I"  p»k  ^ or  artist's  smock  with  smocking, 
sign   ^"^^'"'^^  *  ceremonial  dress,  symbolic  or  Indian  de- 

in  quill^worl^  ^"^^  ^"^  '''^P  °^  ^^"'^*l««t  work 

^'  JJ^J^      y*''^^  °^  handmade  lace, 
sins!^'  ^^"""^^^  ^pakof  Indian  leggings  or  mocca- 

An!°;f        ^  "^"^^'^^  *=<>^er  with  beadwork,  or  apoUou^ 

one  of  Imen  or  a  woven  cover.  »ppuque 

"*  S^^^  ^  ^^sign  preferred. 

^12.  Make  a  box  for  coup  feathers  of  leather  or  of  birch- 

dei^*  attractive  box  or  bag  for  rubbing  sUcks  and  tin- 

14.  Decorate  a  blanket,  similiar  to  Sagamore's, 
tions  "^^"^  '^^'^^  '''^  '^o*  decora- 

eigh^t  iX^S/rLJL^'^^"^^     ^  ^^"^^^ 

Jo  S  ^^'^'f '"'"P'^^^  ^^^t^  gJass  mounting. 

J:  ^  u  S'^^  P'"""'  ^'OfJ'  «f  go<^  design.  ^ 

20.  Make  three  piece,  of  brass  work  of  good  desSn 

plaque^'-'"'        d-o-t*^  a  brass  or  co^^r  t^'vase,  or 

22  Maketvv-o  hanging  basket  vases  of  willow  or  raffia  suit- 
able  for  porch  decoration,  fitted  with  holder  of  glass  o?Un 

crSVw*        '  '^'^P^'*'  ^^'^  b^^'''  Wood- 

ualdbvAmiL«T^^  "and  name  of  ten  beadwork  designs 
uaea  by  American  Indians  such  as  ram,  star,  etc. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


358  Woodcraft  Manual  lor  Girls 

Art  Metal  Worktr 

(Dasswabek) 

The  Degree  of  Art  Metal  Worker  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  set  of  six  buttons  and  a  pair  of  cufflinks 
to^match  m  copper,  brass.  German  iS.  «p,2SS 

befiXSlntrbSS'"^^^ 

^i''^'  u  '"■^f  ^'■^y-  P'^t"""e  frame,  etc. 
4-  Make  bracelet,  band,  link,  or  chain. 

filigree^*  metal-may  be  engraved  plates  or  links  or 

in  se'uing,'oreSel'^  ^  semi-predon.  tone 

""^  ^"'^  and  plates. 
9-  JJake  bowl  ten  inches  in  diameter 

f^^y  '"'^^^^  diameter. 

12.  Make  four  small  knockers  for  study,  bedroom  nhvnvim 
and  music  room,  with  appropriate  dcsigr  playroom. 

13-  Make  set  of  andirons, 
stand. ^^''^  ton,rs,pokr.  ,  and  hearthbniahand 

IS-  Make  desk  set. 

16.  Make  electric  la     stand  i,  r  able,  Indian  desi^ 

17.  Make  metal  vas.    iitable  for  lam^'Sm3^?'a^^^ 

tinguisS.'  ""'^'^^       matchhold^or  sn'ifaitd  «- 
19.  MakccandlesticksandfirebowlfortheFour Fires. 

Backwoods  Handicraftsman 

(Skagimpi) 

.Jt  S*'^''''^     Backwoods  Handicraftsman  may  be 
conferred  on  any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tSte- 

1.  Make  a  birch  or  hickory  broom 

2.  Make  a  hunter's  lamp. 
3.  Make  an  Indian  or  willow  be-' 
t  iitt^  *  four-poster  to  carry  the  willow  bed. 
5.  Make  a  wooden  kneading  trou^ 


Cmtfi*  tnd  DegrtM 


m 


•5.  Make  a  noggin  or  wooden  drinkin)    up  of  a  tree  burl. 
7.  Make  a  basket  to  hold  at  least  a  quart  using  nffia.  soruce 
roots,  rattan,  or  other  strong  material. 

Build  a  cabin. 


9   

10.  Make  a  iaoti8e>prool  cup- 
board. 

11.  Build  a  boat. 

12.  Make  a  Navajo  Loom. 

13.  Build  a  stone  or  brick  bake 
oven 

14.  Tanapcltwiththeiuron. 

15.  Remove  the  hair  from  a 


calfskin  without  using  a  knife 
or  injuring  the  skin. 

16.  Repair  a  boot  with  a 
patch. 

17.  Make  a  pair  of 

sins. 

18.  Build  an  oven  out  of 

doois. 

19.  Weave  a  rug  or  mat. 


Bird  Sharp 

(Bineshi) 

«J^fh?!*f*  Sharp  may  be  conferred  on  any 

one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

LU  .xik  ^^l^'^^^y  %  native  birds  in  a  collection. 
—J  I  When  thesexesdiffergreatly.theycounteachasabird.) 
a.  Identify  twenty-five  natives  bjinis  in  the  field. 
3.  Identify  twenty-five  native  birds  by  note 

urrit}^^''  ^  local  list  of  twenty-fivc  birds  idth  remarks  on 
amval,  departure,  abundance,  etc  «n 

say  wh^*"'*°°  ^'^ty  Wrtb  of  great  value  to  agriculture  and 

6.  Name  ten  birds  that  work  in  the  orchard  destroying  the 
bark  bee  and  other  such  posts.  ""/"ig  uie 

7.  Keep  a  ionrnal  with  daily  notes  on  the  nesting  of  a  pair 
of  birds  from  .set f  ing  to  fledging.  "«t«HS  "i  »  pair 

"P  *  "°  successful  bird  boxes. 
9.  Mako.and  set  up  a  accessful  lunch  counter. 
10.  Make  and  set  up  a  successful  biitl  bath 
esibli^^id.''^'       sanctuaries  are,  and  why  they  are  being 
12.  Write  an  original  essay  of  500  words  giving  the  life  his- 

•  ^  >'°"  belling  when  it 

wnves  m  the  sprrng,  how  the  male  differs  from  the  female. 
L  nLf  '"i'^    liKe  what  are  its  haunts,  where  it  nests,  what 
^T/^f  like,  when  the  young  are  raised  and  fl;,  what 
r!"  fi^t  plumage,  how  many  broods  are  raised  each 
season,  what  are  Its  foods,  its  enemies,  and  its  peculiars^ 


36o  Woodcraft  Manual  ior  Gixls 

Brother  or  Sister  Craft 

(Avmia) 

f  Jif  °^  Brother  or  Sister  Craft  may  be  con- 

ferred on  any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

I.  Regularly  take  younger  members  of  the  family 
for  walks  or  hikes  into  fields  or  woods. 


4i 


°i  y°""ger  members  of  thefamUy  for  two 

Z^^f^nTJ^T'^''^^-  ^°"^^<="tive)  in  the  year,  supe^W^ 
Sleep,  food,  and  recreation  successfully  * 

chilLw^hfc'i'^  three  parties  for  the  younger 

children  (this  mcTudp  supervising  games  and  behavior).  ^ 

4.  Kead  regularly  one  hour  a  week  for  three  months  to 
younger  child  any  two  coUections  of  children's  storL 

,0  tLf  t?    vu^^'^-^''^  "^^"t  to  sister  or  brother 

so  that  the  child  can  in  turn  tell  them. 

6.  Successfully  tutor  brother  or  sister  in  any  study 

m*.mK.  f?r^c  spending  many  hours  with  the  youneer 
members  of  the  family  in  a  helpful  and  kind  way.        ^  ^ 

.hiiriJ'^T  ^  n'-^l""  ^i^ter  in  Woodcraft  work  so  that  the 
child,  stands  well  in  the  Band  or  Tribe. 

9.  Be  little  niother,  that  is,  the  reai  daily  guardian  of  one  or 

11.  Teach  one  or  more  children  the  alphabet. 

12.  Teach  one  or  more  children  the  notes  in  music. 

for  fhree'months"''"'  '''''      '^""^  ^^ren 

14.  Teach  any  child  the  rudiments  of  another  language. 

15.  Teach  any  child  to  make  a  basket,  a  bird  box  a  clav  not 
a  grass  rug,  or  other  useful  article  *    ^  ^  » 

16.  Teach  a  child  to  sew,  knit,  embroider,  crochet,  or  weave. 

business 

(Anokiwin) 

The  Degree  of  Business  may  be  conferred  on  anv 

one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests :  ^ 

1mI:.^'a^-^  application  for  a  position;  a 

2  Wrt  ^  T^  ^7?  '"^  "  !^"^  °^  ackno^edgment. 
sym^y  ^''^"^  acceptance,  regret,  and 


Coups  and  Degrees  361 


3.  Know  simple  bookkeeping,  explaining  interest,  percentage, 
and  discount. 

4.  Take  dictation  at  the  rate  of  fifty  words  a  minute. 

5.  Transcribe  letters  on  the  typewriter  at  the  rate  of  twenty- 
five  words  a  minute. 

6.  Write  a  good  clear  hand. 

7.  Keep  exact  and  full  account  of  personal  receipts  and  ex- 
penses for  six  months. 

8.  Have  a  clear  record  for  punctuality  for  four  months. 

9.  Be  successful  at  a  position  for  four  months. 

10.  Be  self-supporting. 

11.  Save  10  per  cent,  of  allowance  or  income  for  six  months. 

12.  Plan  detailed  cost  of  living  for  a  family  of  six,  four  being 

children. 

13.  Earn  money  enough  to  go  on  a  vacation  or  to  send  some 
one  else  on  a  vacation  for  two  weeks  or  more. 

14-  Act  as  treasurer  of  your  Woodcraft  Tribe,  or  Sunday- 
school  class,  etc.,  for  six  months,  keeping  correct  accounts. 

15.  Keep  a  bank  account,  either  for  yourself  or  some  other 
person,  for  six  months;  draw  checks,  endorse  checks,  make 
deposits,  and  balance  check  book  with  bank  book  each  month. 

16.  Write  an  article  of  z,ooo  words  on  Business  Pensi(»is  and 
Insurance  Systems. 

17.  Describe  the  work  of  three  organizations  interested  in 
labor  conditions  of  men  or  women,  such  as  Trades  Unions, 
National  Consumers'  League,  National  Civic  Federation,  etc. 

18.  Write  a  paper  of  not  less  than  1,000  words  describing 
your  State  Laws  affecting  the  property  rights  of  women,  and 
also  inheritance  laws,  including  right  t(  sue  for  damages  in  case 
of  accident  to  child. 

19.  Earn  $25  by  some  industry— flowers,  bees,  tutoring, 

craf  twork,  etc. 

20.  Have  earned  Tribal  and  National  dues  by  a  Woodcraft 
exhibition  of  craf  twork,  etc. 

Cancer 

(Gabeshiketl) 

The  Degree  of  Camper  may  be  ccmferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests:  (the  first  three  being 

required) 

I.  Know  how  to  choose  a  camp  site  and  how  to 
prepare  for  rain. 

2.  Know  how  to  build  a  latrine  (toilet). 


3^  Woodeiafl  ICumtl  far  Giris 

3.  Know  how  to  dispose  of  the  camp  garbage  and  refuse. 
4-  Light  fifteen  fires  in  succession  with  fifteen  matdws,  at 
different  places,  one,  at  least,  on  a  wet  day. 

5.  Put  up  a  two-man  tent  alone,  ten  tunes,  for  actual  ser- 
vice, ready  for  storms. 

6.  Make  the  fire  with  rubbing-sticks  of  own  preparation. 

7.  Bofl  water  m  fifteen  minutes  with  one  matdi,  one  log,  one 
axe;  one  quart  of  water  in  a  two-quart  pail. 

8.  Make  a  willow  bed,  or  a  rush  mat,  or  an  equally  good 
one  of  wild  material. 

9.  Make  a  waterproof  roof  of  wildwood  materials. 

10.  Cook  twenty-one  digestible  meals  with  ordhiary  camp 
outfits,  for  at  least  three  persons. 

11.  Know  how  to  make  a  raft. 

12.  Sleep  out  100  nights  (no  roof  but  canvas);  not  neces- 
sarily consecutive  nights. 

13.  Travel  500  miles,  all  told,  in  canoe,  on  foot,  or  in  saddk, 
while  sleeping  out. 

14.  Have  charge  of  a  camp  of  five  or  mwe  foe  seven  suns 
(one  week)  and  keep  all  going  in  good  shape. 


Camp  Cook 

(Chabakwed) 

The  Degree  of  Camp  Cook  may  be  conferred  on  any 

one  who  takes  si;c  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  a  good  fireplace  of  wood,  of  stone,  or 
earth. 

a.  Light  fifteen  fires  with  fifteoi  successive  matches,  aBe  on  a 
wet  day. 

3.  Bake  five  batches  of  good  bread  in  a  Dutch  oven. 

4.  Bake  five  batches  of  good  bread  in  a  frying  pan  bef<»e  the 
open  fire. 

5.  Cook  twenty-OM  digestive  meab  over  campfire  for  a 
parUr  of  two  or  mere. 

0.  Boil  a  quart  of  water  in  a  two-quart  pail  in  ten  min- 
utes. 

7.  Cook  a  meal  consisting  of  baked  bread,  fried  meat  or  fish, 
roast  meat  or  boiled  potatoes  without  any  utensils  or  tools  but  a 
hatchet 

8.  Tram  a  class  in  cooking,  showing  and  making  them  do  it 
properly. ' 


\ 


Coupt  «iid  Degrees  363 

Camp  Craftsman 

(Eokid) 

The  Degree  of  Camp  Craftsman  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  out  of  these  tests: 
I.  Have  a  knowledge  of  tanning  and  curing. 

M  J  ,  2.  Sole  and  heel  a  pair  of  boots,  or  shoes,  sewed  or 
nailed,  and  generally  repair  footwear. 

3.  Dress  a  saddle,  repair  traces,  stirrup  leathers,  etc.,  and 
know  the  various  parts  of  harness. 

4.  Patch  a  garment. 

5.  Make  a  lace  or  a  button  of  a  leather  patch. 

6.  Make  set  of  six  camp  chah^  and  a  camp  table. 

7 .  Make  a  waterproof  vessel  of  birch  bark. 

8.  Repair  a  broken  boat  or  canoe. 

9.  Repair  a  tent  cover  so  it  will  not  leak. 

10.  M2ike  an  axe  helve  or  a  hoe  lumdie. 

11.  Repair  a  leaky  kettle  <»  pot. 

12.  Solder  a  tin. 

13.  Make  a  basket  of  wildwood materials. 

14.  Make  an  Indian  bed 

15.  Make  a  grass  mat. 

16.  Fell  a  six-inch  tree  in  sixty  seconds  and  drive  with  it  a 
given  stake. 

17-  Cut  down  a  six-inch  tree,  and  chop  and  split  it  into  stove 
wood,  using  axe  only. 

18.  Cut  and  flat  with  two  true  surfaces  a  log  like  a  railway  tie, 
eight  feet  long,mne-inch  face,and  sue  inches  thick,  using  axe  only. 

19.  Distinguish  between  rip  saw,  crosscut,  keyhole  saw,  two- 
handed  crosscut,  and  show  how  they  are  used. 

20.  Show  the  right  and  wrong  way  of  putting  nails  into  two 
Doards,  one  of  which  is  to  be  fastened  across  the  other. 

21.  Make  a  boat  or  a  birch  canoe. 

22.  Build  a  log  cabin. 


Camp  Doctor 
(Maskkikt) 

The  Degree  of  Camp  Doctor  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  twentyoutof  these  tests:  (the  first 
four  being  required) 

}•  Demonstiftte  the  Schufer  method  of  renud- 


tation. 


wire. 


3<S4  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

2.  Pass  first-aid  tests  of  Red  Cross  Society. 

3.  Know  how  to  trer  ^  for  bad  sunburn. 

rr^J:  f        ^^1'°"  '""y.'  ««<i  thc  Draper  treat- 

ment for  cases  of  poisoning  by  these. 

5.  Carry  a  person  down  a  ladd-^r. 

6.  Bandage  head  and  ankle. 

art/rk?h?n^or^C'"''""'  °'  °'  «^ 

orrl^g?^^  ^^"^      ^       '^^O"'  ^ 

9.  Demonstrate  treatment  for  rupture  of  varicose  veins  of 
the  leg  with  severe  hemorrhage.  v-uac  veins  oi 

10.  Show  treatment  for  bite  of  finger  bv  mad  do^ 

11.  Demonstrate  rescue  of  person  in  contact  with  electric 

12.  Apply  tourniquet  to  a  principal  artery. 

toSat^in!'  '^^^  P°^°^  »»d  ^^ 

14.  Write  a  statement  on  the  care  of  the  teeth 

15.  State  a  principle  to  govern  in  eating,  and  state  in  the 
o^er^of  then:  miportance  five  rules  to  g<^^n  the  S 

^16.  Be  able  to  teU  the  difiFeience  in  eflfect  of  a  cold  and  hot 
^17.  Describe  the  eflfect  of  a'oohol  and  tobacco  on  the  growing 

18.  Tell  hew  to  care  for  the  feet  Oii  a  march. 

19.  Describe  the  eflFect  of  walking  as  an  exercise. 

20.  Know  how  to  treat  sprams. 

2 1 .  Tell  how  athletics  m  \y  be  overdone. 

22.  State  what  the  chief  causes  of  ^ch  of  the  followinir 
diseases  are:  tuberculosis,  typhoid,  malaria.  'ouowmg 

23  TeU  what  should  be  done  to  a  house  which  has  been  c  . 
pied  by  a  person  who  has  had  a  contagious  disease 

pr:^enTbg  dS^ale'^  ""^  "^^^^  with  the  bc«d  of  health  m 

ofgirb^:^^d^lIl^^^^^^^^^^ 

ex^o  JfSc^r"  P"^"^'  and 

27.  TeU  how  to  plan  the  sanitar>^  care  of  a  camp. 

28.  State  the  reason  why  school  chilcren  should  undergo  a 
medical  examination.  uuuwuu  » 

29.  Must  know  what  wood  herbs,  etc,  or  camp  staples  wiU 


Coups  and  Degrees  365 

produce  sweat,  purge,  vomit,  or  warmth;  what  will  make  a 

quick  poultice,  which  wiU  check  diarrhoea,  etc. 

^a^Make,  use,  and  teach  others  to  use,  the  Indian  Sweat 

31.  Teach  a  class  in  first  aid. 

Cauner 

(Atassowin) 

The  Degree  of  Canner  may  be  ccafened  on  anyone 

who  takes  eight  of  these  tests : 

I.  Gather  or  personally  select  and  can  twelve  pints 
of  strawberries  or  other  smaU  fruit  so  that  six  nmiths 
later  they  have  lost  neither  color  nor  flavor. 

2.  Ditto  for  other  fruit  such  as  peaches  and  quinces. 

3.  Ditto  for  vegetables,  such  as  com,  green  peppers,  onions, 

4.  Preserve,  jam,  or  marmalade  twelve  pmtsol  fruit. 

jeUy  mSS)  ^  °*       (without  any  artificial 

6.  Can  or  preserve  successfully  three  kmds  of  fish. 

7.  Can  or  preserve  successfully  a  chicken. 

8.  Cap  or  pi-eserve  successfully  three  pounds  of  beef. 

9-  Wm  a  prize  for  cannmg,  jeUy  making,  or  preserving  at  any 
important  fair.  07 

10.  Make  three  pojmds  of  (any  kind)  glace  or  candied  fruit. 
Cherries,  cranberries,  pmeapple,  orange,  nuts. 

11.  Spice  three  Quarts  of  fruit,  peaches,  pears,  cherries,  etc. 

12.  Make  four  kmds  of  tomato  preserve  (two  ripeandtwo 
green)  and  pickle  watermelon  rinds. 

Canoe  man 

(Chemaunigan) 

The  Degree  of  Canoeman  may  be  confmed  <m 
any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

1.  Tie  rapidly  six  d^oent  useful  knots. 

2.  Splice  ropes. 

rnnt  7^"^'  P^pare,  and  use  "wattap,"  that  is  spruce 

roots,  for  canoe  bmding,  etc. 

1  it^:  "^y^*'  ^'■^P*S^  and  use  gum  for  canoe  gumming. 
S-  Use  a  palm  and  needle.  ^ 
6.  Fling  a  rope  coiL 


366  Woodciaft  Mamml  for  Giiii 

8.  Bufld  a  boat  or  canoe. 

9.  Ma  . e  a  paddle  and  paint  it  Indian  fashion, 
lo.  Kepalr  a  boat  or  canoe. 

12.  Swim  IOC  yards. 

13.  Swim  fifty  feet  with  shoes,  pants  or  skirt,  and  shirt  on 

14  Sail  any  two-man  craft  for  200  miles  in  a  sMs^ltl- 
other  man  not  a  professional  saUor  season— the 

minute^*'**^  ^"^^  »  canoe  on  dead  water  one  mile  in  tweK^ 
16.  Spill  a  canoe,  get  in  again  and  bale  it  out  without  help 

18.  I^ye  a  knowledge  of  weather-wisdom  and  Udes. 

19.  State  direction  by  the  stars  and  sun. 

20.  Steer  by  compass. 

ai.  Teach  a  class  to  handle  a  canoe. 

Caipenter 

(Mokodasso-Winini) 

The  Degree  of  Caipenter  may  be  conferred  on  anv 
one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests :  ^ 
I.  Know  how  to  drive  a  nail  so  as  not  to  solit  a 
board,  also  how  to  sink,  clinch,  or  draw  1^  sa^e 
^  Know  the  use  of  square,  level.  i>lu^U^S,  and 

3.  Uy  out  a  right  angle  by  the  3. 4, 5  plan. 
^4.  Shmgle  a  square-that  is,  a  portion  of ,  of-ten  feet  each 

man'sh^— "^"^  -  «^  -rk- 

t'  T^ZS^  ?  '^^^  P^^^^  °f  f^'ture  in  good  style, 
child.  P«»'  *  set  of  wooden  toys  for  Jme 

ordf;.  '^^  important  piece  o*  furniture  seriously  out  of 

^^^^Pj^BmW^a  smaU  shed  or  cabin  so  as  to  make  U  sufe  and 


CoofB  and  Degreet  367 


10.  Make  a  box  of  dovetailed  corners. 

11.  Make  a  pair  of  tilting  stools  according  to  the  rules;  i.e., 
circular  on  top,  fifteen  inches  across,  about  twenty  inches  high 
on  four  legs,  so  widespread  at  the  bottom  that  they  cannot  upset. 

12.  Make  a  pair  of  tilting  spears  as  f^er  "Birch  Bark  Rdl. 

13.  Make  a  rustic  four-poster  for  a  willow-bed. 

14.  Make  boards  for  Four  Fires  so  that  the  sides  fold  up 
around  candle-sticks.   (See  drawing,  page  9,  Girl's  Manual. ) 


Citizen 

{Kitchi-odena-winini) 

\'  I     The  Degree  of  Citizen  may  be  conferred  on  anyone 
who  takes  eleven  of  these  tests: 
I.  Have  a  record  in  your  tribe  as  being  an  intel- 
'        J  ligent,  thoughtful  member  who  has  at  all  times  been 
public  spirited. 

2.  Hold  an  Z  .e  in  your  tribe,  club,  Sunday-school  class, 
etc.,  aud  have  a  record  of  being  efficient  and  of  working  for  the 
best  interests  of  the  group. 

3.  Know  the  principal  offices  of  your  city  or  town,  whether 
elected  or  appointed,  and  the  term  of  office. 

4.  Describe  the  duties  of  these  <^cers,  also  of  the  city  or 
town  departments  such  as  police,  fire,  etc. 

Do  you  have  any  relationship  with  these  departments? 
Describe  how  a  young  person  would  have  relationships  without 
assuming  the  duties  of  manhood  or  womanhood. 

6.  How  are  the  laws  under  which  you  live  made?  What 
bodies  make  kws  for  you?   Describe  the  process. 

7.  How  is  crime  punished  in  your  city  or  town?  Describe 
process,  civil  and  criminal.  In  each  case  show  steps  till  the  case 
has  reached  the  highest  court. 

8.  Tell  what  effect  the  fear  of "  snitching  "  or  tale  bearing  has 
on  running  of  schools  and  of  the  government  in  general. 

9.  Name  the  princij)al  offices  of  the  State  government 
Describe  their  duties,  term  of  office,  also  the  duties  of  the  various 
depar  ments. 

10.  Name  the  principal  officers  of  the  National  Government. 
Describe  their  duties,  term  of  <^ce,  also  the  duties  <rf  the  various 
departments. 

11.  Show  yourself  familiar  with  the  history  and  provisions 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  also  the  Constitution  of  the 
Umted  States. 


3^8  Woodcfift  IfaaiMl  for  Girls 

tor"?  qualifications  of  voter  in  your  state  or  terri- 

13.  Name  the  states  and  territories  m  which  women  have 
equal  rights  with  men.  wuuuai  nave 

?*ii"if  ^^^^  ^^^y  ^*ve  partial  rights. 

15.  Tell  how  a  foreigner  may  become  a  citizen  of  this  naUon. 


Colonial  Housekeeper 

(Gaiat) 

The  Degree  of  Colonial  Housekeeper  may  be  con- 
ferred on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

■  ^-  Yftherbayberries  and  make  four  candles  dipped 

or  moulded,  each  six  inches  long,  for  the  Four  Firw. 
2.  i«ich  the  ashes  and  make  a  pint  of  soft  soap. 

vft  J'.r.r«7r'^      P'^'^'  1"^  ^'^^^  ^ess  than  half  a 

s^he  biuihr        ^"""^  ^ 

.  J  A  twelve  squares  of  felt  or  white  flannel  each  about  4  x 
4  mches,  each  H  different  color  with  stuff  found  in  the  woods  such 
M  butternut  b«rJc,  golden  oak,  sassafras,  goldenrod  tops,  poke- 
berries  etc.    (Tea  and  coffee  allowed.)  ^"ps,  poite 

Uv^nH^J^^  t  ^r^^^'  ^o'  gather,  dry  and  use  the 
oU^)  ^^^^^"a  (trip- 

6.  Potpourri—make  one  quart  when  dried  and  spiced. 
,  ,  7.  Make  one  pmt  of  elder-flower  water  or  one  pint  cucumber 
juice  toUet  wash,  or  one  pint  of  hazel  extract.  cucumoer 

^uf:  f  uu^""  make  marigold  salve  (calendula)  and  prunella 
salve  (self-heal)  or  witchhazel  salve. 

9.  Make  cherry  balm  of  black  cherry  bark. 

10.  Gather  sassafras  leaves  and  make  a  gumbo  soup 

11.  Uather  the  sap  and  make  of  it  a  pound  of  sugar,  either 
from  maple  or  ash-leaved  maple.  «     sugar,  eitner 

12.  Make  two  pounds  of  lemon  or  orange  sugar. 

friit         ''^  °^  orange-peel  or  glace 

14.  Make  four  quarts  of  mincemeat. 

IS-  Make  four  quarts  of  preserves,  pickles,  or  jellies. 
^Brew  sage  tea,  muUein  tea,  boneset  tea,  camomile  tea,  and 

mul)  Sfnh'  ^""^  '"^'^^half  a  pound  candied  sweet  flag  (cala- 
mus), mmt  leaves,  rose  leaves,  or  violets. 


Coopt  and  Degrees  369 

18.  Make  one-half  gallon  of  tutti  fruttL 

19.  Dr>  corn,  spice,  salt,  or  otherwise  pmerve  three  kindf  of 
meat  or  fish  for  household  larder. 

ao.  Dry  five  quarts  of  fruit,  or  vegetables,  for  winter  use. 
ai.  State  what  fruits  can  be  preserved  in  dear,  cold  water 
alone  uncooked,  and, why. 

22.  Knit  or  crochet  any  usable  article  of  wearing  apparel. 

23.  Spin  enough  cotton,  flax,  wool,  or  hemp  to  make  five 
yards  of  stuflf  or  half  a  dozen  pairs  of  socks. 

24-  Weave  ten  yards  of  cloth  or  rag  carpet,  or  rug  or  bed- 
spread. 

25.  Cut,  select,  sew,  ball,  and  arrange  for  the  makins  ol  a 
good  rag  carpet.  " 

26.  Make  single-handed  a  rag  rug,  braided  or  hooked. 

27.  Make  appliqu^  quilt  or  patchwork  quilt. 
38.  Make  a  grandmother's  sampler. 

29.  Make,  decorate,  and  stuff  a  pincushion. 

30.  Ditto,  hop  pillow. 

Coniervator 

(Ganawenima) 

The  Degree  of  Conservator  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  and  distinguish  the  most  important  lum- 
ber trees  of  your  State. 

2.  Name  and  distinguish  the  three  or  four  next  in  rank. 

3.  Name  three  trees  that  have  neither  lumber  nor  firewood 
value  but  are  useful  as  shade  trees,  bird  food,  or  bank  binders. 

4.  Know  the  twenty-five  principal  song  birds  of  your  State. 

5.  Know  the  twelve  principal  game  birds  of  your  State. 

6.  Know  the  twelve  principal  four-foots  of  your  State. 

7.  Mention  three  animals  that  serve  no  commercial  purpose 
but  which  ought  to  be  preserved  because  they  are  harmless  and 
give  pleasure  to  all  who  see  them. 

8.  Be  a  member  of  the  Audubon  Society,  or  Agassiz  Associa- 
tion. 

9.  Be  a  member  of  the  local  bu-d  club. 

10.  Support  such  local  societies  as  aim  to  preserve  or  rc-in- 
tioduce  wild  birds  or  desirable  plants. 

11.  Make  and  put  up  ten  bird  boxes  at  least  one  of  which 
must  be  nested  in. 

12.  Make  and  run  a  bird's  lunch  counter  all  winter,  feedmg 
at  lee  t  four  kinds  of  birds  not  counting  the  En^yish  sparrow. 


370  Woodcfift  Mttmal  lor  Oirb 

13.  Make  and  run  a  bird  bath  BUccettfuHy 
14-  Make  and  run  a  bird  restaurant 


Cradle  Craft 

{Oshki-Abinodji) 


The  Degree  of  Cradle  Craftsman  mav  be  conferral 
on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  onS^^ltV:  ^ 

week  Sr7hTT\    ""'"^  ^  h^^'        «  weight  each 
baby  for  thTL'Xf  ttr"™^"''^'  Keep  record'of  some 

time?        """'^  "^^"^^  *  ^•^y  ^'^^  in  height  during  this 
in  ek^Ss^^P'^"'  ''^         «>»vulsion8.  State  what  to  do 
4.  Give  symptoms  of  croup.   How  treated. 

taklaM5:J:T''"™*"'«"»--"«k«>the™oU..rca„ 

M  V"'  Mother's  Helper  for  one  month. 
1 1.  Make  a  baby's  outfit  complete 

babL    "       *"  '«althi.r«ui  why,  breast  or  «tifidaay  fed 

fouVh^ra^,Sro?th'?t7ea'?''^*""''''««'™'- '-»'>•- 
^l^rj^te  what  is  the  best  kind  of  milt.  How  ored  for  ,£ ter 


I 


^  bottles  md  nifties,  and  a  good 


Coups  and  Oegreei  371 

15.  State  how  milk  is  pasteurizt  1. 

16.  Stole  at  what  age  a  baby  should  be  given  meat  juices  and 

how  much  daily.    Prepare  a  meat  j  lice.  j  *«««u 

I7-,  Tell  the  value  of  fruit  juice  orange,  prunes,  etc.)  to  a 

J^w  much  daifv?^  '''"'^  "  ^"'^^^ 

18.  State  how  carrots,  spinach,  and  potatoes  should  be  pre- 
pared for  a  baby  and  at  wha^  ageababv  >hou  Id  eat  vegetables: 

19.  Give  the  care  (ii        -  ...    o  . 
solution  to  keep  nipple 

20.  State  what  is  the 
food,  and  how  much  ^ 

21.  State  why  nitra' 
new-bom  baby's  eyes 

22.  Describe  propt 
it  should  be  bathed,  i 
test  the  water  without 

23.  State  what  shou 

24.  Know  value  of 
clothing ;  of  bouncing 

25.  State  at  what 
methods  of  training  f  ,  Hiret 


ay  '  ' ran 
m. 

ver  iould 


r  artificially  prepared 
timr 

■  dropped  into  eveiy 


bathMf  a  mvinth-old  baby— when 
ratur?  erf  water,  room,  etc.   How  to 
hermc  meter. 

•  thf        of  a  bah        cs,  mouth,  etc. 

baby  flaiiycr  of  too  much 
king  jw  'fiers 
hilfl    ,  be^  10  form  habits.  And 


be  conferred  on  any  one 


toL*     ances  such  as  beansettpr, 
e,  Maypole,  .  ,bbon  dance,  Cc^. 


'»=  OCX 
V  lid) 

The'  rcc'L 
whctaK  :xoftii. 

I.  Da  >e  fou. 
ox-dance,  Morris  df 

2.  Dance  a  good  cakewalk. 

3.  Dance  two  gypsy  dances.  (Spanish  or  Hungarian  gypsy.) 
4-  Dance  four  standard  ballroom  round  dances,  such  as 

waltz,  polka,  Boston,  three-step  etc. 

5.  Dance  five  modern  dances. 

6.  Dance  one  standard  Scottish  dance,  such  as  Highland  fling 
Scottish  reel,  sword  dance,  and  fire  dance,  or  dance  two  IriSi 
dances,  as  jig,  reel  hornpipe,  double  shuffle,  clog,  etc. 

7-  Dance  two  standard  Indian  dances— as  Lone  Hunter 
Storm  Cloud,  Caribou  dance,  Zuni  spring  dance,  etc. 

8.  Dance  two  Greek  dances. 

9.  Dance  the  minuet. 

10.  Dance  the  quadrille,  lancers,  and  Virginia  reel 


373  Woodeimft  Haiuua  for  Oirli 


II.  Lead  in  two  children's  dances  such  as  SaQy  Wftten,  chdr 
dance,  Mulberry  Bush,  A  Hunting  We  Will  Go. 

13.  Teftch  a  class  at  least  four  dances  representing  fopr 
different  departments  as  above. 

13.  Dance  two  Japanese  dances.  (One  posture  dance  and 
one  spear  dance.) 

14.  Dance  the  dance  of  the  Golden  Sari,  and  a  fire  dance. 
Note:  Music  of  folk  dances  and  Indian  dances  can  be  had  on 

Cdumbia  records,  Education  Department  list. 


Entertainer 

(TclKssakid) 

.  ,    I     The  Degree  of  Entertainer  may  be  conferred  on  any 

one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 
yYi^       I.  Tell  entertainingly  a  good  story  to  a  groap 
'•    ••-J  of  young peoi)le  five  different  times. 

2.  Tell  standard  children's  stories  to  a  group  of  not  less 
than  five  one  hour  a  week  for  two  months. 

3.  Recite  well  five  poems,  orations,  or  stories  which  are  in 
keepuig  with  the  occasions  and  entertaining. 

4.  Sing  alone  from  memory  the  "ive  American  folk  songs 
you  like  best.   Tell  why  you  like  them. 

S-  Ditto  for  five  English  folk  songs. 

6.  Ditto  for  five  Scotch  folk  songs. 

7.  Ditto  for  five  Irish  folk  songs. 

8.  Ditto  for  five  folk  songs  of  any  other  nation. 

9.  Act  as  accompanist  at  least  sbc  times  for  some  public 
event  in  school,  church,  etc. 

10.  Take  part  on  three  or  more  occasions  as  a  member  of  a 
quartet,  glee  club,  chorus,  or  as  a  member  of  an  orchestra, 
band,  etc. 

11.  Play  an  instrumental  solo  at  three  public  occasions. 

12.  Give  a  party,  arranging  program  of  entertainment  and 
refreshment*?,  the  latter  not  to  cost  more  than  fifteen  cents  per 
person. 

13.  Entertain  younger  people  on  five  different  occasicms— in- 
troducing song,  story,  dance  or  manual  training. 

14.  Write  a  play  which  is  used  for  public  performance. 

15.  Do  successfully  six  parlor  tricks  in  sleight  of  hand. 

16.  Do  successfullv  six  parlor  tricks  of  impersonation. 

17.  Do  successfully  six  moving  pictures  of  given  subjects 


Coups  and  Degrees  37J 

such  as  Sleeping  Beauty,  Red  Riding  Hood,  Old  Mother  Hub- 
bard,  etc.  (actuig  the  story  or  rhyme  out  in  pantomime). 

18.  Put  on  shadow  charades  in  camp  or  ^dow  moving  pic- 
tures  with  sheet  and  lantern.  *  ^ 

19.  Take  part  in  folk  dancing  at  three  public  events. 


Fanner 

(Kifigeunn) 

The  Degree  of  Farmer  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  nineteen  of  these  tests: 

z.  Explain  the  nature  of  soil,  its  texture  and  need 
of  water  and  air. 

2.  Describe  four  different  kinds  of  soil;  explain  what  these 
lack,  and  how  it  should  be  added  to  make  agriculture  successful. 

3.  State  how  to  dedde  what  fertilizer  is  needed  in  a  given 
soil. 

4.  Mention  ten  leading  standard  fertilizers,  and  indicate  thei* 
peculiar  qualities  and  value. 

5.  Mention  all  the  leading  crops  of  your  neifl^bboriiood.  Tell 
how  you  would  rotate  them  and  why. 

6.  State  when  to  sow  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  buckw'ieat  and 
when  to  reap  each. 

7.  State  when  to  sow  peas,  com,  millet,  kaffir  corn  and  when 
to  reap  each. 

8.  State  when  to  plant  turnips,  potatoes,  and  carrots;  tell 
how  you  would  rotate  them  and  why? 

9-  State  when  to  sow  clover  alfalto,  timothy,  tobacco  and  tell 

how  you  would  rotate  each  and  why. 

10.  Plow  ten  acres  of  land. 

11.  Harrow  ten  acres  of  land. 

1 2.  Seed  down  ten  acres  of  land. 

13-  Weed  down  ten  acres  of  land. 

14-  Harvest  ten  acres  of  land. 

15-  Cut,  make,  and  harvest  ten  acres  of  hay. 

16.  Describe  the  methods  and  value  of  drainage.  ^ 
'7.  Explain  the  value  and  best  use  of  stable  manure, 
la,  Make  a  seed  tester  and  test  the  germination  of  three 
fiTi&r  of  crop  seeds,  one  hundred  seeds  of  each  kind,  "Rae- 
tiaby'  tester  for  corn. 

State  why  a  fanner  'should  watch  the  United  States 
'  ■    tier  reports. 

.  State  why  a  hxma  shouki  watch  the  maricet 


374  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


21.  State  how  chickens  can  be  made  to  pay  on  a  farm. 

22.  State  how  cows  can  be  made  to  pay  on  a  farm. 

23.  State  how  pigs  can  be  made  to  pay  on  a  farm. 

24.  Identify  ten  common  weeds  and  tell  how  to  get  rid  of 
them. 

25.  Identify  ten  bad  bugs  and  tell  what  thev  do  and  how  to 
get  rid  of  them. 

26.  Plan  a  bam  and  tell  why  bank  barns  have  lost  favor. 

27.  Plan  and  construct  successfully  a  silo.  Explsdn  its  ad- 
vantages. 

28.  State  what  is  the  advantage  of  fall  plowing. 

29.  State  when  and  why  one  should  summer-fallow. 

30.  State  what  is  the  advantage  of  pedigreed  over  rough  stock. 

31.  State  how  you  would  decide  whether  a  given  field  was 
fitted  for  profitable  agriculture,  grazing,  or  forestry. 

32.  Explam  the  reason  clovers  and  certain  legumes  restore 
nitrogen  to  the  soil. 

33.  Have  inoculated  seeds  of  clovers,  cowpeas,  etc.,  and 
grown  demonstration  strips  and  compared  the  increase  of  nodules 
on  roots  of  inoculated  plants. 

34.  Explain  the  value  of  lime  on  poor  land. 

Fisherman 

(Gagoiked) 

The  Degree  of  Fisherman  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 

I.  Catch  and  name  ten  different  species  of  fish: 
salmon  or  trout  to  be  taken  with  flies;  bass,  pickerel, 
or  pike  to  be  caught  with  rod  or  reel,  muskallonge  to  be  caught 
by  trolling. 

2.  Make  a  bait  rod  of  three  joints,  straight  and  sound,  four- 
teen ounces  or  less  in  weight,  ten  feet  or  less  in  length,  to  stand 
a  strain  of  one  and  a  half  pounds  at  the  tip,  13  pounds  at  the 
grip;  or  «lse  make  a  jointed  fly-rod  8  to  10  feet  long,  4  to  8  ounces 
in  weight,  capable  of  casting  a  lly  sixty  feet. 

3.  Xame  and  describe  twenty-five  different  species  of  fish 
found  in  North  American  waters,  and  give  a  complete  hst  of 
the  fishes  ascertained  by  himself  to  inhabit  a  given  body  of 
water. 

4.  Give  the  history  of  the  young  of  any  species  of  wild 
fish  from  the  time  of  hatching  until  the  adult  stage  is  reached. 

5.  Make  a  net  and  catch  a  fish  in  it. 


Coups  and  Degrees 

6.  Make  a  turtle  trap  and  catch  a  turtle  in  it 

7.  Make  a  six-foot  leader  of  clean  gut,  with  smooth  knots 
to  stand  a  strain  of  five  pounds. 

Inrlfli^!?^  "^'^  unassisted,  a  three-pound  trout,  land- 

tocked  salnion,  or  bass  or  a  twelve-pound  salmon,  on  a  rod  not 
more  than  five  oimces  in  weight. 

9.  Or  else  take  on  a  rod,  without  assistance  in  hooking 

iJt°'ST  ^  ^  « '^r^  '^"^  not  over  ten 

dnmJ,°  ?'  ''''L^'^f  one-quarter  of  an  ounce 

duminy  frog,  five-foot  rod,  outdoors  overhead  casting,  tourna- 

Tnd  ten  ^'ove'r  ''''  ^  ""^'^  cmf  hundred 

11.  Swim  a  htmdred  yards. 

12.  Paddle  (single)  a  canoe  one  mile  in  twelve  minutes. 

13.  Kow  without  help  pne  mile  in  ten  minutes. 


Food  Craft 

'  (Midjim) 

The  Degree  of  Foodcrafter  may  be  conferred  on  anv 
one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

I.  Know  a  balanced  diet  for  daily  living  that  will 
meet  requirements  of  the  body. 
nfr^J^V       ^^"^of  <^ereals  and  the  proper  preparation 
of  com  wheat,  nee,  barley  and  rye  for  bread  and  porridges,  etc 

3-  Cook  m  camp  or  at  home  for  a  week  for  four  people 
whidiV^?!^?  the  terms  proteids,  carbohydrates,  Snd  tell 
rSb  rS  r^?"*  vvhat  proportion,  and  whether 

available  for  the  human  body  and  whether  easUy  assimilated 
same  for^'a  wik  vegetarian  diet  and  prepare  menus  for 

pare  aSSd  o^^L!^*-  P«- 

ovpn  ^fSi.'''^^'  ^^Ji  "^^^^  "se,  either  in  sun  or  in 

oven.  Other  vegetable  may  be  substituted,  if  dried  in  aam^ 

etc.^"  ^'y*"y^**^<»'^ter  use-apples,  peaches,  cherries, 


376  Woodcraft  Ifanual  for  GJdt 


9.  Know  how  to  prepare  kumyss  and  whey. 
ID.  Know  how  to  prepare  "cottage  cheese." 

11.  Bake  five  batches  of  good  bread,  one  to  be  raisin  bread. 

12.  Tram  a  class  in  cooking,  showing  and  making  them  do 
it  properly. 

13.  Tell  how  a  city  should  protect  its  foods,  milk,  meat,  and 
exposed  foods. 

14.  WiI.e  a  statement  on  the  various  digestive  processes — 
in  the  mouth,  in  the  stomach,  in  the  intestines. 

15.  Know  what  fruits  and  vegetables  can  be  put  up  for  winter 
use  by  the  "cold  water  process"  seaUng  without  cooking.  Ex- 
plain why  these  fruits  will  not  spoil. 

16.  Put  up  for  family  use  fifty  quarts  of  fruits  or  vegetables  in 
one  year. 

17.  Put  up  fifty  glasses  of  jelly,  usmg  no  commercial  article 
to  make  the  fruit  "jell, "  but  if  necessary  usmg  a  second  fruit  in 
combination  for  that  purpose.  Ij^lain  the  process  <d  jellying. 


Forester 

(Mitigivakid) 

A         The  Degree  of  Forester  nay  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  eighteen  of  the.-ti  ists:  ' 
I.  Identify  twenty-five  kinds  of  trees  when  in  leaf , 
~  CTt  f  or  fifteen  kinds  of  deciduous  (broad  leaf)  trees  in 

winter,  and  tell  some  of  the  uses  of  each. 

2.  Identify  twelve  kinds  of  shrubs. 

3.  Collect  and  identifjr  samples  of  thirty  kinds  of  wood  and 
be  able  to  tell  some  of  their  uses  and  peculiar  properties. 

4.  Determine  the  height,  and  estimate  the  amount  of  tim- 
ber, approximately,  in  five  trees  of  different  sizes. 

5.  State  the  laws  for  transplanting,  grafting,  spraying,  and 
protecting  trees. 

6.  Make  a  collection  of  sixty  species  of  wild  flowers,  ferns,  or 
grasses  dried  and  mounted  in  a  book  and  correctly  named. 

7.  Recognize  in  the  forest  all  important  commercial  trees  in 
one's  neighborhood. 

8.  Distinguish  the  lumber  from  each  and  tell  lot  what 
purpose  each  is  best  suited. 

9.  Tell  the  age  of  old  blazes  on  trees  which  mark  a  boundary 
or  trail. 

10.  Recognize  the  difference  in  the  forest  between  good  and 


CXwpi  and  Degree  377 

^  logging,  giving  reasons  why  one  is  good  and  another 

11.  TeU  whether  a  tree  is  dying  from  injury  by  fire,  by  insects 
by  disease,  or  by  a  combination  of  these  causi.  ^  ' 

12.  Know  what  tools  to  use  in  lumbering 

13.  Know  how  to  fight  fires  in  hilly  or  in  flat  country 

IS.  Know  what  are  the  four  great  uses  of  water  in  streams, 
ca^  bes^^^p^r it 

11  "?  general,  water-power  is  developed. 

i».  leU,  for  a  given  piece  of  farm  land,  whether  it  is  best 
suited  for  use  as  a  farm  or  forest,  and  why. 

19.  Point  out  examples  of  erosion,  and  teU  how  to  stop  it. 

2a  Estimate  closely  how  much  timber  and  how  much  c?rd 
wood  IS  m  a  given  acre  of  woods. 

wiU  not*"^  ^""^^         S'^^"'  ^'^d  six  that 

to  foreS^trees''''^''^^         '"^'^^'^     ''^^  quadrupeds 

given  sSke.^  "^"^"^        ^  '^'^  '^th  it  a 

24.  Make  100  trees  grow  where  none  grew  heretofore. 

25.  Lamp  in  the  woods  for  thirty  nights. 

26.  Teach  a  class  the  rudiments  in  forestry. 

Ftontiersiiian 

(Gimab) 

iZ^n     The  Degree  of  Frontiersman  may  be  conferred  on 

I^^T   ^"^  ^^^^^  ^'g^t    these  tests: 

I  ■  •  I  1       I.  Milk  a  cow. 

— ~-J       2.  Interpret  from  any  one  language  into  English. 

3-  i* ell  a  tree  in  a  given  place. 

4-  Weld  an  iron. 

5-  Temper  a  knife, 

6.  Solder  a  tin. 

7.  Shoot  to  win  honors  with  a  rifle. 

8.  Tie  six  kinds  of  knots. 

9.  Make  a  thread  lashing 
10.  Use  an  aze  correctly. 


378  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Gardener 

{Kifigan) 

SI     The  Degree  of  Gardener  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 
I.  Do  all  the  work  in  a  successful  flower  garden 
■        J  not  less  than  twenty  feet  by  twenty  feet. 

2.  Do  the  same  for  a  fruit  and  vegetable  garden. 

3.  State  what  are  the  ten  most  common  weeds.  Describe 
and  tell  how  to  overcome  them. 

4.  State  what  are  the  ten  most  harmful  usect  pests.  De- 
scribe and  tell  how  to  combat  them. 

5.  Raise  a  crop  of  flowers  or  berries  for  market  and  show  by  a 
balance  sheet  that  it  has  paid. 

6.  Make  a  successful  window  box. 

7.  Raise  a  crop  of  potatoes  on  a  patch  of  one-twentieth  of 

an  acre. 

8.  Raise  half  a  dozen  each  of  two  of  the  following:  cucmnber, 
tomatoes,  egg  plant,  pumpkins. 

9.  Distinguish  twenty  different  kinds  of  garden  flowers  and 
tell  where  they  grow  best  and  when. 

10.  Distinguish  twenty  different  kinds  of  snudl  garden  fruits 
and  tell  how  to  manage  them. 

11.  Distinguish  six  different  kinds  of  apples  and  tell  of  their 
qualities. 

12.  Describe  a  cold  frame  and  its  use. 

13.  Describe  a  hothouse  and  its  use. 

14.  State  what  is  layering. 

15.  State  what  is  budding. 

16.  State  what  is  grafting. 

1 7.  State  what  is  root  pruning. 

18.  Which  do  you  prefer  to  have  in  the  garden — ducks  or 
hens? — and  why? 

19.  Plant  a  plot  with  pedigreed  seed  (furnished  by  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture)  and  report  fully  on  the  results. 

20.  Make  a  garden  calendar,  stating  the  order  of  bloom,  so 
that  from  April  to  September  there  is  a  flower  for  each  week. 

21.  Have  a  successful  perennial  vegetable  garden — ^rhubarb, 
asparagus,  mint,  horseradish,  etc. 

22.  Take  a  prize  at  National,  State,  or  county  fair  for  flowers 
or  vegetable'  grown  by  self. 

23.  Send  a  uouquet  a  week  to  hospital  or  "shut-in"  or  Flower 
Guild  from  own  flower-beds  for  six  months. 


Coops  aod  Dcfnet  399 

84.  Keep  the  front  garden  in  good  shape,  clean  and  trim  all 
summer. 

25.  Keep  the  back  garden  in  shape. 

26.  Build  a  summer  house  in  it. 

27.  Plant  and  grow  vines  or  trailers  enoudi  to  cover  the  sum- 
mer house. 

Gleenuuii  or  Camp  Conjurer 

(Nagamed) 


The  Degree  of  Gleeman  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

1.  C^n  and  lead  the  Council 

2.  Light  the  Sacred  Fire  with  rubbing-sticks. 

3.  Know  the  Indoor  and  Outdoor  Coundl  Ceremony. 

4.  Know  the  ceremony  of  giving  names. 

5.  Sing  many  songs,  including  the  Mujji-mukesin,  Omaha, 
Zonzimondi,  Bark  Canoe,  alone  or  as  a  leader. 

6.  Dance  the  three  standard  Indian  dances. 

7.  Tell  many  stories. 

8.  Know  the  art  of  "making  medicme,"  which  is  the  making 
of  goodfellowship  by  seeking  out  talent,  selecting  and  leading 
It  and  stoppmg  without  offending  those  who  are  not  helpful. 

9.  Know  how  to  conduct  in  initiations  and  have  the  wisdom 
to  stop  them  in  decent  season. 

10.  Know  when  to  sing  the  Good-night  Song  when  good-night 
time  has  come. 

11.  Camp  out  thuty  nights. 

12.  Teach  some  one  else  to  run  the  Council. 

13.  Teach  a  dance  to  a  sufkient  number  to  give  it. 

Handihelp 

(Wadokaged) 

The  Degree  of  Handihelp  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eighteen  <rf  these  tests: 

I.  Paint  or  varnish  a  door,  wall,  floor,  table,  chair, 
or  any  large  piece  of  furniture, 

2.  Whitewash  or  kalsomine  a  ceiling  or  wall. 

3.  Replace  a  gas  mantle 

4.  Solder  a  joint  and  solder  some  broken  metal  toy. 

5.  Pack  a  spigot. 

6.  Repair  electric  bell. 

7.  Lay  carpets  and  mattings. 


38o  Woodcnft  Mmal  for  Girls 


8.  Repair  furniture  or  diina. 

9.  Sharpen  five  knives. 

lo.  Make  flour  paste  for  wall  papering  and  for  photo-pasting 
that  keeps. 

n .  Fix  fly-screens  in  windows  or  doors  and  repair  two  or  more 

screens. 

12.  Adjust  a  lock  so  the  latch  works. 

13.  Put  a  new  pane  in  the  window,  puttying  neatly.^  ^ 

14.  Know  how  to  putty  up  nail  holes  and  fill  cracks  in  floors. 

15.  Build  a  henhouse  for  six  or  more  fowls. 

16.  Make  a  successful  bird  house. 

17.  Make  a  cement  bird  bath. 

18.  Lay  a  straight  stone  and  canent  walk  with  a  comer. 

19.  Make  mortar. 

20.  Build  a  dry  stone  wall. 

21.  Make  whitewash  that  will  not  rub  off  (Government 

recipe). 

22.  Wall  paper  a  room. 


Herald,  or  Crier 

(Bibaged) 

The  Degree  of  Herald  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

1 .  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 

2.  Walk  thirty  miles  in  twelve  hours. 
Run  xoo  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 

4.  Run  one  mile  in  five  and  one-third  minutes. 

5.  Swim  100  yards. 

6.  Sleep  out  thirty  nights.  ,  ,    ,  „  . 

7.  Send  and  receive  a  message  in  one  of  the  following  sys- 
tems of  signaling:  Semaphore,  Morse,  or  Myer,  not  fewer  than 
twenty-four  letters  per  minute.  , 

8.  Make  correct  smoke  signals  meaning  "Camp  is  here, 
"I  am  Lost,"  "All  well,"  "All's  come  to  CouncU." 

9.  Talk  Sign  Talk,  knowing  at  least  200  signs. 

10.  Know  the  twenty-five  signs  and  blazes  of  the  Indian  code. 

11.  Read  and  trandate  into  one's  own  language  a  page  or 
conversation  from  some  other  language. 

12.  Conduct  a  Council. 

13.  Know  the  ordinary  rules  of  courtesy,  precedence,  mtrc- 
duction,  salutation,  etc. 


Coups  and  Degrees  38X 

X4.  Know  the  history  of  the  National  Flag  and  the  proDer 
way  of  saluting,  etc.  f 
IS'  Teach  haif  a  dozen  persons  to  qualify  in  No.  14. 


Home  Code 

(Tckibakwe—Wigamag) 

The  Degree  of  Home  Cook  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  up  an  appetizing  and  satisfactory  vege- 
tarian diet  for  one  week  for  a  familv  of  four  persons. 

2.  Do  all  cooking  at  home,  three  meals'a  day  for  one  week 
for  a  family  of  not  less  than  fom  persons. 

3.  Make  up  satisfactory  menus  and  superintend  cooking 
for  family  of  three  or  four  persons  for  one  month,  preparimr  at 
least  one  meal  a  day.  ^ 

4.  Prepare  and  pack  a  dainty  satisfying  picnic  lunch  for  four 
persons. 

5.  Demonstrate  fireless  cooker  successfully  on  meats,  veee- 
tables,  cereals,  and  fruits.  ** 

6.  Demonstrate  paper-bag  cookery  and  explain  its  value  on 
not  less  than  four  foods. 

7 .  Prepare  and  serve  from  chafing  dish  four  appetizing  dishes. 
«.  Wash  all  dishes  and  utensils  for  the  household  using 

especial  methods  for  sUver,  brass,  glass,  china,  aluminum,  copper, 

^  9-  Arrange  flowers  and  foliage  for  the  dining  table,  also  for 
sick  rooms,  trays,  etc. 

10.  Understand  proper  hydration  of  cereals,  that  is,  what 
proportion  of  water  to  use  in  cooking  rice,  oats,  etc. 
^  II.  Bake  three  batches  of  hght  yeast-raised  bread  and  tell 
unportance  of  thoroughly  baking  same. 

12.  Bake  three  batches  of  biscuits,  soda  raised. 

13-  Bake  two  batches  of  pan  cakes,  one  using  fresh  sweet 
milk  and  the  other  sour  or  butter  milk. 

14.  Make  plain  and  French  pastry  that  wiU  digest  readily. 

IS-  Make  bread  or  biscuits  using  methods  of  four  diflferent 
nationahties. 

16.  Bake  four  good  sweet  cakes;  layer, loaf , ginger, and  cookies, 
or  Jin  ineat  m  four  ways— roast,  broU,  fricassee,  and  stew 
or  oou.   Know  which  cut  is  most  suitable  for  each  way. 

X8.  Cook  fish  three  different  ways— broil,  fry,  and  bake. 


dSa  Woodcnft  Muuud  tot  Girii 


19.  Cook  up  in  four  accq>table  ways  left-over  meats  such  as 
croquettes  or  en  casserole. 

29.  Make  veal  loaf  or  beef  loaf,  chicken  jelly,  or  other  meats 
known  as  delicatessen  specialties. 

21.  Make  two  meat  soups;  one  must  be  clear. 

22.  Make  two  vegetable  soups;  one  puree. 

23.  Make  two  milk  soups;  one  tomato  bisque. 

24.  Make  a  Welsh  rarebit;  must  be  short  and  digestible. 

25.  Make  eight  salads;  three  fruit,  two  vegetable,  two  meat 
or  fish  and  one  plain  lettuce.    Prepare  two  different  dressings. 

26.  Cook  eggs  for  family  of  four  in  sue  different  ways.  Must 
mdude  poached,  two-minute  boiled,  and  two  different  omelets. 

27.  Prepare  eight  desserts;  one  gelatine,  twobdled,  twobaked, 
two  frozen,  and  one  mixed  fruit  dessert. 

28.  Prepare  four  cold  drinks—lemon  or  orange  ade,  gingerpop, 
oatmeal  water;  four  different  salads;  six  different  sandwiches; 
two  kinds  of  candy  or  nuts;  tea,  coffee,  and  demi  tasse. 

29.  Make  fudge,  peanut  brittle,  butto:  scotch,  pulled  molasses 
candy,  and  one  candied  fruit. 


Honenuui 

(Bebamomigod) 

nThe  Degree  of  Horseman  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 
I.  Show  that  you  are  at  home  in  a  saddle  and 
■       '  can  ride  at  a  walk,  trot,  and  gallop. 
2.  Know  how  to  saddle  and  bridle  a  horse  correctly. 
I.  Catch  six  horses  in  corral  or  on  range  with  twelve  throws 
of  the  lasso. 

4.  Show  how  to  water  and  feed  and  to  what  amount,  and  how 
to  groom  a  horse  properly. 

5.  Show  how  to  harness  a  horse  correctly  in  single  or  double 
harness  and  to  drive. 

6.  Pack  100  lbs.  of  stuff  with  diamond  hitch,  to  stay  during 
four  hours  of  travel  or  two  miles  of  trotting. 

7.  Have  a  knowledge  of  the  power  of  endurance  of  horses 
at  work  and  know  the  local  regulations  concerning  driving. 

8.  Identify  unsoundness  and  blemishes. 

9.  Know  the  evib  of  bearing  or  duodi  reL  and  oi  ill-fitting 
harness  or  saddlery. 

xo.  Know  two  comnuHi  causes  oi,  and  i»oper  remedies  for, 


Coops  and  Degrees  3$) 

lameness,  and  know  to  wiuun  such  cases  <rf  cnielty  and  abuse 
should  be  referred. 

11.  Be  able  to  judge  as  to  the  weight,  height,  and  age  of 

horses. 

12.  Know  three  breeds  and  their  general  characteristics. 

13.  Be  able  to  treat  a  horse  for  colic. 

14.  Describe  symptoms  and  give  treatment  of  horses  for  the 
following:  wounds,  fractures  and  sprains,  exhaustion,  choking, 
lameness. 

15.  Understand  horseshoeing. 

16.  Clear  a  four-foot  hurdle  and  an  eight-foot  water  jump. 

17.  Pick  up  hat  from  the  ground  going  at  full  gallop  on  a  hone 
not  less  than  thirteen  hands  high. 


Hostess 

(Ashangekive) 

A      I     The  Degree  of  Hostess  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  ten  of  these  tests : 

I.  Know  the  ordinary  rules  of  courtesy,  prece- 
*  dence,  introduction,  salutations,  toasting, 
a.  Have  written  correct  notes  of  invitation,  acceptance, 
declination,  sympathy,  congratulations. 

3.  Act  as  host  at  a  formal  luncheon,  dinner,  or  party  of  some 
kind  to  at  least  six  people  for  which  the  invitati(»is  were  self- 
written  and  menus  supervised. 

4.  Plan  and  carry  out  an  outdoor  picnic  or  entertainment 
for  a  dozen  or  more  guests  at  which  refreshments  are  served. 

5.  State  the  reciprocal  duties  of  host  and  guest  during  a  visit 
of  a  week — ^meeting  trains  pimctually,  consideration  of  servants, 
etc. 

6.  Cook  a  chafing-dish  supper  for  four  people  which  is 
digestible  and  sufficient  in  quantity. 

7.  Tell  storip"  and  keep  the  guests  interested,  can  sug- 
gest congenial  ^ments,  seeing  to  it  that  no  one  person  is 
left  out  of  things,  can  also  listen  appreciatively  and  stimulate 
the  entertaining  powers  of  others. 

8.  Rise  to  emergencies  and  take  charge  of  party  or  enter- 
tauunoit  during  absence  d  master  of  c««m(mies,  and  carry 
same  to  successful  finish. 

9.  Preside  at  a  Council  of  Woodcraft  Boys  or  Girls,  open- 
ing and  leading  the  Council. 

10.  Conduct  initiaticHis  wWi  discr^km  and  kindness. 


384         Woodcfitft  Mttual  for  Girif 

vaHousM'nT"n;^  *  dependable  helper  in  entertainments  of 
Inrr^f  amusement  making,  but  in  the 

work  of  preparation  and  cleaning  up  and  general  qukt  wiS! 

fJr»n^?°'^.^°"'      P^P*"  drinks,  ten  salads 

ten  candies,  ten  sandwiches,  tea.  coffee,  and  cocoa. 

tinni  f^'^ff^*  «rtistically,  also  table  and  house  decora- 

tions  for  differen  seasons  and  occasions,  making  use^mtoSl 
available  out  of  door  and  not  from  florists.  ouiteml 

14  .  Arrange  special  home  entertainments  for  hoHdavs  etc 
kBowmg  the  history,  games,  foods,  and  drinks  p^'^to  ^di 

occasion""''  ^""^     ^""^       "^^^  *  *  P^''^'"  an 

16.  Know  the  rules  of  visiting  and  card  leavine  P  P  r 
cards,  and  bread-and-butter  lettere.  ^' 


Housekeeper 

(Osfiwin) 


V.  The  Degree  of  Housekeeper  may  be  conferred  on  anv 
X      one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests-  ^ 

l/*N  carite^-7n-^w^n'°        ^S*"  ^^^P-hardwood  and 
K«ic*    J  carpeted— for  walls,  rugs,  draper  es.  furniture— un- 
bolstered  and  varnished-for  pictures  and  book^.  ^"™'"^^"P- 
2.  Know  how  to  prepare  a  room  for  general  cleaninfr  in 

ST^uST^  alo  mithS  of'  he 

^  also  use  of  vacuum 

and'ma^r  "^^'^^^  glass, 

4-  Properly  dispose  of  waste  and  garbaee  for  the  homp  fnr 

.r.A  ^^^u  ^  ^^"^  "^"^  ^'"aw  sheet  for  very  sick  oatient 
of  springs,  and  sunning  of  pillows  niaiiress,  cnangmg 

8.  Take  entire  care  of  one  room  for  one  month,  to  include 


Coups  and  Degrees  385 

sweeping,  dusting,  washing  of  windows,  care  of  flowers  or  plants, 
and  what  may  be  desirable  for  attractiveness  of  the  room,  and 
its  proper  ventilation. 

9.  Put  away  clothing,  rugs,  furs,  blankeU  for  the  summer  in 
proper  manner  so  they  will  not  be  moth  eaten  or  wrin- 
kled. 

10.  Take  care  of  a  cat,  dog,  bird,  or  a  tame  animal  for  one 
month. 

11.  Know  what  harm  they  may  do,  what  diseases  each  may 
carry,  and  how  these  should  be  treated. 

I  a.  Know  how  to  get  rid  of  moths,  stating  seasons  at  which 

the  larvae  eat. 

13.  Know  how  to  get  rid  of  rats,  including  the  modern  germ 
moculation  method. 

14.  Know  how  to  get  rid  of  mice,  roaches,  blackbeetles  or 

cockroaches  and  bedbugs. 

15.  Scrub  a  wooden  floor  once  a  week  for  one  month,  or 
linoleum  for  two  months. 

16.  Take  entire  charge  of  a  pantry  for  one  month,  seeing  that 
all  shelves  are  absolutely  clean  and  dishes  spotless. 

17.  Clean  ice-chest  thoroughly  twice  a  week  for  two  months 
dunng  the  summer,  and  state  how  meats  and  foods  should  be 
arranged  in  the  ice-chest. 

18.  Keep  bureau  drawers  »n  order  and  dust  shelves  of  book- 
case, wiping  off  books  for  one  month. 

19.  Care  for  at  least  two  kerosene  lamps  every  day  for  a 
month,  leaving  no  oil  to  smell,  and  trinuning  wicks  so  lamps  do 
not  smoke. 

20.  Know  how  to  take  care  of  the  milk  and  cream  from  at  least 
one  cow,  and  see  that  the  pails  and  pans,  or  bottlw,  are  properly 
cleaned;  state  method. 

21.  Take  care  of  a  linen  closet  for  a  month,  that  is  take  care 
of  four  laundry  bundles;  return  and  check  up  with  hst,  putting 
things  away  in  order,  and  making  out  lists  for  following  week's 
wash. 

22.  Have  growing  plants  in  house  in  winter,  planted  and 
taken  care  of  by  self. 

23.  Plan  work  for  household  of  five  (three  children)  so  that 
two  servants  may  do  the  work.  What  should  be  eliminated, 
and  what  msisted  upon  in  such  a  household? 

24.  Make  fire  m  coal  range,  and  cook  with  it,  at  least  ten 
times  per  year. 

25.  Make  a  supply  for  a  family,  of  fruits  and  vegetables, 
canned,  preserved,  dried,  or  jellied. 


3W  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girli 

Hunter 

(Gaossed) 

The  Degree  of  Hunter  may  be  conferred  on  anv  one 
who  takes  fourteen  of  these  testa:  ^ 
I.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 
—J      a.  Walk  thu-ty  miles  in  twelve  houn. 

3.  Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 

4.  Run  one  mUe  in  five  and  one-third  minutes. 

5.  i>mm  100  yards. 

rixty  yl^^s.'^  times  out  of  five  at 

7-  See  and  map  out  six  Pleiades. 

^O^Km  accorumg  to  the  Campfire  Uw,  nny<^^ 

naUve^ulro^u^^Ti^g^'"'  ^^I*  *  «ame  animal  wild  in  its 
ru^!^**''  twenty-five  native  wild  quad- 

and'ihdrTsts""^  """^^  '"""'''^^  birds  in  the  field 

of'^r^Z::'^^:^^^^^  ^"^^  ^ty.five 
with'ouTSd  IfsZr'  "  P^»^«      ^  a  -ile 

iiJt  r^r"^^-  '^^^t  is,  be  a  marksman  accord- 

standaJdti^j:        *  '""^  ^'^^  of  300  pdnU  at  sixty  yards. 

one  wiS^i?./''''^  ^"^  uninjured  with  own  make  of  trao 
one  wiW  quadruped  and  one  wild  bird  ^ 

T^'il  fifteen  star  groups. 

^Teach  any  one  of  these  but  the  first%iinS  to  some  other 


Coopt  tad  Dtgrtw  jtf 


&iiiter  in  Town 

(Odetta-Coussei) 

The  Degree  of  Hunter  in  Town  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  terts: 

I.  Find  and  sketch  twenty-five  blazes  in  town 
and  say  where  you  found  them.   A  blaze  is  a  mark 
that  conveys  information  without  using  words  or  letters. 

2.  Find  twenty-five  totems  in  town.  A  totem  is  the  emblem 
of  a  man,  group  of  men,  company,  or  idea.  It  is  not  formed  cf 
words  or  letters  and  letters  are  not  an  essential  part,  even  if 
they  are  associated.   Some  trademarks  are  of  this  class. 

3.  Indicate  the  distinguishing  marks  of  policemen,  park 
policemen,  traffic  squad,  strong  arm  squ",d,  etc. 

4.  Rid  a  house  of  flies  for  one  .  nth. 

5.  Rid  a  house  cS  rats  for  one  1  ath. 

6.  Rid  a  house  of  mice  for  one  month. 

7 .  Trap  or  otherwise  secure  thirty  English  sparrows  in  a  month. 

8.  In  cities  where  they  are  ouUawed  trap  or  otherwise  secure 
fifteen  English  starlings  in  a  month. 

9.  Draw  life-size,  recognizable  tracks  of  a  man,  woman,  child, 
dog,  cat,  and  mouse. 

10.  Draw  life-size,  recognizable  tracks  of  a  rat,  rabbit,  gray 
squirrel,  sjMirrow,  crow,  chicken.  All  of  these  can  be  secured  in 
and  about  the  city,  especially  in  the  large  parks,  and  are  easiest 
when  the  snow  is  on  the  ground,  but  poraible  in  mud  w  with 
even  wet  tracks  on  dry  pavements. 

11.  Make  and  set  up  at  some  bultable  place  and  operate  for 
at  least  a  week  a  flytrap.    (On  the  sjreen-cone  principle.) 

12.  Know  gypsy  moth  and  report  finding  of  any  to  state 
entomologist. 

13.  WhenmuzzlinglawsarepassedreportalHnfractionstopolice. 

14.  Provide  satisfactory  records  of  the  tracks  of  three  animals, 
according  to  the  following  method:  cover  a  stiff  sheet  of  paper 
with  printers'  ink  and  so  place  it  that  the  animal  runs  over  it 
and  on  to  a  fresh  sheet  of  paper,  which  receives  the  tracks. 

Indian  Craftsman 

(Tnanoktwin) 

The  Degree  of  Indian  Craftsman  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

I.  Follow  a  track  one  mile  without  help.  Snow  or 
tracking  inms  allowed. 


388 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


2.  Know  fifty  signs  of  the  sign  language. 

3 .  IC  :« i    <;ix  standard  blazes. 

V  Know  t  he  fc  I'livalent  stone  signs.    Demonstrate  in  Coaa- 

ciJ. 

.  Know  the  (  quivalent  twig  signs.    Demonstrate  in  Coun- 

cU." 

6.  Know  the  equivalent  grass  signs.  Demonstrate  in  Coun- 
cil. 

7.  Know  two  standard  tests  of  eyesight  used  by  Indians. 

8.  Make  a  bead  band  at  least  eight  inches  long  and  one  inch 
wide. 

9.  Make  a  piece  of  porcupine  quillwork  at  least  one  inch 
by  eight. 

10.  Make  and  paint  an  Indian  four-post  bed. 

11.  Carve  and  paint  a  totem  pole,  Chief's  seat,  or  Tally 
Keeper's  table. 

12.  Make  and  decorate  a  bench  for  Council  Ring. 

13.  Make  and  decorate  an  Indian  teepee. 

14.  Make  and  use  a  willow  bed. 

15.  Make  a  pair  of  decorated  leggings  of  good  design. 

16.  Make  a  shield  and  spear  for  the  Lone  Hunter  dance. 

17.  Make  an  Indian  drum  with  decorations  and  stick  com- 
plete. 

18.  Make  a  Navajo  loom  and  weave  a  rug  on  it  (Grass  woof 

with  thirty  warp  strings  is  allowed.) 

19.  Be  responsible  for  locating,  planning,  and  completing  a 
Council  Ring. 

20.  Make  a  dry  painting  for  "Four  Fires."  Demonstrate 
at  Council. 

21.  Construct  a  burlap  deer  according  to  "Book  of  Wood- 
craft." 

22.  Construct  a  burlap  bear  according  to  "Book  of  Wood- 
craft." 

Indian  Lore 

(AnishantAe) 

The  Degree  of  Indian  Lore  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  sixteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Outline  the  religion  of  the  high-class  Indian. 
(See  "Book  of  Woodcraft"  page  21.) 

2.  State  what  were  the  Indian's  special  virtues. 

3.  State  what  were  his  special  vices. 

4.  State  what  was  the  great  mistake  of  his  creed. 


Coups  and  Degrees  389 


5.  State  why  William  Penn  was  peculiar  in  having  no  trouble 
with  Indians. 

6.  Be  the  possessor  of  three  genuine  articles  of  old  style 
Indian  make,  such  as  basket,  beadwork,  quillwork,  silver  work, 
pottery,  stone  work,  blankets,  war  club,  bow,  quiver,  arrows, 
peace  pipe,  etc.;  and  know  to  what  tribe  the  makers  belong, 
what  materials  were  used  in  their  construction,  and  how  they 
were  made.  These  may  be  got  from  the  Mohonk  Lodge 
Colony,  Oklahoma,  and  so  help  the  Indians. 

7.  Know  the  original  hunting  grounds,  and  give  an  outline 
of  the  history  and  present  condition  of  the  tribe  where  your 
Indian  article  was  made. 

8.  Know  the  uses  and  meaning  of  the  design  or  symbols 
on  your  Indian  article,  or  something  of  the  ceremony  in  which 
it  is  used. 

9.  Sing  six  genuine  Indian  songs  in  Council. 

10.  Tell  six  Indian  legends  at  the  Council. 

11.  Draw  ten  genuine  Indian  symbols  and  explain  them. 

12.  Name  the  Indian  tribes  that  originally  inhabited  your 
State.  Give  their  present  numbers  and  location,  also  their 
economic  and  religious  condition. 

13.  Give  brief  sketch  of  the  lives,  aims,  and  achievements  of 
four  great  or  well-known  Indian  chiefs. 

14.  Give  brief  sketch  of  the  Uves,  aims,  and  achievements  of 
four  great  or  well-known  Indian  women. 

15.  Be  able  to  distinguish  from  each  other  four  types  of 
baskets  characteristic  of  four  different  tribes. 

16.  Distinguish  in  general  the  pottery  of  four  different  tribes. 

1 7.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Navajo  blankets. 

18.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Balleta. 

19.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Chimayo. 

20.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Hopi. 

21.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Chilkat. 

22.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  German  town. 

23.  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Serape. 

24.  Tell  approximately  the  age  of  a  blanket. 

25.  Distinguish  the  three  or  four  general  styles  of  beadwork 
and  the  regions  of  which  they  were  characteristic. 

26.  Visit  in  person  and  stay  at  least  a  week  with  some  tribe 
that  is  not  scattered. 

27.  Name  the  Six  Nations,  the  Plains  Indians,  the  different 
tribes  of  Pueblo  Indians,  the  coast  (California)  tribes,  the 
Alaskan  Tribes,  or  the  Central  American  Tribw. 

28.  Know  fifty  signs  of  the  sign  language. 


390  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Laundry  Expert 

(Kisibigaige-Winint) 

The  Degree  of  Laundry  Expert  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Do  a  family  washing  of  mixed  white  and  colored 
clothes ;  know  how  sorted,  soaked,  boiled  etc.  (Modern 
washing  machinery  allowed.) 

2.  Do  family  ironing  for  total  time  of  eight  hours  in  two 
months. 

3.  Cover  two  ironing  boards  or  one  ironing  table  ready  for 
use. 

4.  Use  yellow  and  white  soap  explaining  different  qualities 
of  each.  Use  two  other  means  besides  soap  for  softening 
water. 

5.  Prepare  and  use,  satisfactorily,  hot  and  cold  starch. 

6.  Use  two  methods  of  blueing,  tell  which  is  more  successful 
and  find  out  why. 

7.  Use  one  method  for  bleaching,  also  use  Javelle  Water  and 
explain  results. 

8.  Remove  successfully  such  stains  as  coff^,  tea,  rust,  and 
c'i  from  the  family  washing. 

9.  Explain  iron  mould;  what  is  the  cure  for  it? 

10.  Explain  blue  mould;  what  is  the  cure  for  it? 

11.  Wash  and  launder  a  dozen  dress  ties. 

1 2.  Wash  and  launder  six  soft  collars  for  men. 

13.  Wash  and  launder  six  sport  shirts. 

14.  Wash  and  launder  three  negligee  shirts  with  collans  and 
cuffs  attached. 

15.  Wash  and  launder  a  waist  and  skirt  using  starch  suitable 

to  material. 

16.  Wash  and  launder  a  fancy  or  lingerie  dress. 

17.  Why  do  we  hang  white  goods  in  the  sim  and  colored  goods 

in  the  shade? 

18.  Know  how  blankets  should  be  washed  and  dried  and  also 

other  woolens. 

19.  State  how  silk  should  be  laundered  and  know  why  it 
^ould  not  be  thoroughly  dried. 

20.  State  the  advantage  of  dry  cleaning  and  how  is  it  done? 

21.  Remove  four  different  kinds  of  spots  from  woolen  and 
silk. 

33.  Press  a  skirt  and  coat  and  teach  some  one  else  to  do  so. 
33.  Press  a  man's  suit  four  times,  thoroughly  cleaning  before 
pressing. 


Coups  and  Degrees  391 


Life-Craft 

Qiidjim  Binadiskoin) 

Xj     The  Degree  of  Life-Craft  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 
I.  Know  something  practical  of  eugenics  and  how 
I  1  to  combat  a  bad  heredity. 

2.  Know  about  the  care  and  feeding  of  infants  from  birth 
to  three  years. 

3.  Can  detect  the  presence  of  enlarged  tonsils  and  adenoids 
and  be  able  to  advise  curative  methods  other  than  surgical. 

4.  Know  the  balanced  diet  for  daily  living  that  will  result 
in  good  health. 

5.  Know  the  value  of  cereals  and  the  proper  preparation  of 
corn,  wheat,  rice,  barley,  and  rye  for  breads  and  porridges. 

6.  Be  competent  to  take  charge  of  child's  recreation  hours  in 
all  four  seasons. 

7.  Know  the  local  Board  of  Health  and  the  State  laws  in  re- 
gard to  health  and  sanitation  and  how  to  cooperate. 

8.  Have  made  out  a  set  of  practical  menus  for  three  consec- 
utive months  in  winter  for  a  family  of  six;  these  menus  must 
provide  meals  averaging  not  over  ten  cents  per  meal  per  person. 
This  is  at  the  rate  of  $54  per  month  for  all  meats,  dry  groceries, 
milk  and  butter,  fiuits  and  vegetables.  Service  and  overhead 
charges  are  not  to  be  included.  Menus  must  be  accompanied 
with  the  daily  order  and  approximate  prices. 

9.  Know  the  salient  points  of  tuberculosis  as  well  as  causes; 
also  preventive  measures  for  typhoid  and  nuUaria. 

10.  Know  how  to  produce  sweat,  purge,  vomiting,  warmth; 
what  will  make  a  quick  poultke  to  dieck  diairiioea,  and  also 
internal  medicine  for  same. 

11.  State  chief  causes  of  each  of  the  followmg  diseases,  tuber- 
culosis, typhoid,  malaria. 

12.  State  how  to  plan  the  sanitary  care  of  a  camp. 

13.  State  the  reason  why  school  t^dren  ^ould  undergo  a 
medical  examination. 

14.  Know  how  to  care  for  sickroom,  making  patient  comfort- 
able and  contqited. 

Lightning  Wheeler 

iPdakminini) 

*         The  Degree  of  Lightning  Wheeler  may  be  conferred 
J^j    on  any  one  who  lakes  nine  of  these  tests : 
>  1-  Ride  a  wheel  fifty  miles  in  ten  hours. 

'      a.  iUde  100  miles  in  tiroity-four  hours. 


392  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


3.  Repair  a  puncture. 

4.  T^e  apart  and  clean  a  bicycle,  and  put  it  together  again 

properly. 

5.  If  sent  scouting  on  a  road  know  how  to  .nake  reports  on 
road  conditions,  hills,  character  of  country,  location  and  charac- 
ter of  waters  and  settlements. 

6.  Read  a  map  and  report  correctly  verbal  messages. 

7.  Write  a  full  report  of  a  200-mile  bicycle  trip. 

8.  Ride  a  motorcycle. 

9.  Clean  a  motorcycle. 

10.  Repair  any  important  part  of  a  motorcycle. 

11.  Make  a  run  of  100  miles  in  a  day  on  motorcycle. 

12.  Make  a  run  of  twenty  miles  in  one  hour  on  motorcycle. 

Market  Woman  or  Buyer 

{Gishpinage) 

The  Degree  of  Market  Woman  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Explain  the  saying  that  Paris  could  live  on  the 
waste  of  New  York  City. 

2.  Know  the  seasons  when  lamb,  mutton,  and  pork  are  best. 

3.  Know  and  buy  the  six  choice  cuts  of  beef,  such  as  tender- 
loin, sirloin,  porterhouse,  round,  rump,  brisket,  rib,  etc.  What 
parts  of  the  animals  are  so  called?  Tell  why  certain  cuts  are 
best. 

4.  Know  and  buy  the  best  mutton  cuts,  such  as  shoulder,  leg, 
rack,  chops,  etc.   K,now  which  cuts  are  cheapest  and  best  in 

the  long  run. 

5.  Know  and  buy  the  best  pork  cuts,  such  as  shoulder,  chops, 
loin,  and  rib  roasts. 

6.  Know  fresh  brains,  hearts,  livers,  kidneys,  and  sweet- 
breads. 

7.  Has  the  United  States  Pure  Food  Law  given  us  better 
and  safer  meat?    If  so,  why  and  how? 

8.  Know  something  definite  about  diseases  of  animals  from 
which  consumers  are  likely  to  suffer. 

9.  State  why  the  knowledge  of  tj'phoid,  tuberculosis,  pto- 
maine, etc.,  is  within  the  province  of  the  market  woman. 

10.  State  whether  the  middleman  is  friend  or  foeof  the  market 
woman. 

11.  Explain  cold  storage;  give  hst  of  foods  that  are  safe. 

12.  Explain  how  parcels  post,  telephone,  and  cheap  motor 
cars  have  been  a  help  to  the  market  woman. 


Coups  and  Degrees  393 


13.  Explain  the  revival  of  the  farmers'  markets;  how  does 't 
affect  the  market  woman? 

14.  Know  the  various  fish,  what  kinds  are  best  for  frying, 
baking,  broiling,  etc. 

15.  Know  the  seasons  for  the  various  fish. 

16.  Know  several  salt  or  dried  fish  for  winter  use. 
I"  State  what  is  the  season  for  oysters? 

lo.  Buy  and  use  carmed  oysters;  state  if  they  are  a  success. 

19.  State  what  is  the  season  for  clams.  State  the  various 
kinds. 

20.  Know  and  buy  fresh  crabs,  soft  and  hard  shelled,  scallops, 
etc. 

21.  Know  the  seasons  for  the  various  fruits  and  vegetables  in 
your  locality  and  give  reasonable  price  for  each. 

22.  Make  a  list  of  the  fruits  and  vegetables  one  would  pre- 
serve, proving  the  economy  of  so  doing. 

23.  Explain  the  truckman  and  push-cart  business,  its  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages. 

24.  State  what  fruits  and  vegetables  can  be  bought  in  quan- 
tity and  and  kept  for  future  use. 

25.  Kd'^"'  tdible  mushrooms,  when  and  how  to  buy  them. 

26.  Knc*  how  to  buy  all  staple  goods  at  reasonable  prices. 

27.  Know  the  lawful  marks  that  guarantee  pure  food  and 
full  weight. 

28.  Do  you  know  of  and  approve  of  the  so-called  "  Economy" 
stores?   If  so,  why? 

29.  Know  if  it  is  cheaper  to  buy  or  make  brea.d,  cakes,  etc. 

30.  Cater  for  one  week  on  $2  per  person,  keeping  exact  ac- 
counts and  records  of  expenses  and  menus. 

Metal  Wcn^ker 

(Nawabik) 

The  Degree  of  Metal  Worker  may  be  conferre .  n 
any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

1.  Make  a  set  of  tracking  irons. 

2.  Make  four  spears  for  Uie  bear-spearing  game. 

3.  Forge  three  hnks  of  a  chain  of  three-eig}im  inches  stock. 

4.  Make  a  bolt  of  same  stock. 

5.  Make  a  straight  lap  weld  of  same  stock. 

6.  Make  and  temper  a  cold  chisel. 

7.  Make  and  tempr  a  rock  drill. 

8.  Make  a  metal  box  by  sddering  the  comars. 


394  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

9.  Make  a  box  with  riveted  corners, 
zo.  Make  a  ring,  or  fob,  or  other  article  of  coin  silver, 
zz.  Make  a  key  for  a  lock. 

Mountaineer 

{Wadjiwed) 


The  Degree  of  Mountaineer  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

I.  Take  two  honors  at  least  in  the  list  of  imyun- 
tain-climbing. 


2.  Camp  out  at  least  thirty  nights  in  the  mountains. 

3.  Know,  name,  and  describe  the  fourteen  great  divisions 
of  the  earth's  crust  (according  to  Geikie). 

4.  Know  and  name  twenty-five  different  kinds  of  rock. 

5.  Define  watershed,  delta,  drift,  fault,  glacier,  terrace, 
stratum,  dip. 

6.  Know  at  least  twenty  mammals  that  live  in  the  mountains. 

7.  Know  at  least  fifty  mountain  birds. 

8.  Know  at  least  twenty-five  mountain  trees. 

9.  Make  a  journey  alone  on  foot  throu^  the  mountains 
of  at  least  100  miles,  sleeping  out  every  ni^t. 

10.  Swim  100  yards. 

Needlewoman 

The  Degree  of  Needlewoman  may  be  conferred  on 
on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  three  different  articles  of  plain  white 

underwear. 

2.  Be  able  to  run  a  sewing  machine  and  keep  it  in  condition 
for  two  months,  using  various  parts  for  shirring,  hemming,  etc 

3.  MEike  a  plain  waist  or  shirt  waist  for  outing  purposes. 

4.  Make  a  man's  shirt. 

5.  Make  a  set  of  baby  clothes,  not  less  than  six  pieces, 

Gertrude  patterns  preferred. 

6.  Dress  a  doll  in  Woodcraft  suit  or  some  distinctive  outfit, 
such  as  Colonial,  Dutch,  etc.  Must  be  not  less  than  Usa.  inches 
high. 

^.  Darn  stockings  for  three  people  for  one  month  or  its 
equivalent. 

8.  Make  a  satisfactory  dam  in  tabledoth  and  u^ikin. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


g.  Mend  a  three-cornered  tear  in  cottoa  or  wodkn  goods. 

ID.  Put  in  a  neat  patch. 

11.  Make  twelve  buttonholes  of  various  sizes. 

12.  Make  a  sleeping  bag  for  outdoor  winter  sleeping  or  a 
baby's  traveling  "cozy"  bag. 

13.  Make  a  Council  dress,  worn  or  shown  in  Council. 

14.  Make  a  child's  suit  or  dress. 

15.  Make  a  fancy  dress,  such  as  graduation,  evening,  or  party 
drew. 

16.  Make  artist's  smock,  garden  smock,  or  child's  smock  dress 
m  linen  or  silk. 

17.  Make  a  ceremonial  cape  with  decorations  for  child  or 
self.   Must  be  shown  in  Council. 

18.  Make  a  suit  of  pajamas  or  bathrobe,  either  by  machine 
or  hand. 

19.  Decorate  with  appliqu^  design  a  ceremonial  blanket, 
must  be  shown  in  Council. 

20.  Make  a  bedspread:  applique  or  woven  by  hand. 

21.  Embroider  or  applique  two  pillowcases. 

22.  Embroider  monogram  on  one  dozen  towels,  or  embroider 
a  cross-stitch  on  the  ends. 

23.  Make  and  insert  su  Irish  crochet  inserts  m  six  towels 

24.  Hem  a  tablecloth  and  a  dozen  napkins  by  hand. 

25.  Make  six  hemstitched  handkerchiefs  with  monogram  or 
crochet  or  tatting  edge. 

26.  Design  and  work  a  monogram  on  six  articles  of  household 
Imen. 

27.  Embroider  a  shirtwaist,  corset-cover,  etc.,  with  an  original 
design. 

28.  Make  a  cloth,  velvet,  woolen  or  fur  tam-o'-shanter  or 
cap,  with  other  article  to  match,  such  as  muffler,  muff,  collar,  or 
belt.  ' 

29.  Trim  and  line  a  hat,  facing  it  or  binding  edge  or  putfwff 
on  fold. 

30.  Make  a  hat  of  straw  braid  or  a  wire  frame  covered  with 
lace,  net,  silk,  etc. 

31.  Show  samples  of  various  kinds  of  stitches,  such  as  hem- 
ming, running,  over-casting,  feather-stitching,  slip  stitching, 
whippmg,  gathering,  tucking,  etc. 

32-  Know  six  kmds  of  lace,  hand  or  machine,  and  give  an 
idea  of  the  price. 

33-  Describe  and  give  price  of  six  kinds  of  cotton  goods, 
aistujgtush  by  weave,  ditto  of  silk,  woollen  or  linen.  Choice  of 
two. 


396  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

34.  Describe  satin  and  be  able  to  tell  how  it  b  woven  to  give 
it  its  sheen. 

Nurae 

(Gatini-Wekwe) 


The  Degree  of  Nurse  may  be  conferred  on  any  out 

who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

I.  Take  the  American  Red  Cross  examination  for 
First  Aid. 


2.  Describe  the  daily  routine  for  twenty-four  hours  in  a  sick- 
room. 

3.  Give  the  symptomsof  grippe, whooping  cough,indige8tion, 

and  pneumonia. 

4.  Give  the  symptoms  of  measles,  scarlet  fever,  chicken-pox, 
and  prickly  heat. 

5.  Give  the  symptoms  of  tuberculosis;  describe  its  action 
and  the  best  means  of  combating. 

6.  Describe  the  action  of  bathing  hot  or  cold  with  the  good 
possibilities  and  the  risks. 

7.  Discuss  massage  as  beneficial  or  harmful. 

8.  Discuss  sunbath  as  beneficial  or  harmful. 

9.  Discuss  fresh  air  as  beneficial  or  harmful. 

10.  Discuss  purges,  showing  the  need  and  the  safest  kind. 

11.  What  would  you  do  if  your  patient  had  headache? 

1 2.  What  medical  outfit  would  you  take  for  a  month's  sojourn 
in  the  wilderness? 

13.  State  how  to  use  a  thermometer,  and  what  should  be 
the  temperature  and  pulse  of  a  normal  child  or  a  grown  up. 

14.  Prepare  three  meals  on  a  tray  for  an  invalid,  using 
chicken  broth,  eggnog,  milk  toast,  and  show  tltt  value  of  brij^t 
and  cheerful  serving. 

Any  doctor  or  trained  nurse  recdves  this  degree  upon  proper 
evidence. 

Patriotiam 

The  Degree  of  Patriotism  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 

1.  Sing  or  recite  "The  Star-Spangled  Banner." 

2.  Recite  the  first  two  paragraphs  of  the  "Dec- 
laration of  Independence." 


Coups  and  Degrees  397 

3.  Recite  the  Preamble  to  the  Constitution. 

4.  Recite  Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Address. 

J.  Name  the  ten^American  men  whom  you  consider  the  great- 
est in  our  history  and  say  why. 

6.  Name  the  ten  American  women  whom  you  consider  the 
greatest  in  our  history  and  say  why.  In  this  and  in  the  pre- 
ceding living  persons  are  not  to  be  included,  and  remember  that 
all  must  be  measured  by  what  they  accomplished. 

7.  Name  the  ten  great  turning  points  in  our  history  and  say 
why  you  consider  them  to  be  so. 

8.  Organize  and  take  part  in  some  pageant  or  other  function 
celebrating  some  important  local  or  national  event  or  epoch. 

9.  Tell  'he  history  of  the  flag  and  the  proper  method  to 
show  respect  to  it. 

10.  Tell  why  we  should  conserve  the  forests  and  wild  life. 

11.  Know  the  names,  home  places,  and  occupations  of  your 
grandparents,  and  great-grandparents,  including  the  maiden 
names  of  the  mothers  in  question. 

12.  Name  the  ten  greatest  heroes  that  your  own  race  has 
given  the  world. 

13.  Have  been  responsible  for  a  folk  dance  class  of  children 

14.  Have  helped  by  public  meetings  and  agitation  to  secure  the 
passage  of  law  as  to  people's  use  of  school  buildings.  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Washington,  Wisconsin,  Massachusetts,  Kansas,  In- 
diana, and  the  District  of  Columbia  are  in  possession  of  a  law  that 
permits  the  people  to  use  school  buildings  aside  from  school  hours, 
for  the  purpose  of  meeting  and  discussing  "any  and  all  subjects 
and  questions  which  in  their  judgment  may  appertain  to  the 
educational,  political,  economic,  artistic,  and  mon^  interest  of 
the  citizens." 

15.  Have  been  responsible  for  marking  (in  artistic  and  ap- 
propriate way)  some  historic  spot. 

16.  Have  helped  to  establish  a  bird  sanctuary. 

Potter 

(Nampeyo,  Famous  Pueblo  Indian  Potter) 

OThe  Degree  of  Potter  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 
I.  Make  bird's  drinking  fountain  or  basin,  twelve 
'  or  more  inches  across. 
2.  Make  set  of  four  bowls:  decoration  in  Zuni  style,  Moqui 
style,  Ao»x>a,  and  San  Dcuningo  styln. 


^  Woodcnft  BAunial  for  Girls 

Make  jardiniere  at  least  ten  inches  across. 
4.  Make  L.  nging  vase  to  hold  pint  or  more  of  water,  Jap- 

MaS'set  of  six  plain  cooking  dishes  of  day  dug  and 

prepared  by  self.  .     ,  , t 

6  Make  rectangular  shaUow  dish  for  holding  Japanese 
miniature  garden  10  X  6  X  2  inches.   Must  be  glazed  to  prevent 

7.  Make,  dry,  and  bake  eight  little  plain  bowls  all  the  same 
or  of  various  shapes,  hard  enough  to  hold  water,  and  without 
flaw  that  would  prevent  their  being  of  practical  use. 

8.  Make  with  coU  process,  dry  and  bake,  four  pots  of  Zum 
shape  with  Zuni  decorations,  each  large  enough  to  hold  two 
quarts,  and  close  enough  to  hold  water,  without  flaw  that  would 
prevent  its  practical  use.  ...  « 

o  Make  a  potters'  wheel  and  turn  out  eight  pieces  of  pottery 
on  the  same.    (See  "  Chamber's  Encyclopedia.") 

10.  Make  a  potter's  kiln  and  demonstrate  it.  (See  Cliam- 
ber's"  or  "American  Encyclopedia.")  , 

11.  Paint  a  set  of  eight  china  dishes  using  native  American 

^^'f^Paint  a  set  of  eight  china  dishes  using  any  standard  design. 

13.  Describe  and  fully  distinguish  six  great  types  of  Old 

World  pottery.  ,  . 

14.  Describe  and  fully  distinguish  four  types  of  naUve  Amer- 
ican pottery.  ,  ,  .  _ 

15.  Tell  how  the  ancient  and  preaistonc  pottery  at  America 
may  be  distin>;uished  from  that  made  to-day. 

16.  Make  a  set  of  candlesticks  and  firebowl  for  Four  Fires. 

17.  Describe  the  principle  varieties  of  native  clays  and  teU 
what  colors  they  bake;  describe  the  Zuni  method  of  firmg. 


Scout 

(Mikan) 

The  Degree  of  Scout  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
— J  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 
■*-4      I  Know  ever>  land  b>-path  and  short  cut  for  a 

„,  J  distance  of  at  least  two  mUes  in  every  direction 

around  your  local  headquarters  in  the  country. 

2  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  district  withm  a  five-mile 
radius  of  local  headquarters,  so  as  to  be  able  to  guide  people 
at  any  time,  by  day  or  ni^t. 


^3 


Coopi  tad  DtgrMt  399 

.  3-.  Know  the  genenl  directkm  and  population  of  the  five 
principal  neighboring  towns  and  be  abk  to  |dve  stniuen  comet 
directions  how  to  reach  them. 

4-  Know  the  country  in  two-mife  radiuf,  or  in  a  town  must 
know  in  a  half-mile  radius  wliat  Uvery  8tabks,sanuR«.and  black, 
smiths  there  are.  ©  i  — 

5.  Know  the  location  of  the  nearest  meat  markets,  bal  ries 
groceries,  and  drug  stores.  ' 

6.  Know  where  the  nearest  police  station,  hospital,  doctor, 
fire  alarm,  fire  hydrant,  telegraph,  and  telephone  offices,  and 
raihroad  stations  are. 

J:  °^      ^^^°'"y    the  place,  its  principal 

public  buildings,  such  as  town  or  city  haU,  post-office,  schoob, 
and  churches.  ' 

8.  As  much  as  possible  of  the  above  information  should  be 
entered  on  a  large  scale  map. 

*  t^'n  u"?  *  s«-inch  tree  or  pole  in  a  prescribed  direction  so  as 
to  faU  between  two  stakes  two  feet  apart,  within  sixty  seconds. 

10.  Tie  six  kinds  of  knots  quicklv. 

11.  Lash  spars  properly  together  for  scaffolding. 

12.  Build  a  bridge  or  derrick. 

13.  Make  a  camp  kitchen. 

14.  Build  a  shack  or  cabin  of  one  kind  or  another  suitable 
for  three  occupants.  »«u»uie 

15.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 

16.  Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconcls. 

17.  Run  fifty  yards  in  seven  and  four-fifth  seconds. 

18.  Swun  100  yards. 

Scottt  Roimm: 

The  Degree  of  Scout  Runner  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tesU: 
X.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 
2.  Walk  thirty  miles  in  twelve  hours. 
3-  Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 

4.  R'Jn  fifty  yards  in  seven  and  four-fifth  seconds. 
5-  Run  one  mJIe  in  five  and  <Hie-thizd  minutes. 
0.  Swim  100  yards. 

7-  paddle  a  canoe  one  mile  m  twelve  minutes, 
takf  oc    n        Semaphore  or  Wigwag  or  Myer  code  and 
fettSfa^^Sr*  a  message  at  tie  rate  of  at'leaat  twenty- 


400  Woodcfuft  Iftmud  lor  Oiiio 


9.  Know  300  signs  of  thc^Sign  Language. 

10.  Know  the  twenty-five  secret  tifos  and  blazes  of  the  Indian 

code. 

11.  Have  slept  out  thirty  nights. 

12.  Know  and  can  clearly  discriminate  the  track  of  twenty- 
five  of  our  common  wild  quadrupeds;  also  trail  for  a  mile  with- 
out snow,  till  near  enough  to  photograph  or  bag  it. 

13.  Must  have  carried  a  letter  three  times  over  a  mile  of 
enemy's  country  with  at  least  twenty  hostiles  out  against  him, 
of  his  own  class. 

Seanumship 

(Nabikwa-Ninini) 

The  Degree  of  9   >  '  n  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 

who  takes  ten  of  li.  sts: 

I.  Tie  ten  diflerent  standard  knots. 
2..  Make  a  finish  knot  at  the  end  of  a  rope. 

3.  Make  long  and  short  splices  and  demonstrate  covering 
an  eye  splice. 

4.  Use  palm  and  needle. 

5.  Fling  a  rope  coil. 

6.  Fling  a  life  buoy.* 

7.  Row  and  steer  a  boat. 

8.  Pole  and  scull  a  boat  and  demonstrate  bringing  it  along- 
side safely,  then  make  fast. 

9.  Bo.\  the  compass. 

10.  Read  a  chart. 

1 1 .  Show  a  knowled^  of  weather  wisdom  and  tides. 

1 2.  Show  how  sun  and  stars  are  of  service  as  guides. 

13.  Swim  fifty  yards  with  clothes  on. 

14.  Sail  a  two-man  boat  for  100  miles  without  a  professional 
sailor  for  companion,  but  yourself  holding  the  tiller  and  direct- 
ing its  sail  adjustment,  etc.   This  need  not  be  in  one  trip. 

15.  Demonstrate  by  description  and  sketch  or  actually  dem- 
onstrate correct  method  of  reefing  a  fore  and  aft  sail  including 
sequence  of  passing  the  tack  lasfalng,  earing  and  knotting  reef 
points  and  turning  out  the  reef. 

16.  Describe  the  nror>er  method  of  coming  to  anchor  so  as 
not  to  foul  anchor;  state  proper  amount  of  rope  to  be  paid  out 
in  proportion  to  deplh  of  water.  Also  show  method  of  stopping 
anchor  line  down  to  flukes  and  ring  to  anchor  n  rocky  bottom. 

17.  Rules  of  the  road;  proper  action  to  be  taken  on  approach 
<^  other  vessel  of  any  chamctor. 


Coups  and  DegrMi  40X 


18.  Show  that  you  have  won  first,  second,  or  third  place  in  a 
race  of  any  of  the  recognized  yaclit  clubs  or  associations,  with 
yourself  as  skipper. 

19.  Make  a  model  of  a  sloop  or  schooner  ycxht  <x  other  vessel 

fully  rigged. 

20.  Tell  the  bells  and  watches  kept  on  board  ship. 

21.  Also  usual  flag  signals  for  owner  and  crew,  location  of 
owner's  and  club  signal  and  night  pennant.  Also  proper 
method  of  displaying  the  yacht  ensign  when  at  anchor  and  under 
way. 

22.  Describe  signal  lights  used  at  night  on  barges,  sailing 
power  and  steam  vessels  according  to  United  States  Regula 
tions.   Also  tell  what  lights  are  used  by  yachts  showing  fleet 
officers,  meals,  owner's  absence,  etc. 

23.  Name  and  describe  ten  different  sailing  rigs:  ship,  barit, 
barkentine,  brig,  brigantine,  schooner,  topsail  schooner,  sloop, 
yawl,  ketch,  knockabout,  sharpie,  buckeye,  catboat,  lateen  rig. 


SharpfhootMT 

(Gadaakwed) 

The  Degree  of  Sharpshooter  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

I.  Qualify  as  in  "marksman"  with  the  rifle  in 
accordance  with  the  regulations  of  the  National  Rifle 
Association. 

a.  Make  a  bow  and  arrow  which  will  shoot  a  distance  of 
ICO  feet  with  fair  precision. 

3.  Make  a  regulation  archery  target— four  feet  across,  with 
the  nine-inch  centre  and  four  rings,  each  four  and  three-quarter 
inches  wide. 

4. ^  Make  a  total  score  of  350  with  sbcty  shots  of  bow  and  ar- 
row in  one  or  two  meets,  using  standard  four-foot  target  at 
forty  yards  or  three-foot  target  at  thirty  yards. 

5.  Make  a  total  score  of  300  with  seventy-two  arrows,  usmg 
standard  four-foot  target  at  a  distance  of  fifty  yards,  or  three- 
foot  tar^;  t  at  tfiirt y-six  yards. 

6.  Shoot  so  lar  and  fast  as  to  have  six  arrows  in  the  air  at 
once. 

7.  See  and  map  out  six  Pleiades. 

8.  See  the  Pappoose  on  the  Squaw's  back  in  the  Dipper 
Handle.  *^*^ 

9.  Spot  the  rabbit  three  times  in  axty  yards. 


403  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


Small  Stock  Farmer 

(Manitoweish) 

The  Degree  of  Small  Stock  Farmer  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Hatch  and  raise  a  brood  of  a  dozen  chickens  till 

feathered. 

2.  Distinguish  six  leading  breeds  of  hens,  giving  their  good 
and  bad  points.  State  briefly  Mendelian  law  as  applkd  to 
chickens. 

3.  Describe  one  of  the  best  incubators;  show  how  it  works, 
and  say  why  it  should  replace  the  hen. 

4.  Describe  the  brooder.   Have  made  a  practical  one. 

5.  Describe  the  most  approved  hen  house  and  run. 

6.  Describe  the  dangerous  diseases  of  hens. 

7.  Tell  how  to  combat  them.  By  foods,  medicine,  cleanli- 
ness, and  good  arrangement  in  housing,  roosts,  etc. 

8.  Describe  the  feeding  and  rearing  oi  c^cks,  for  food  and 
for  egg  laying. 

9.  Also  the  killing  and  dressing  for  home  and  for  market. 

10.  Pick,  dress,  and  cook  a  fowl. 

1 1.  Be  able  to  candle-test  eggs,  and  crate  them  for  market. 

12.  State  advantage  and  disadvantage  of  keeping  turkeys, 
ducks,  and  geese. 

13.  State  what  is  known  of  the  profits  of  poultry  keeping 
from  own  expo^ce. 

14.  State  the  advantage  of  squab  raising. 

15.  Handle  successfully,  for  one  year,  a  hive  of  bees.  De- 
scribe how  it  was  done. 

16.  Give  an  outline  of  how  to  run  a  fur  farm. 

xy.  Take  prize  at  National,  State  or  county  fair  for  any  of 
the  following:  chickens,  geese,  ducks,  turkeys,  guineas,  iquabs, 
bees,  silkworms,  or  fur  anunab. 

Stock  F«nn«r 

iKiHgewin) 

The  Degree  of  Stoc\  Farmer  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

I.  Identify  six  (Afferent  kinds  ^  cattle  and  tell 
their  good  and  bad  pdnts. 

2.  Know  how  to  treat  for  caked-bag. 

3.  Understand  feeding  for  mUk. 


Coups  and  Degrees  403 


4.  Milkacr  twice  a  day  for  one  month. 

5.  Tell  the  etfect  of  sunli^t  and  good  air  on  cows. 

6.  Understand  the  sterilization  of  milk. 

7.  Understand  the  care  of  dairy  vessels,  etc. 

8.  Test  five  cows  for  ten  days  eadi  with  the  Babcock  test 
and  make  exact  ref>orts. 

9.  Know  how  to  treat  a  cow  for  indigestion. 

10.  Explain  the  use  and  advantage  of  a  sq>arator. 

1 1 .  Make  two  pounds  of  butter  a  week  for  two  months. 

12.  Explainpasteurizing and  its  value. 

13.  Keep  a  nock  of  sheep. 

14.  Raise  at  least  four  beeves  for  market  or  homeconsumptko. 

15.  Raise  hogs  for  market  or  home  consumption. 

16.  Ciu'e  beef  and  pK)rk  for  home  use  or  for  sale. 

1 7.  Know  how  to  butcher  beeves,  hogs,  and  dieep. 

'Star  Wiseman 
iGijiged) 

A         The  Degree  of  Star  Wiseman  may  be  confmed 
^  \^  on  any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 
^^\y^       I.  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  nature  and 

^    t  movements  of  the  stars. 

2.  Point  out  and  name  ten  principal  constellations. 

3.  Find  the  north  by  means  of  other  stars  than  the  Pole 
Star  in  case  of  that  star  being  obscured  by  clouds. 

4.  Tell  the  hour  of  the  night  by  the  stars  and  moon. 

5.  Know  and  name  twenty  of  the  chief  stars. 

6.  Know,  name,  and  can  point  out  three  of  the  planets. 

7.  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  positions  and  move- 
ments of  the  earth,  sun,  and  moon. 

8.  Have  a  general  knowledge  <A  tides,  eclipses,  meteors, 
comets,  sun-spots,  and  planets. 

9.  Take  the  latitude  from  the  stars  with  homemade  instru- 
ments, within  one  degree  of  error. 

10.  Make  a  sundial  that  works. 

Swimmer 

(Shingebis) 

The  Degree  of  Swimmer  may  be  omforred  on  way 
one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

1.  Swim  100  yards. 

2.  Swim  on  the  back  fifty  feet 


404 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


3.  Swim  fifty  feet  with  shoes  and  clothes  on. 

4.  Demonstrate  breast,  crawl,  and  side  stroke, 

5.  Dive  i>roperly  from  the  suriface  of  the  water. 

6.  Dive  into  from  seven  to  ten  feet  of  water  and  bring 
from  bottom  to  surface  a  loose  bag  of  sand  weighing  five  lbs. 

7.  Demonstrate  on  land  five  methods  of  release  from  a 
drowning  person  who  clutches  you. 

8.  Demonstrate  in  the  water  two  metho<ls  of  release. 

9.  Demonstrate  the  Schaefer  method  of  resuscitation  (prone 
pressure). 

10.  Demonstrate  safely  crossing  thin  or  rotten  ice. 
XI.  Teach  three  persons  to  swim. 

Teacher 

(Kikinou'-'-^a) 

The  Degree  of  Teacher  m£fy  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

I.  Teach  a  class  of  children  successfully  for  six 
months  in  school,  church,  or  recreation  centres. 

2.  Teach  a  class  of  children  to  sing,  dance,  or  act  for  some 
patriotic,  school,  or  charitable  entertainment. 

3.  Teach  a  class  of  children  in  athletics  for  three  months — 
dancing,  swimming,  riding,  fencing,  boxing,  hiking,  rowing, 
paddling. 

4.  Teach  for  a  school  year  any  child  or  children  the  rudi- 
ments of  education,  including  outdoor  and  nature  study. 

5.  Teach  a  sewing  class  of  at  least  sLx  for  sL\  months. 

6.  Teach  sue  or  more  young  people  the  Hopi  Spring  and 
Corn  dance  so  that  they  can  perform  them  at  request. 

7.  Teach  six  or  more  children  three  folk  dances. 

8.  Organize  and  lead  a  Band  in  Woodcraft  for  a  year. 

9.  Lead  an  outdoor  nature  study  class  of  four  or  more  chil- 
dren for  a  year,  so  that  class  has  collected  twenty-five  butter- 
flies or  moths,  twenty-five  wild  flowers,  ten  ferns;  knows  fifteen 
trees  by  leaf  and  bark. 

10.  Have  a  class  of  four  or  more  h  popular  astronomy  for  a 
winter  or  a  summer,  so  that  class  can  pass  test  for  knowing  Tole 
Star  and  fifteen  star-groups. 

11.  Teach  a  handicraft  class:  beadwork,  baskets,  stencils, 
quiliwork,  metal  work,  pottery,  woodcarving,  etc. 

12.  Teach  two  or  more  children  to  sing  without  accompani- 
ment any  three  ballads  (solos  or  duets)  of  known  merit,  such  as 
folksongs  or  standard  songs. 


Coups  and  Degrees  405 


13.  Teach  a  cooking  class  for  six  mcmths  and  give  a  demonstra- 
tion of  its  success. 

14.  Teach  a  class  in  manual  training  for  six  months. 

15.  Bring  group  of  children  trained  by  self  to  entertain 
Council  by  dancing,  singing,  talk-fest,  or  acting. 

Three  Years'  Service 

(Nisso-bibon) 

TheDegrec  of  Three  Years'  Service  maybeconferred 
on  any  one  who  has  been  a  member  of  a  Woodcraft 
Tribe  for  three  years,  never  missing  a  tribal  c^ampout 
in  that  time,  attending  half  of  the  tribal  meetings  at 
other  times,  and  having  a  clear  record  for  law  and  order. 

Thtmder  Handler 

(Wassamoufin) 

The  Degree  of  Thunder  Handler  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Explain  the  di£ference  between  direct  and 
alternating  current. 

2.  Install  a  bell  battery. 

3.  Install  a  telephone. 

4.  Install  an  electric  light. 

5.  Explain  Ampere. 

6.  Explain  Kilowat. 

7.  Explain  Volt. 

8.  Repair  a  broken  switch. 

9.  Splice  and  insulate  a  broken  wire. 

10.  Replace  a  fuse. 

11.  Show  how  to  rescue  a  person  in  contact  with  a  live 

wire. 

12.  Show  how  to  resuscitate  a  person. 

13.  Make  a  simple  electro- magnet. 

14.  Explain  the  construction  of  a  simple  battery  celL 

15.  Explain  a  storage  battery. 

16.  Explain  a  short  circuit. 

17.  Explain  a  ground  wire. 

18.  Show  the  sign  now  used  for  live  wire  (a  lightning 
zigng). 


4o6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 

Thunder  Roller 

(A  nimiki-okakemnini) 
The  Degree  of  Thunder  RoUer  may  be  conferred  on 

any  one  who  takes' nine  of  these  tests: 

I.  Show  that  you  can  start  a  motor,  explaining 
what  precautions  should  be  taken. 

2.  Take  off  and  put  on  pneumatic  tires. 

3.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  clutch. 

4.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  carburetor. 

5.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  valves, 

6.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  magneto. 

7.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  spark  plug. 

8.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  differential. 

9.  State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  transmitter. 

10.  State  how  to  put  out  burning  gasoline  or  oiL 

11.  State  how  to  run  two  .different  types  of  cars. 

12.  Pass  an  examination  equal  to  the  local  Ucense  examina- 
tum  for  chauffeur. 

Traveler 

(Bebamadisid) 

The  Degree  of  Traveler  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eleven  of  these  tests: 

1.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 

2.  Tramp  thirty  miles  a  day. 

3.  Climb  one  of  the  standard  peaks  (See  mountain  climbing.) 

4.  Know  at  least  fifteen  star  groups,  including  the  Du)per  and 
the  Little  Bear. 

5.  Camp  out  in  at  least  ten  different  States  or  countries. 

6.  Enter  the  Arctic  or  Antarctic  circles. 

7.  Cross  the  equator. 

8.  Take  exact  latitude  and  longitude  with  instruoKnts. 

9.  Take  hititude  within  two  degrees  of  error,  with  home- 
made instnunoits. 

10.  Make  a  compass  survey  of  100  miles  of  country. 

11.  Travel  at  least  100,000  miles  by  rail  or  steamsh^  or  other 
means. 

12.  Travel  500  miles  on  foot,  by  bicycle,  by  canoe,  or  in 
saddle,  camping  out. 

13.  Know  200  signs  of  the  Sim  Language. 

14.  Make  oneself  comfrntduc  in  the  woods  with  only  wikl> 
wood  material. 

15.  Syjim  100  yards. 

16.  Skep  out  thirty  ni^^ts. 


Mmmm 


Coups  and  Degrees  407 


IS 


Vniage  Scoot 
(Odcna-wnim) 

The  Degree  of  Village  Scout  may  be  conferred  on 
any  om  who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 
I.  Know  how  to  turn  in  an  alarm  for  fire. 
3.  Know  how  to  enter  burning  buikUngs. 

3.  Know  how  to  prevent  the  spread  of  fire. 

4.  Understand  the  use  of  hose;  unrolling,  joining  up,  con- 
necting two  hydrants,  use  of  nozzles,  etc. 

5.  Understand  the  use  of  escapes,  ladders,  and  chutes. 
Know  how  to  improvise  ropes  and  nets. 
Know  what  to  do  in  case  of  panic. 
Understand  the  fireman's  lift  and  drag. 
Know  how  to  work  in  fumes. 
Understand  the  use  of  fire-extinguishers. 
Know  how  to  rescue  animals. 
Know  how  to  save  property. 
Know  how  to  organize  a  bucket  brigade. 
Know  how  to  aid  the  police  in  keeping  back  crowds. 
Know  how  to  ride  a  wheel. 

16.  Repair  a  puncture. 

17.  Weilk  four  miles  in  one  hour. 

18.  Know  the  signs: 

0  >  <  A  L  □  •/  .-. 


6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 

13. 
14. 

IS- 


^  ?  o 


Meaning  respectively: 

Official  mark,  fire-plug  8  feet  out,  please  remove  dust,  add,  subtract, 
divide,  multiply,  equals,  parallel,  plumb,  circle,  more  than,  less  than, 
tnan^  rigbt-aagje,  square,  because,  thetdore,  tliisduectk)Q,BMte,  iemale, 
yoang. 

White  Man's  Woodcraft 
iDibaakid) 

The  Degree  of  White  Man's  Woodcraft  may 
be  conferred  on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  the 
foUowmg  tests: 

z.  Take,  devdop,  end  jpdnt  fhatofpn^  <rf 


4o8  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls 


twelve  separate  subjects,  three  interiors,  three  portraits,  three 
Umdscapes,  and  three  instantaneous  "action  photos," 

2.  Make  a  recognizable  photograph  of  any  wild  bird  larger 
than  a  robin,  while  on  its  nest. 

3.  Make  a  recognizable  photograph  of  a  wud  animal  in  its 
native  haunts. 

4.  Make  a  recogriizable  photograph  of  a  fish  in  the  water. 

5.  Map  correctly  from  the  country  itself  the  main  features 
of  half  a  mile  of  road,  with  440  yards  each  side,  to  a  scale  of  two 
feet  to  the  mile,  and  afterward  draw  same  map  from  memory. 

6.  Measure  the  height  of  a  tree,  telegraph  pole,  and  church 
steeple  without  climbing. 

7.  Measure  width  of  a  river  without  crossing. 

8.  Estimate  distance  apart  of  two  objects  a  known  dis- 
tance away  and  unapproachable,  within  an  average  of  10  per 
cent,  of  error  in  ten  different  trials. 

9.  Measure  a  gradient. 

xo.  Estimate  the  speed  of  a  stream. 

11.  Tell  the  number  of  gallons  of  water  going  over  a  fall  cx 
down  a  stream. 

12.  Estimate  the  horsepower  of  a  given  fall. 

13.  Teach  the  last  seven  to  some  one  else. 


Wise  Woodman 

(Nikwaka-winini) 

The  Degree  of  Wise  Woodman  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Have  a  list  pf  100  different  kinds  of  birds  per- 
_^  sonaily  observed  on  exploration  in  the  field. 

2.  Have  identified  beyond  question,  by  appearance  or  by 
note,  forty-five  different  kinds  of  burds  m  one  day. 

3.  Have  made  a  good  clear  photograph  of  some  wild  bird, 
the  bird  image  to  be  over  half  an  inch  in  length  on  the  negative. 

4.  Have  secured  at  least  two  tenants  in  bird  boxes  erected 

by  himself.  ,  .     r     u  i.-  j 

5.  Have  daily  notes  on  the  nesting  of  a  pair  of  wild  birds 
from  the  time  the  first  egg  is  laid  until  the  young  have  left  tl» 
nest.  . 

6.  Have  attracted  at  least  three  kinds  of  burds,  exclusive  w 
the  Engluh  sparrow,  to  a  "lunch  counter"  wbkkL  he  has  mp- 
plied 


Cottpi  and  Degrm  409 

7.  Have  a  knowledge  of  the  game  laws  of  the  State  in  which 

he  hves. 

1  Mi^j  y^^^c  and  mount  the  skin  of  a  game  bird,  or  animal, 
killed  m  season.  ' 

9.  Mount  for  a  rug  the  pelt  of  some  fur  animal. 

10.  Know  twenty-five  different  kinds  of  trees. 

11.  Know  thirty  dififerent  wild  flowers. 

12.  Know  ten  different  snakes. 

13.  Know  ten  different  fungi. 

14.  Know  the  signs  of  weather. 

15.  Make  fire  with  the  rubbing-sticks. 

Woman's  Power  in  History 

(Gashkieuikwe') 

The  Degree  of  Woman's  Power  in  History  may  be 
conferred  on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 
f      I.  Name  five  great  women  rulers  of  the  world, 
J  give  theu-  history,  and  tell  something  about  them. 

five  great  American  women  who  have  made  history 
(the  hving  included).  ^ 

3-  Name  five  great  women  scientists  and  sUte  their  Halm. 
to  fame. 

4.  Name  five  great  women  inventors  and  state  their  claims  to 

lame. 

5-  Name  five  great  women  educators  and  state  their  clauns 
to  lame. 

6.  Name  five  great  women  artists  and  state  theu-  Hgin^g  to 
tame. 

T  a"^'  ^^^was  the  real  status  of  woman  among  the  American 
Indians?   (See  "Book  of  Woodcraft.")  ""*«iwn 

8.  Name  five  great  American  Indian  queens  who  achieved 
power  by  their  personal  force. 

9.  Wnat  countries  now  have  Woman  Suffrage? 

10.  What  States  in  America  have  Woman  Suffrage? 

11.  Write  an  essay  of  1,500  to  3,000  words  stating  what  you 
know  of  the  Woman's  Rights  Movement,  also  your  opinion  as 
to  the  ultimate  destmy  and  effect.  «  » 

12.  What  recent  changes  have  been  made  hv  law  in  your 
women°  advantages  and  opportunitia  of  men  and 

13.  Eylain  community  property  law  as  affecting  husband. 
}wfe,  and  children.  What  States  have  this  law?  Where  was 
laonginr 


4X0  Woodcfift  Maonal  for  Oirit 

14.  Tell  what  races  traced  descent  from  the  mother— point  out 

the  traces  of  this  in  Greece— Sparta.  Modem  eanunples  Pueblo 

Indians. 

15.  Explain  difference  and  likeness  between  a  feminist  and 
a  suffragist. 

16.  State  whether  mother  is  legally  "next  of  kin"  to  her  chil- 
dren  in  your  State. 


INDEX 


V 

AMu  MiaMM   tre 

Aeddmu.  5m  Fint  Aid. 

dm  lltnmd*   iga 

AmnSnm   iqj 

Actr  sauharimim    igi 

Acer  lacchuum  .    ago 

AcUevemcntt,  iww  indicated  .    .    .  317 

AcUewMnti  sad  nqiiato     ...  ^17 

AeUiUa  mlUfMtm   as^ 

Actinji  Songs  .    .    74 

Activities  ot  Tribe  and  Council  .37 

Adder'i  Tongue,  or  Dog-tooth  Violet  aj; 

AntlVMharSuHfaM   ttt 

AlUgator  Tree,  or  Sweet  Gum  .    .    .  aSS 

"Alouette,"  words  and  music  ...  68 

Amanitas,  Deadiv   aoo 

''America,"  words  and  music  ...  63 

Ami  tUlyrhynekes    309 

Antmmit  Canadensis   ass 

Anemone,  Pennsylvania     ....  ass 

Antuunt  tuhtfiHfoli*   ass 

Anemone,  Rue   ass 

Animal  Dance  o(  Nana-bo-jou  .    .    .  g8 

Animate,  study  ot  

Animiki-okaktwinini  iHegne.ttittbK  406 

i^HuAoHaie  degree  tests  for        .    .  388 

iidoiiiiiiK  degree,  testa  for  ....  360 

Anthony,  Susan  B.,  inspiratioa  of  .    .  3 

Apache  Relay  Race  Game  ....  4; 

Appointment  of  rulers  

Afiula  ihr^atloi   30s 

Afvilttia  Canadensis   ass 

Arbor -vit«,  or  White  C«lw    .    .    .  a7f 

Arbutus,  Trailing   as* 

Archery,  emus  for   341 

Arctic  tiavel,  cmqt  ior   336 

Ardea  htrodias   311 

Arisatma  IriphyUium   260 

Art  Craftsman  degree,  tests  for  356 

Art  Metal  Worker  degree,  tests  for    .  338 

Asarum  CanadtHM   aOe 

Asclepias  pHrpt$ratctiis   ate 

Ash,  Black   ao< 

Ash,  White   3^ 

Ash-leaved  Maple,  or  Box  Elder   .    .  aga 

AskangMtie  degree,  tetU  for    ...  383 

Asp,  Quaking   a7a 

Aspen-leaved  Birch   a78 

Astigmatism  prevention  of     .    .    .  tso 

Athletic  specialties,  coups  for       .    .  33s 

Athletics,  coups  for   jag 

Athlete,  or  Strongman  degree,  tMta  for  337 

X<0u«i«{«degree,tesUfor  ....  36s 

i4«<Madefree,tesUfor   360 

Axe,  use  of  the   ti4 

Axe  work,  coup  for   839 

A^W" :::::::  S 


Backttitching,  illustrated 
Backwoods  broom,  to  make 
Backwoods  Handicraftaana 

tests  fw  

Badge*,  Derree 

Badges  for  Coup  and  UraadCoiip  . 
Badges,  meaning  of  the  .    .    .  . 

Badgetofrank  

Bait  casting,  coup  for  .... 

Bald  Cypress  ...  ... 

Bald,  or  White-headed  Eagle  .  . 
Balloting  for  membenhip  .  .  . 
Bairn  of  Gilead,  or  Balsam  Poolar  . 
Baham  Poplar,  or  Balm  of  Gilcad  . 

Balsam  tree  

Baltimore  Oriole   

Band  Chief,  qualificatiooi  and  duties 

Band,  dcfiaitilm  of  

Band,  lelectlng  a  namo      .    .  . 
Band  meetings  ... 

Band,  organixation   

Band  Tally  and  Wampum  Collector, 
qualificatkm  and  dutiet  .  . 

Bands,  how  formed  

Bark  Canoe  Song  for  cloaiac  CoaBeB 

Bam  Swallow  

Barred,  or  Hoot  Owl  .... 

Baskets,  birch-bark  

Basswood,  White-wood,  ot  Linden 
Basswood  browse  or  buds  as  food 
Bat  Ball  Game  .  .  . 
Bathing,  coup  for  .  . 
Batting  basefaay,  ooMp  ior 
Bead  loom,  uat  of  tha  . 
Bead  Work  .... 
Beauty's  Lamo,  RajFB  ftWL 
Btiamcmifod  degree,  tcali  ior 
Bebamidisid  d«ree,  test*  fat 
Bed,  campers,  how  made 
Bed,  woodcrait  willow  . 
Bee  Balm,  or  O*weto  Tea 
Bee-line  travel,  coup  for 
Beedi  .  .  .  . 
Bcebteak  mushroom 
Bdt  of  bead  work,  to  make 
Btttda  lulea  .... 
Behda  papyri/era  .  . 
Bthila  fopiUifolia  .  . 
Bibatta  oe^ee,  tests  for 
Bicycle  riding,  coup  for  . 
Big  DiDoer.  or  Great  Bear 
Big  Lodge,  requirement*  fat 
Big  Lodge,  symbol  of  .  . 
BintsU  degree,  tests  for 
Birch,  Gtav,  or  Aspoa-kaved 
Birch,  White,  Canoe,  or  Paper 


Birch,  Yellow,  or  day  .  .  . 
BiRMHk  hMMMiMnia.  to 


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tiM  ben,  narr  > 
KM  ImmMo  . 
Bird  >>tMp  d^-rw 

h       fver  - 

!'ir       ■ -^u  V  .1. 

ill.  camp,  !  uok 
Bill  mi,  GfMt  Ataman 
Bla.  ^  Hcop.  or  Mater  \*k 

Wtck  -  .r  0  1.  —  r  jalo 
Hl»ck 

HUck  ■  « 

Black  u«ar< 

BlackliK!  riw. 

Biases  iii<{  .-<t« 

HlajM  arid  .-n». 

lind  Man'i  Oa 

HhM  t'Hich.  or 
HI  «  Harp'- 

(ina> 


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Hu  Jin. 

Bof  >»#1! 

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oup  for  . 

il 

I  food  plant 


fa 

Bra 

Kr- 
B 


ncerous  and  crinuaal 
«cimeos,  to  pnatrve 
'tow  to  baria 

'IK.  caap  ior 

ng 

^v«iMa*le 

iurcb-baA 
lanii 

nup  for 


f  firt 
-T,  or  At 
^  haAn 

hoi  f( 


tcata 


can>     .>  maka 
Twi;. 

Br^^.ihing,  pt  "oer 
MBiliiig  fiab  and  game 

BfKira.  camp,  to  make 
<h.  •  T  Sister  Cralt 

i.urplewiW 

wns  and  Kaida.  iSnt  aid 
-   3e^  tesufor 

a/u 

)  Egg'    >r  Yellow  Toadflax 
lut.  (>r  ^ii  e  Walnut 
iai   -aele  <:t!tch,  ilhwtwtad 

BiittuaMeod.  or  SycamoR 
BaUew,  •oateaft  .  . 

.  ar  Tinker  Valta« 


Cabin  buildin|;,  coup  I 


CaJ!  oi  the  Band 
Casf-jegon,  as  a  food  pi^nt  .  . 
Cam-  «d  Woodcraft  willow 
Cam-  ^X9fn,  t»  aaka 
Cam     ook  dqpMi,  UMa  far  ! 
QWB!  lOkery 

Camp  ,ia{tsm&<  =iegree,  tests  for 
Camp  IjaOsx  (k;p«e,  testa  for  . 


341 
•6 

Si 

% 

in 
•so 
•5o 
•SO 
•SO 
Ji» 
US 
J40 
3'4 
311 
198 
311 

i«3 
»48 
»47 
310 
j4I 
»»3 
Ml 
a3» 
»34 
339 
310 
191. 103 
194 
I  to 

IQ3 


fur 


211 

■'■'J 
jo6 
iSt 
360 
30s 
•S7 
•7S 
I3S 
a88 

306 

340 
194 

30 
198 

a»s 

MI 

36« 

lOl 

363 
363 


Camp  uupaetioM  

Camp  l*»  '«»hip   tS 

Camp  |i  and  ■  rni  .  .'  .'  gn 
Camp  Ic.  .1  and ,  \u  mata     .    .    .  ti8 

Camp  ofikers   .a. 

Camp  outfit  for  party  o<ite    .    .    \  nl 

Camp  rake,  to  maka  ,i, 

Camp  rilei   ,g 

Camp    nita    t  .    .    .    .    '  ' 
Camper  Jegt      esU  ior     ,    .  ,6, 
Campoi  bed  uo*  mada    ....  187 

Campore.  lighting  a  <'  .  ,«,, 

Campfitt-  stories       ....  loT 

Fairy  I-imp».  th  '  lox 

First  0«„g,  tJia  .  .  .  S 
(.itch-e  O-kok-p  '  the  .  .  .  S 
How  Men  Foun  'if«at  SiMt  i» 
OiiitoofTbeB,  uIl?T  .  ili 

Road  to  Fairylai,  .    .    !    .  „5 

Seven  Swans,  the   ),} 

.^tJ^ry  of  Cora-smut  CM,  tka  .  .  mi 
Iwm  Stan,  the        .....  S 

[,  coup  for  tao 

I,  adactioo  of  site  .  .  .  .  3t 
out,  banaAta  aod  AuMM  .  111 
<a  ntmutiltUt  Hi 
Canada  ■iliiim  ^ 
Canada  Gonae  or .  >nker  .  .  .  .  tiS 
Canadian.  Red,  or  Jrway  Pina  .  .  ^67 
C^dle  lanterns,  to  .rLtkr  ....  aii 
Candles  as  fir>  svm  '    '  8 

Canii  Major.  cll^  jon      '    .  'mo 

CaniaMinw  ...  So 

Canner  d«tr^  .>r  '  tZx 

Canoe  buil.(  •    1    '    !  sS 

Canoe  campn..  '  JS 

Canoe  Tag  Gan  ."  M 

Canoe.  White  or  1      !    !  •« 

Canoeman  degrer  .    .    ]  t£ 

Canoeing,  coup  fai  !    !    !  i3 

Canoeist 's  Luve  Soaa  >ad  mi'irir'  n 

Cardinal  Flower  Tj 
Caribo..  Dance  .  .    .    !    ."  «» 

Carpentei  degree,  tests  for      ...  aft 

Cor^mu  t  viWifliaiM  jgi 

Carrion  Cn,*,  or  Black  \  uliure  306 
Cassiopeia's  Chair,  th«-  ..nsirllation  mm 
C  arlanca  dtnlata  .  .  ggl 
C'aslilleja  (accirua  '  jjj 

tat  Owl,  or  Great  Homed  Owl         '.  ^ 

Catbird   ™ 

Cortartej  ottra     ...  .106 

Celandine   _  Jnt 

Cerrij  Canadensis  .'         ."  ato 

Ceremony  of  Grand  Coundi  '  as 

CJoApAitiei/  degree.  tesU  for  .  .  .  tia 
Challenges  in  athletics  ...  t 
Chamaaierion  antusU/oUmm     .    .    .  afe 

Changes  of  the  Law   ^ 

Charter,  to  obtain  cT 
CkaUUmiumm^  iiL 
Ckaiu>«utam4iqpte,lm*ikK  .  .  .  ail 
Cbestnut  ....  2< 
Chestnut  Oak,  or  YeUow  Qik.  \  '.  '.  m 
Chickadee     .    .  ,,b 

Chjckw  squawk,  to  makt  ni 

Chicory,  or  Succory  150 

Cald,  dectioa  or  appointment,  and 

duties  of  «  ao  aS  o 

CkimapUUmatmUU     .        .    .    .  %£ 
Chinese  Tag  Game 

cunning  tba  bar,  mpa  for  I 


415 


Dance 


tMU 


ChitMjutPi'^  of  Ydlow  Ork 
Ch  .iaiUlmnum  lyuranthfinum 

ii^  crift  stuilv  if 
Cituen  decree,  tc-*-.  /or 
CICtiWMtoti  and  pirtrimi— 
Cit^-hmtiiHr  coup  for 
CLtnting  \>»att» 

riaimind  de«ree« 

Clam  tht\U  m  tweezer^ 

Ctayhmi  i  1  irgini  i 

C'liinbini<  ropf ,      io  for 

('l<Minx  ihe  Couucil 

("losing  Lullaby,  words  anil 

(.  louDf  LuUaby,  in  Fireflies' 

Cock-Fifhtinj  Gmm 

Code,  rulway  ligaili 

CaUtfUs  tmatui  .  . 

CttUnm  VtrgimaHHs  . 

CoDectinc  tpecimeni 

(  olonial  HouMkMoer  i 

(  olorine,  natural  Ofm  for 

Colors  o]  badgw  .    .  . 

Columbine  .... 

Compau,  boiiMnMde 

Compass,  the  watch  as  a 

Cone-flower,  or  Black-eved  Susan 

Conferring  of  coupa  ud  liegrcci 

Coniervator  (taffW.  MiU  for   .  . 

Conititutioo  or  Lawt  for  niMt  of 

Tribe  

Constitution,  ciianfn  Im  tkt 

Cookery,  camp  

Cooking,  coup  for    .    .  . 
Cooking  outfit  for  camping  trip 
Cookinc  without  utensils  . 
CopiwrLead  Snakes 
Coprinus,  Inky,  edible  toadstool 

Coral  Snakes  

Com  Dances  .... 
Ctrma  iraekyrlnnchos    .    .  . 
CottoaHgoutli  Moccasin  Snakes 
Cottonwood       .  . 
Council  Fire,  lighting  of 
Council  Games 

Council,  Grand,  ceremony  of  .  . 
Council  Ring.  establisUng,  coup  for 
Council  Ring,  meaning  (4  the 
Council  Robe,  described 
Council,  Special,  bow  called 
Council  and  Tribe  activities 
Councils  in  canp     .  . 
Councils  of  Bands  aixl  Tribes 
Councils,  when  heU .    .  . 
Coundl-fire,  building  of 
Coups  and  degrees 
Coups  and  di 
Coup,  badge 
Coup  badge 
OBopsferF 

AtUetir 

AnAe- 

Atttr 

Aw» 

Bait  ca 


of 


Beat 

Bow  ac-; 
Braiding  and 
CtUn  boildinf 


PAOI 
•81 

IIS 
940 
SS 
3SS 
•00 
•M 
ii» 
0.  »7 
7« 
9A 
4$ 
«7o 

.?!• 
HI 

'Jl 
•30 
SI 
»S8 
til 
•10 

•S< 

»7 
*0 

191 
540 
170 

iga 
3SO 
•03 
ito 

»S 
314 
3»0 
•73 
I.K 

43 

•S 
341 

•4 

u 

dl 
d 

186 
S*7 


34 

440 

Mt 

m 
m 


Camping  .... 
Canoe  huikUag     .  . 
Canoe  campibg 
Canoeing 

Chin  the  bar   .  . 
City-huntinF 
Climb  rope 
Cooking 

Diamond  Hitch  thiQwing 
Discuss  throwing 
Dumb-bell  fraloiu  .  . 
Kstablishing  CouaUl  Kiag 
r  ^esighl  exploit* 
Fuhing  .... 
Jlh.^^  nr.  making 

Gang  tramping 
Gauging  famess 
General  Athletics 
Geofc)gy     .  . 
Hammer  throw 
Hand  walking 
Handicraft  . 
Height  and  weight  guessing 
Herald  ... 
Hop,  step,  and  jump 
Hopping  on  ooc  leg 
Indian  aan( ' 


Knot  tying 


long 


Latitud*  taking 
Latrine  making 
Life  Saving 
Log-riding  .  . 
Lone  tramping 
Map  making 
Match-fire  proficiency 
Medley  ncs. 
Minerahigy 
Motor-boating 
Motoring 

Mountain  climbing 
Nature  Study  . 


Parallel  bar  exploiu 
Paleontok>gy  . 
Peace  Mriofnger 
Pbotonapky  . 
Red  Craa*  work 
Riding  . 
Running 

Running  backward 
Running  broad  jump 
Running  high  jump 
Running  high  kick 
Rowing 
Rubbioc-stick  fire  making 


s 

s 


iIMt  woothg 


making 


333. 


336 
3ii.  333 
340 

33a 

340 

33g 

331 
333 
341 
338 

340 

330 
33t 
33* 

330 

3*0 

345 

331 

333 

346 

330 

341 

331 

331 

351 

330 

330 

340 

340 

351 

33« 

33« 

34t 

336 

334 

^ 
3S6 

337 

,  33^ 
333 
34S 
341 
34S 
35X 
3*9 
330 
330 
331 
330 
33* 
334 

^ 
33« 

331 

M« 

340 

330 

^ 
331 

«|B 

330 

341 « 

^ 
340 
S3* 


334, 


4x6 


Lidex 


rAOE 

ThrowinK  lacrosse  ball     ....  332 

Throwing  life  buoy   35' 

Tomtom  making    54  > 

Trailing   340 

Traveler   340 

Tropic  travel   336 

Walkiiig   '50 

Water  boiling   339 

WiMemess  cooking   340 

Cradle  Craft  degree,  tests  for       .    ,  370 

Crane,  Blue   311 

Crane  s  Bill,  or  Wild  Geranium    .    .  >6o 

Crinkle-root,  as  a  food  plant    .    .    .  too 

Crow,  common   314 

Crow  Flackbird,  or  Purple  Crackle    .  31s 

Cuu  and  woawlt,  fint  aid      .    .    .  ist 

CyoMciH*  erislata   313 

CyptcM,  Bald   t7i 

Cypriptiium  tuaule   IS3 

CyprtttiiMm  kirsulum   isl 

C3^r<>«MMi  f (fiM    ass 

Dance,  Navajo  Feather  ....  43 
Dancc>: 

Ai.  <ial  Dance  of  NaM-bo-Jou  .    .  «S 

Cant,>u  Danes   96 

Firefly  Dance   go 

Hopi  Com  Dances   85 

Husking  of  the  Corn   88 

The  Lone  Hunter   88 

The  Storm  Cloud    S4 

Dancer  degree,  tests  for     ....  371 
Dancing  as  mental  Lnd  physical  train- 
ing   .. ,    83 

Dancing,  drum  for   ai4 

Dancing,  Indian,  coup  for  ...    .  351 

Darling,  Grace,  inspiration  of  .    .    .  3 

Darning  stitch,  illustrated  ....  136 

.  Dassvmtk  degree,  tests  for      ...  358 

Danmut  carela   »SS 

Deadly  toadstools   900 

Deaf  and  dumb  alphabet    ....  i6s 

Deooium  of  Council   « 

Degree  badges   3St-3SS 

D^iee  badges,  design  and  colon  .    .  st 

Degrees  and  coups   327 

D^ees,  claiming  of   3ss 

Degrees,  conferring  ot   33 

Degrees  in  Woodenft,  Hrt  ol  ...  35a 
Dnrees,  teats  far    ....  356-409 

Art  Craftsman   356 

Athlete,  or  Strongman    ....  357 

Art  Metal  Worker   358 

Backwoods  Handicraftsmaa .    .    .  358 

Bird  rharp   339 

Brother  or  Sbtcr  Craft    ....  300 

Business   360 

Camper   i6t 

Camp  Cook   36* 

Camp  Cnftnnu   363 

Camp  Doctor   363 

Caniier   36s 

Cinoeman    36s 

Carpenter   366 

Citiaen    367 

Cdonial  Houaekeeper     ....  368 

Conservator   369 

Cradle  Craft   370 

Dancer   371 

Entertainer   371 

Famer   373 

FW«5"    374 

ICmll   37S 


TAOt 

Forester   376 

Frontiersman   377 

Gardener   J7t 

Gleeman,  or  Camp  Conjurer     .    .  379 

Handihelp   370 

Herald,  or  Crier   380 

Home  Cook   381 

Horseman   38* 

Hostess   383 

Housekeeper   384 

Hunter    386 

Hunter  in  Town   387 

Indian  Craftsman   387 

Indian  X.ore   388 

Laundry  Expert   390 

Life-Craft   391 

Lightning  Wheeler   391 

Market  Woman,  or  Bojrer    .    .    .  39* 

MeUl  Worker   303 

Mountaineer   394 

Needlewoman   394 

Nurse   396 

Patriotism   396 

Potter   397 

Scout   398 

Scout  Runner   399 

Seanuinship   400 

Sharpshooter   401 

Star  Wiseman    403 

Small  Stock  Farmer   40a 

Stock  Farmer   4M 

Swimmer   403 

Teacher   404 

Three  Years'  Service      ....  405 

Thunder  Handler   40s 

Thunder  Roller   406 

Traveler   406 

Vilbge  Scout   407 

White  Man'i  Woodcraft  ....  407 

Wise  Woodman   408 

Woman's  Power  in  History  .    .  409 

Diamond  Hitch  throwing,  coup  far  339 

Ditaakid  degree,  tests  for   ...    .  407 

Discus  throwing   331 

Dfaputes,  how  settled   99 

Distance,  to  measure   104 

Ditty  box,  to  make   *3l 

Dog,  to  tell  weight  and  height  by 

track   104 

Dof-tooth  Violet   ajj 

Doing,  the  value  of   139 

Doincs  in  Council   as 

Doiklunyx  orythorui   314 

Dope  for  moaquitoea  and  Sh  .   .    .  1I9 

Dove,  Wild   311 

Downy  Woodpecker   31a 

Drill  tor  firemaking   at3 

Drowning,  first  aid  for   131 

Drum,  for  dandng   M4 

Dry  footgear  to  prevent  keuieam  150 

Drytbaks  fiAescens   31s 

Duck,  Mallard   309 

Duck,  Wood,  or  Summer    ....  309 

Dues,  how  fixed   99 

Dues,  membership   jn 

Dumb-bell  expfeits,  coup  for   .    .    .  333 

Dumelella  Cttretintnsit   317 

Dyes,  Woodcraft   uS 

Eagle,  Bald,  or  WUte-baadad  ...  30s 

Eade,  Golden   90s 

E3Ut  wiU  pianto   tm 


Index 


417 


PAOl 

Edging  and  ruffles,  iUiutntcd  .    .    .  ijj 

Election  of  rulers   aS 

Election,  when  held    jg 

Elm,  SUppery,  Moose,  or  Red      .    .  t8s 

Elm,  Wmte,  Water,  or  Swamp     .    .  185 

Entertainer  degree,  tests  for    .    .    .  jra 

Eekid  degree,  tests  for   363 

Epitaa  repens   ass 

^yiJirimium  Americanum  ....  S57 

Bupalorium  ptrfatiatim   ass 

Evening  Piinnw   a$7 

Ez{doits  and  achievements  ....  jar 

Exploits,  bow  indicated      ....  jtj 

Eye,  cinders  or  sand  in,  treatment     .  isj 

Eyes,  developrocnt  of  lteennes«    .    .  130 

gylttH^iloto,«oapfar .   ...  33! 


Fapts  pandifolia   184 

Famting,  treatment  for   isa 

Fairy  Lamps,  the    ......  101 

False  Sokmon's  Seal   155 

Farmer  degree,  tests  for     ....  373 

Far-sight,  or  Spot-the-Rabbit  Game  .  47 

Father  Councillor,  position  in  Tribe  .  *i 

Faximu  Ameruana   994 

Feather  Dance,  Navajo  .....  43 
Feather  Football,  or  Feather-blow 

Game   60 

Feather  stitch,  illustrated  ....  136 

Felling  stitch,  illustrated    ■    ■    .    .  tjs 

Fire  by  rubbing-sticks   tst 

Fire,  Council,  meaning  of  the  .    .    .  a4 

Fiit,  how  to  light  a   igg 

Fire  Keeper,  duties  of   ...    .     ai,  a7 

''ire,  loss  by,  per  year   149 

FireFiuk   tsS 

Fire  Weed,  Epilobium,  w  Spiked  WO- 

lowl^b   a6o 

Fire,  what  to  do  in  case  of  ....  wt 

Fireflies'  Song   m 

Firefly  Dance   go 

FiSdStri*''*^'^'!**:  :  :  : 

Fjreworks  and  bonfires,  injuries  by    .  14s 

First  aid  in  accidents   151 

Bums  and  scalds   151 

Cinders,  or  sand  in  the  eye      .    .  xu 

CuU  and  wwadt   15a 

Drowning    jtt 

Faintine   t,. 

Hemorrhage,  or  internal  tilMrtfiii   .  15a 

Lightning  accidents   tsu 

Mad  Dog,orsMl(«bit«  .    .    .    .  ijj 

Shock,  or  nervoMCoihpM    ■    .    .  ist 

Sunstroke   ijx 

Fish,  cooked  without  utensils  .    .  tos.  104 

rnberman  denee,  tesu  for     ...  374 

Fishing,  couplor   34a 

Flicker,  or  Hi|Uiole   lit 

Flint-and-sted  fire  making,  coup  for  .  330 

Folk  danang,  European  and  Indian  .  83 

Food  Craft  degree,  tesu  for    ...  37s 

Food  supply  for  camping  tr%>  .    .    .  179 

Football,  coups  for   .,1 

Forest  fires,  dMtruction  of  .    .    .    .  iJ* 

Fotester  degree,  tcsu  for    ....  376 
Fortune  Game  .... 

Frinc«iG«i^. 

,.tasUfor      .    .  377 
.  aw 


Cahethihed  degree,  tests  for     ...  961 

Cii<f(MAii«<f  degree,  tests  for    ...  401 

Ca|0iteif  degiM,  tarti  far  ....  374 

Uatal  degree,  t«t  for    ......  3M 

Galium  moUmff   mc 

Games,  Indoor   » 

Blind  Man's  BuS   jt 

Featb«Fop^«rFMtk»Unr  .  S 

Fireside  Trick   u 

Fortune   » 

Geography  

Guessing   » 

Hat  Trimming  Contcit  .    .'  I 

Kingdom  •    •    .  st 

Lone  Star  Trick   eg 

Magic  Music   if 

Menagerie  ........  S 

Menagerie  Party   S 

My  Vacation   S 

Names  by  Topics  

Odda  and  Evens   <> 

Portrait  Party   A 

Shopping  

Games,  Outdoor   I4 

Apache  Relay  Race   71 

Bat  Ball  ?| 

Cock  Fighting  .  ^ 

Council .   V: 

Chinese  Tag   7i 

Far-Sight,  or  Spot  the  Rabbit  .    .  47 

Home  Star,  or  Foia  Star     ...  48 

Hostile  Spy   2 

Medley  SooatiBg   « 

One-Legged  OEkaD  FWht  •    .    .  43 

Poison  J  J 

Ouicfcsight   2 

Rat-on-the-Lo4p   an 

Scouting   3 

Solemmty   aa 

Still-Hunting  the  Buck,  or  the  Deer 

Hunt   M 

Strong  Hand   Xi 

Stung,  or  Step  on  the  Ratttar   .    .  71 

T^l^Ftrt   44 

Trailing   S 

Tree  the  Coon   3 

Watching  by  the  TraU    ....  44 

_  Water-Boiling  Contest    ....  40 

(kmea,  Wat«   JT 

Canoe  Tag   « 

Spearing  the  Great  Stuqao*'  33 

GaMmMMiMa  degree,  tests  Mr  ...  360 

Gang  bamping,  coup  for    ....  336 

CaiHirf  degree,  tesu  for   aS6 

GanlaBer  degree,  tesu  for      ...  378 

CorAMntjttM  degree,  tesU  for      .    .  4m 

Gathering  stitch,  illustrated    ...  134 

Citfiii<-[reiMd«ree.taaUtdr .    .    .  306 

Gauging  famesa,  oonp  far  ....  330 

Gana  tmmer  ........  308 

Gertian.  Fringed  !  as* 

&c;'"'*  :  :  :    :  : 

Ctramum  maemlatmm  itfo 

WiW  degree,  tesu  for  403 

C«»i<i*  degrwe.  testa  for  577 

^-taSan*-.  :  :  :  » 

®^f?.^.*^.*r^  3,, 

C<olden  Eagle  

GoidaoOtE  .   .   .   !   ;   I   !   :  aSi 


4x8 


nun 

GoUmod   tsS 

GooM,  Wild   310 

OoMraing  Body  or  Hi«h  Coandl,  bow 

hriMd   *9 

GimUo,  Purple,  or  Crow  Blackbird  .  Sis 

(^•nd  Coimdl,  ceremony  of    .    .    .  ts 

(^Bnd  Council  meeting  .....  7 

Ck»ndCoupb«dM,dariaaadcpkn  « 
Gruid  Sacbem  badke.  detigii  aad  eokn  12 

Grand  Sacbem.  rank  of  ....    .  ai 
Grand  Sagamore  badge,  design  and 

colors   aa 

Grand  Sagamore,  imnk  of  ....  ai 

Giau  and  twig  ttgni   *43 

Graat  of  Pamassut   tss 

Gray  Bircb   wf 

Great  Bear,  or  Bis  Dipper  .  .  .  *«6 
Great  Homed  Owl.  or  C  *.  Owl     .  .306 

Grimaldi,  Plain  of   301 

Group  singin|E   63 

Group  worii  in  camp   183 

GrauM.  Ruffed,  or  Partridge    ...  311 

Growth  in  Woodcraft   11 

Guesting  Game   S7 

Guide  badge,  design  of   sa 

GuidM,-dutiea  of     ....  S.T.i* 

Guides;  rank  of   le 

Guides,  selection  of   S 

Gum,  Black  or  Sour   *9* 

Gum,  Sweet,  Star-leaved,  or  Red  .    .  aSS 

Hackmitafk.  Larcb.  or  Tkanck     .  t<9 

BalimHts  ltiic0c$fkalu$   305 

Hammer  tbrow,  coup  for    ....  33* 

Hand  sign  of  the  League    ....  14 

Hand  wall' )g,  coop  for     .    .    ■    •  33) 

Handicraft,  coup  for   34* 

Handicraft  StunU   a3i 

Handibdp  degree,  tests  f or  .    .    .  370 

Hard,  or  Southern  Pine   067 

Bud.  Bock,  or  Smw  Maple  .  .  .  190 
Bud-hMk,  Bop  HenbeuM,  or  fam- 

wood   *70 

Hat  Trimming  Contest   59 

Hatchet,  how  to  use  a   114 

Hawk,  Red-tailed,  or  Ite-hawk  .    .  30s 

Head  band,  design  and  colon  .    .    .  M 

Head  Chief .  vow  of  the      ....  to 

Head  Guide,  appointment  and  imnk  .  tS 

Head  Guide,  qualificatkMS  and  duties  to 

Head  Guide  of  the  Tribe,  selection  of  s 

Health  hinU                             .  147 

Height  and  weight  guessing,  coup  for  339 

Bright  of  Moi,  to  AttnriM  ...  go* 

Htmlock   otto 

Hemming,  ffloMatad  .-^  «33 
Hemorrhage,  Of  MtinMll  nwwnlllg,  lust 

aid   IS* 

Hen-Uawk,orRail>'MMBo«k  .   .  90s 

bepatica,  or  UvAmT;    .    .    .    .  tgo 

B*p*lkt  IriUba   tso 

HeraU,  coup  for  .    .    .    .    .    .  341 

HeraU,  or  Crier  degree,  tetU  for  .    .  300 

Hcfon,  Blue   311 

Herringbone  stkch.  Mintiil .    .    .  136 

Hkkory,  PigOttt   077 

Hickary,  WWa  Hettt,  or  Mockemut  070 

aUmiattU   I7< 

BicTi*  tMr*   077 

Bk»ria  etale   076 

Bitfi*  f •can   07s 

Hii9>  Council,  how  formed  ....  09 

Bigh  Covadl  oMotiiig   T 


^dwlo  or  Flicker  ...... 

raEe  Song,  worda  and  mutic   .    .  . 

ffikbig,  rules  for  

Birtmiia  trytkntfltUt  . 
"  Hither  Thunder!"  words  and  muiic 
Hog  Peanuu  as  food  .    .  . 

Home  Cook  dtfree,  toots  te  .  .  . 
Home  Star,  or  Pole  Star  Goat  ,  .  . 
Honorary  or  Life  merabon,  owrtMi  of 
Hoop,  Water,  or  Black  Ash     .    .  . 

Hoot,  or  Barred  Owl  

Hop  Hornbeam,  or  Ironwood  .  .  . 
Hop,  «tep,  and  jump.  Coup  for  .    .  . 

Hopi  Corn  Dancet  

HOTfag^ oMlgti^coup for  .    .  . 

SomoniM  Bl^  Hikon,  wintidac  of 
Horseman  degree,  testa  lor  ...  . 

Hotteis  degree,  tesU  for    ...  ■ 
Hostile  Spy  Game  ....... 

HousekecptrdoVM,toalatQ(       .  . 

Housekeqiing  

House  Wren,  coaunoa  

How  to  earn  money  

How  to  Usrm  a  Tribe  

How  to  know  the  wild  thingi 
Hummingbird,  Ruby-throatod .  .  ■ 
Hunter  degree,  tesU  for  .... 
Hunter  in  town  degree,  tests  for  .  . 
Hunter's  lamp,  to  make  .  .  .  . 
Hunters'  and  survevots'  bla«i.  .  . 
^adet,  the  constrtlatinn  .... 
M^itdtU^  wttuitiiwtu  .  •  •  .  . 
Ainala  ....... 


3it 

70 
tS4 
317 

n 

m 

JOS 
079 

% 

tS4 

if 

384 

318 
044 

S 

a47 
31a 

3«» 
an 
a38 

3*3 


31 

% 

300 


JOmu  fottols  

ImfUmu  HUM  

Immokiwin  degree,  tests  for  .  . 
Inbringing  of  a  newcomer  .  .  . 
Indian  ctock,  or  tundial 
ladiaa  CnHtoMB  dogne,  tooU  for 
IwBan  Cttcoabor,  ao  a  food  plaat 
Indian  dancing,  coup  for  .  .  . 
Indian  f  <dk  d^ncea  ..... 
Indian  Lore  degree,  tests  for  .  . 
ladiaB  Barnes  nr  Dipper  stars  .  . 
Indian  names  for  the  months  .  . 
Indian  names  for  the  Pole-Star 

Indian  Paint-Brush  ts8 

IwJjan  paintt  ai9 

Indian  Pipe  *l* 
Indian  Turnip,  or  J^.ck-ui-the-Pulpit  ton 
Indian  Turnip,  as  food  ....  198,  too 

Indian  tweexcrs  009 

Indian  wiUow  bed    ......  aas 

Indoor  Council.  MHgfWfl  for  .    .  9 

Indoor  Games  5S 

Initiation  fee  .  V 

Initiations  and  try -outs  .  .  .  10,  it 
imtir*-ona  into  the  Lodge  ....  31 
Insecu,  the  ttudy  of  .  . 
InsecU,  treatment  of  stingo 
Inspections  in  camp . 

InsulUtkwof  U^mke  .  .  .  t» 
Invocation,  an 


JaMim  IUm  dogree.  tests  far  . 

Jack-in-the-Pulpit  or  Indian  Turnip 
ack-te-the-PulBtt,  fo  a  food  plant 


Jewolwood,  or ' 
adooTlNSb<r 


394 
ate 


Index 


4x9 


PAOI 

/«f<aiM  cintrta   *7$ 

Jughm  nigra     ......  173 

KatmU  loHftlU    »ss 

jrM-M*4aJr- ftM  deme,  tMU  for  .    .  399 

T.teti  cjret,  bow  to  Mvt     .    .    .    .  ise 

Keeper  of  the  Fire,  dutin  ol   ...  9 

JTiMMMMM  degree,  tnit  fee    ...  404 

RiogUid  «i3 

Kioidom  Game   j-r 

Kin&iaik  for  Couacfl  Fire  ....  ss 

KisMi»iit-Wltiimi  degree,  tats  for    .  500 

KilM-odina-mimm  degree,  tests  for   .  367 

KiligaH  desree,  tests  for     ....  37S 

:  :  :  "'-l^ 

Kiufe,  hawtOBMa   «« 

i:aottyiag.caapfar   33* 

Lace,  or  UMmg,  to  nuke     ....  a3o 

Lady's  Slipper,  Yellow   tsi 

Lamp  of  Fortitude,  Rays  from  the  a6 

Lamp  of  Truth,  Rays  from  the     .    .  t6 

Lantern,  woodsman  *   an 

I^rch  or  Tamarack   a6g 

Larix  larieina   ate 

Larus  arteHtatms   308 

Lassoing,  coupe  for   330 

Latitude,  taking,  coup  for  .    .    .    .  340 

Latrine  nuking,  coup  for   ...    .  340 

Laundry  Expert  degrai^  twts  for  .    .  39a 

Laurd.  Mountain   ass 

Law,  changei  of  the   tg 

Laws  and  puniahroentt   30 

Laws  for  ruling  of  the  Tribe,  or  Con- 
stitution   a7 

Laws  for  Woodcraft  Girl*  ....  10 

Lawi,  how  made  and  enluwail  .    .    .  •« 

Leadenhip  in  camp    i8a 

Lean-to,  how  to  make  a     ....  ai7 

"  Le  Furet,"  words  and  music  ...  75 

Life,  or  Honorary  members,  election  <A  eg 

Life-Craft  degree,  tart*  for      ...  301 

Life  Force,  the   148 

Life  Saving,  coup  for   3(1 

Lighting  a  fire   i8q 

I  .ightning  accident*,  fint  aid   ...  15a 

Lkhtning  Wheeler  imm,  MMa  ior  jot 

Ughta  for  camp  use   an 

UUtm  Phikuldpkiam   158 

uUum  superbum   258 

Unaria  Unari*   tsJ 

Uncoln,  Nantar  naiti,  |M|iiwllin  o<  s 

Unden.  Whit»iwod  ar  Kiiiwini .    .  t93 

LiMM*  ttrtaUt   a5a 

Uviidamhw,  or  Sweet  Gum   .    .    .  pliS 

U^mdamhv  Slyraciiua     .    .    .    .  aU 

Lined*nir<m  TtMfQm   ttt 

Little  Lodge,  symbol  of   aa 

uJ2taLh.*E^  

fiSL'^i^  :        ;  :  ;ti 

Lodges,  syrabob  of    ta 

Log  riding,  coup  for   t«6 

Lone  Hunter  Dance   88 

LoMStarTikk   s9 


Lupine   a> : 

iMpimu  ptmmii   •  tr 

Mad  dog  bite,  first  alrl   ta 

Magic  Muak  Game   

MaU|th«CaaBdl-ftt«    ....  106 

MaUaia  DvA   jcr 

Mandrake,  or  May  Appla  .    ...  tit 

Uanttcmtish  degree,  testa  for  .    .    .  am 

Map  making,  coup  for   341 

Maple,  Aiii4a«T«a,  or  Bat  Etdar  .    .  va 

Maple,  Red,  Scarlet,  Water  or  Swaatp  ija 

Maple,  Silver,  White,  or  Soft,  ...  191 

Mi.ple,  Sugar,  Rock  or  Hard  .  .  .  ago 
Market  Woman,  or  Buyer  degrte,  tests 

for   soa 

Marking  the  trail   asS 

Martin,  Purple   J17 

Mashhiki  degree,  tests  for       ...  jCa 

'Itch-fire  proficiency,  coup  for    .    .  33! 

u4y  Apple,  or  Wild  Mandraka    .    .  asa 

Meaning  of  the  Badges   aa 

Meaning  of  the  Council  Ring  .    .    .  a4 

Measunng  distance  across  a  stream  aos 
Measuring  distance  between  two  00- 

jecto   06 

Measuring  the  height  ol  traa*  .    .    .  ao4 

Medley  Race,  coup  for   334 

Medley  Scouting  Game   30 

Meeting  pbce  for  Tribe  or  Band  .    .  7 

Meeting  of  Band*  and  Tribe  ...  * 

Uelosptta  mehdia   jm 

Membership  dues   30 

McadMrship,  yot'ng  and  initiation  31 

Menagerie  Game   38 

Menageri:  Partv   fS 

Metal  Worker  a^ee,  tests  for     .    .  393 

UiJiim  BiiwlirimH  degree,  test*  for  391 

JfffKai  degree,  teat*  for     ....  371 

Mikum  degree,  test*  for      ....  agl 

Milkweed   tS 

Itimus  poly^ottas   ttf 

Mineralonr,  coup  for    .....  34* 

.ViApmM  de«r«e.  tesU  for    ...  37* 

Moccasin  Flower,  Purph    ....  in 

Mocctsin  Snakes   300 

MocLanut  Hickory   a7* 

M  \- kingbird                           •    •  J»t 

J/«*Miiuj»-irteM  4a|Ne,  taate  for    .  jti 

Mmardt  JUymt   aS9 

Money,  how  to  earn   a4a 

Uoninuw  degree,  test*  far  ...    .  3sl 

MiMttnpa  tMi  lora   lit 

MMteifadianBaaMatortka.   .    .  tt$ 

Mean,  awvmaeat  of  tha    .    .    .    .  ja» 

Moon*,  names  of   at 

Moo^,  Red,  or  Slippery  Eta       .    .  a^ 

Morels,  edible  toadstool*    .    .    .    .  aoi 

Moaquitoe*  and  ffie*,  ptcparttiaB  far  .  rfi 

Mother  CoundUor.  poaftmi  ia  IMm  .  at 

Motor-boating,  coup  for     ...    .  336 

Motoring,  coup  for    336 

Mountain  Laiuel   ass 

Mountain  climbing,  coup  for  .    .    .  319 

Mountaineer  degree,  taali  fir  .    .    .  SM 

Movement  of  the  ttai*   agl 

Mod  baking  of  ftah  aad  fUM  ...  194 

"  Muje  MukeaiB,'*  wofda  wid  naic  .  74 
Muaaun*  *nd  libraiiaa,  tm  alW^  af 

waodcraft   Up 

Muahnom  growing   iM 

Mu^rooaa*.  PmJ,  or  T 1 1  .  iS 
Muakmaa,  to  datararia*  if  I 


430 


PAGE 

"My  Man  John,"  wordi  and  musk   .  76 

My  Vacation  Game   (6 

Natamtd  At^ttt,  tests  for  ...    .  jro 

Name,  winnmc  a   34 

Names  bv  Topics  Gam*     ....  50 

Names  of  the  Moons   aS 

Namid  decree,  tests  for   371 

Namins  the  Band   7 

Naming  the  Tribe    ...  5 

Ifampno  degree,  tests  for  ...    .  397 

Nature  study   t^j 

Nature  Stuav,  coups  for     ....  344 

Navajo  Feataer  Dance   43 

Navajo  loom,  for  weaving  mats  and 

rup   119 

ftawabik  degree,  tests  for    ...    .  393 

Near-«igbtedness,  prevention  o(    .  150 

Nebula,  in  Orion  s  Sword    ....  301 

Naadlawwan  dagw.  twU  for     .    .  394 

New  member's  work   11 

Nidttingale,  Florence,  inspiration  o(  .  3 

Sthmka  minim  degree,  tests  for  .    .  408 

Nind-ai:  denee,  tests  tor   ...    .  396 

Nisst-bibm  degree,  tests  for    .    .    .  40s 

Noggin,  wooden,  to  make  ....  13a 

North  Star,  how  to  locate  ....  296 

Norway,  Red,  or  Canadian  Pine  .    .  a6i 

Nurse  degree,  test'  for   396 

Nyfta  sylvatica   194 

Oak,  Black  or  Golden   aSj 

Oak,  Red   sSa 

Oak,  Scarlet   aSj 

Oak,  White   aSo 

Oak,  \ellow   aSi 

"O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Skies." 

words  and  music   6s 

OiakewiniiA  degree,  tests  for    .    .    .  391 

Odds  and  Evens  Game   55 

OdtHa-Goussed  degree   387 

(Mraa-wiiiM  dcxree,  tests  for  .    .    .  407 

Officers  and  Htles   *o 

Officers,  election  of    5 

Oil  Nut.  or  Butterant   iis 

Oiibway  Death  Song,  wonb  and  muric  7^ 

Our  buecinaltr   310 

g$rCdmMmmt   310 

Omaiia  Tribal  Prajrer,  lor  cloiing  Coon- 

cil  9,  a7 

Omaha  Tribal  PiajK,  wofdi  and  araiic  69 

Onapt  bitimit   as7 

One-Legged  CUdua  IWht  Oaat     .  43 

Opening  the  OooaeO  7 

Oranp,  Osage   tS; 

Orchid,  Queen,  or  Showy  Ladjr^SHnpv  »ss 

Orchis,  Showy   tS4 

Onkis  tftclabilis   tS4 

Order  of  doinn  in  Council  ....  8 

Origin  of  the  Bluebird,  the  .    ...  104 

Oriole,  Raltim'ire   315 

Orion,  the  constellation   egg 

Orion  s  Sword,  nebula  in    ...    ,  jes 

Osage  Orange,  or  Bow-wood    .    .    .  ^64 

OtAM-ilitiMtftf  <hgree,  tcsu  for    .    .  370 

OMMa  degree,  teMs  for     ....  378 

Ofiyrj  KfrfiiMM   S79 

Oswego  Tea,  or  Bee  Balii  .    .    .    .  ajg 

CHhs.  uio    306 

Outdoor  proverb*   eog 

'  ^  far  caaving  trip   178 

.illustrated  ...  134 

•  •  m 


Owl,  Barred,  or  Hoot  Owl  .  . 
Owl,  Great  Homed,  or  Cat  Owl 

Owl,  Screech   

t  in  Firefly  Daaca  . 


rxcs 


Paddling,  coup  for  334 

Painted  Cup,  or  Indian  Paint-Brush  . 
Paints,  woodcraft 
Paleontology,  coup  for  . 
Paper,  Canoe,  or  White  Birch 
Parallel  bar  exploits,  coope  for 
Parnastia  Careliniana   .  . 
Partridge,  or  Ruffed  Grouse 
Pathfinder,  badge  for    .  . 
Pathfinder,,  rank  of  .    .  . 
Pathfinder,  tests  for  .    .  . 
Pathfinder,  to  qualify  as  . 
iPatriotism  and  Citizenship  . 
Patriotism  degree,  tests  fcr 
Peace  Meaenger,  coup  for 
Peach-stooe  baiketi,  to  nwk* 

Pecan  

Feltcamis  iryltmkymJht  . 

Pelican,  White  

Pennsylvania,  or  Canada  Anemone 
Ptnlheslts  atruapillus  .... 
Pepperidge,  Black  Gum,  or  Tupelo 
Photography,  coup  far 
Picea  Canaatnsis 
Pictographs,  Indian 
Picture  frames,  to 
Picture  writing   .    .  . 
Pignut  Hickory      .  . 
Pin  Oak,  or  Swamp  Oak^ 

Pines,  the  

Pink  Azalea  .... 
Pink  wild  flowers  .  . 
Pinus  Paluslrii  .  .  . 
Pinut  Slrcbus  .  .  . 
Pipsissiva,  Spotted  .  . 

Pitcher  Plant     .    .  . 
PImu  of  Grimaldi     .  . 
riaae  Tree,  or  Sycamore 
PtanesHcM  mitratoriiu  . 
Ptautaf0  m^jar    .    .  . 
PUetau,  or  Rib-graaa  . 
Plalanus  occidcntales 
Plectropkenax  nivalis 
Pleiades,  the  constellation  .  . 
Pleiades,  number  stan  vbfliie  la 
Ptdopk-^nm  fdlUm 


Poem,  Road  to  Fai»iaiid.tha 
Poem,  Twin  Stan,  the  .  . 

Poison  Game  

Poisoning,  toadstool,  treatment  far 
Poisonous  snakes,  to  '"'♦'•y^*'' 
Polaris,  the  Pole-Star    .    .  . 
Palytonatum  bijionm    .    .  , 

Poplar,  Aspen  

Poplar,  Bnlsam,  or  Balm  of  TTHiid 
Pofdar,  YeUow  or  Tulip 'n**  . 
Popple,  or  Quaking  Asp 
PofnUut  balsami/era  .... 

Pepulut  dtUoiits  

Populus  IrtmnMin  .... 

Portrait  Party  

Pothannr  for  campfire  .  . 
Potter  degree,  tests  for  .  .  . 
Prairie,  or  Indian  Turnip,  aa  food 


•5*. 


Index 


Max 

Primrose,  Evening   *57 

Prove  subis   317 

Pro(nm  in  camp   i8j 

ProvcriM,  outdoor   M 

PnuuUa  va/farii   150 

Punisbments  of  membm   ....  jo 

Purple  Crackle,  or  Crow  BladUfd    .  31s 

Purple  Martin   317 

Purixiae  of  the  Leagnt   t7 

ail,  or  Bobwhite   3ti 

' — ;  Asp    272 

ueen  Anne's  Lace,  or  Wild  Carrot  »ss 

[tka  Council  nrt    ...  37 
*8o 

r  eoccinea   2S2 

;  Mukltttbertii   *8i 

J  patustris   384 

rau  mbra     .    ,   s8a 

reus  vtluHna   t8j 

licksight  Game   46 

uiscalus  quiscala   315 

uorum,  what  constitute*  a    .    .    .  »i 

Rake,  camp,  to  make   tii 

Rat^on-tbe-Lodge  Game    ....  49 

Rays,  the  Twelve   s6 

R^way  signals    169 

Riding,  coup  for    3*9 

Red,  CanadiaD,  or  Norway  Pine  .    .  167 

Red  Cross  work,  ct.  ip  for  .    .    .    .  351 

Red  Lily,  or  Wooo  Lily     .    .    .    .  tjS 

Red,  Moose,  or  Slippery  Elm       .    .  tsj 

Red  Oak   28a 

Red  or  purine  wfld  flowers  ....  158 
Red,  Scarlet,  Water,  or  Swamp  Maple  aoa 
RcdTiattuiii.orWake-fDbin  .  .  .  afe 
Red4iud.  or  Judat  Tree  ....  ago 
Redcap,  or  rurple  Flowering  Rasp- 
berry   as9 

Red-tailed  Hawk,  or  Hen-hawk    .    .  305 

Reedbird.  or  Bobolink   sia 

Regular  CouncQ  proceedings   .    .    .  7.  S 

Remedy  for  toadstool  ^isoning  10a 

Requirements  in  the  Big  Lodge  18 

Road  to  Fairyland,  the      ....  103 

gSS'anSi^:  :  :  :  : 

Robin    310 

Rock,  Hard,  or  Sunr  Maple   .    .    .  290 

Rock  Tripe,  as  food   197 

"  Roman  and  English  Soldiers"  words 

and  music                           .  79 

Roof  camping  and  gardening,  ...  17a 

RiOM  Pink   154 

Rouser,  or  "  Reveille,"  words  and  music  67 

Routine  in  camp   183 

Rowing,  coup  for   334 

Rubbing-stia  fire,  to  make     .    .    .  aaa 

Rttbfaing-stkk  fire  making,  coup  for  339 
KabliiBg  itkka  ior  CoHaal  Fba    .  ■7,2s 

IMmi  oimtku   as9 

" -'j  iTirnilnil  IliiwiaiinMiil  ...  31a 

RiMtekU  him   a$6 

Rue  Anemone   ass 

Ruffed  Grouse,  or  Partridaa    .    .    .  3«« 

Rulers  of  the  Tribe   aS 

Rules  for  preventing  fires   ....  14a 

Rules  for  using  a  knife   aij 

Ruk*  in  camp   !•« 

Running,  coup  for 


ram 

Running  high  himp,  coup  (or  .    .    ,  JJO 

Running  high  kick,  coup  for    ,    .    .  33a 

Running  stitch,  illustrated  ....  13] 

SabbaHa  anpUaris                ...  tS4 

Sachem  badge,  design  and     /fs  .    .  aa 

Sachem,  rank  of   ai 

Saddle  camping,  coup  for  ...    .  336 

SaguMft  bMiaa,  dadfn  ud  colon  aa 

Saatmata,  rank  of   at 

Sailing,  coup  for   336 

SaUx  nitra   a7a 

Salute,  bow  given   a4 

SaHpunaria  Canadmuis     ....  aja 

Sanitation  in  camp   lia 

Sarracenia  purpuria   as8 

Sassafras,  or  Ague  Tree   a88 

Sastafras  sassajrat   aSS 

Saxi/rata  Virpnimub   asa 

Saxifrage   a.ia 

Scarlet  Oak   183 

Scarlet  Tanager   J17 

Scariet,  Water,  Swamp  or  Red  Maple  292 

Scout  degree,  testa  for   34S 

Scout  Runner  degree,  teats  for     .    .  3m 

Scouting  Game   46 

Seagull,  Common   30S 

Seamanship  degree,  testa  far  .  .  .  400 
Second  Chief,  election  at,  and  ihitisa  a9,3o 

Secrets  of  the  Council   30 

SeU-heal,  or  Heal-aU   aso 

Sewing   13a 

Sewing,  things  to  remember    ...  13? 

Shagbark,SheUbarii,orWhiumckoqr  a76 

Skapnapi  degree,  tests  for  .    .    .    .  358 

Shaman  badge,  design  of    ...    .  aa 

Shaman,  quutncations  and  dtttiaa  .  .  ae 
Sharpahooter  degree,  tesu  for  .    .  .401 

Shelter,  waterproof,  to  make    .    .    .  ai7 

Shinttbis  degree,  tests  for  .  .  .  .  403 
Shock,  or  nervous  coUapse,  treatment 

for   iga 

Shopping  Game   56 

Shotput,  coup  for   331 

Shot  signals,  meaning  of     ....  344 

Showy  Orchis   254 

Siali*  siaUs   3tO 

Sign  language,  use  of   tga 

Sign  talking,  coup  for   340 

Signs  and  blaies    aiS 

Signs  of  grass  and  twigs     ....  S43 

Signaling,  coup  for  .....    .  34a 

Signals  by  shots   814 

Signals  on  the  railway   top 

Signab,  smoka   S43 

Signals  when  kiat   aoo 

SUtnt  Virginka   tir 

Silver,  White,  or  Soft  Maple    .    .    .  a^t 

Sisyrimhiiim  antusHfaHtm ....  ajo 

Siae  guaaaing,  coop  lac   S39 

Skating,  ooup*  for    ....  $sSt 

Skiing,  coup  tor  

Skuna  Cabbage  

Sl^iwyElm,asfood   W7 

SUpbanr,  Mooaa,  or  Sad  Kin   ...  aSg 

Small  StodcFanMrdcgna,taaU  far   .  4M 

Smoke  signals   141 

Snake  bite,  first  aid   tgs 

Snake  biu,  treatment  for    .    .    .    .  ^ 

Snakes,  Copperhead   30t 

SnakestCoral     .......  JM 

"          ■  :  :  :  >:  » 


433 


rAGE 

Sluket.  harmleu   JJJ 

Snkkes,  bow  Ibey  bite   3M 

Snakes,  MoccmIb   3*0 

Snakes,  Pilot    jio 

Snakes,  poisonous,  to  distinguish  jis 

SnsJiei.  Rattlesoakes   jao 

Snowbbd   31S 

Soft,  WUte,  or  Silver  Maple    .    .    .  a«t 

Solemnity  Game   44 

Solidaf  Canadensis    158 

Solomon's  Seal   iss 

Soliviion'i  SmI,  ai  fand  jilant  .    .    .  too 

Sotomoo'i  SmI,  Fab*   iss 

SongSMnoi'   ji6 

5«af-««f  degree,  tests  for  ...  .  js7 
Soogs  (or  doaing  Council'  ...  6,  27 
Songs: 

"Alouette"'   63 

"America"   6j 

daaint  Lullaby   71 

Hike  Song   70 

"Hither  Thunder!"   74 

"Muje  Mukesin"   74 

"O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Skies"    .  65 

Ojibway  Death  Song      ....  7a 

Omaha  Tribal  Prarer     ....  69 

Rouser,  or  "  Reveille,"    ....  67 

The  Canoeist's  Love  Song    ...  71 

"The  Star-Spangled  Banner"  64 
Songs,  Acting: 

"2on-zi-mon-de"   73 

Closing  Lullaby,  in  Fireflies'  Dance  94 

Fireflies'  Song    90 

"LeFuret"   75 

"My  Man  J[ohn"   76 

Owls'  Song  in  Fireflies'  Dance   .  99 

"  Roman  and  English  Soldiers"  70 

The  Spider  and  the  Fly   ...    .  gs 

"Weasel  in  the  Wood"            .    .  74 

"When  I  Was  a  Young  Girl"    .    .  78 

Winter  Song,  in  Firefly  Dance  .  34 

Sour  Gum.  Black  Gum,  or  Tupeto  *94 

Sou  them  Pine   167 

Souvenir  woont,  woodcraft     ■    .    ■  *i3 

Sparrow,  Song   316 

Spatkyema  ftcHda   ate 

Special  Council,  bow  called     .    .    .  a8 

SpadiiMBi,  caUacting   147 

"Spider  and  the  Fly?'  words  and  music  os 

Spiked  Wilbwherb,  or  Fire  Weed  .    .  tfo 

Spikenard  Wild   155 

S|^t  of  the  Woodcraft  Girl    ...  4 

Sporeprint,  to  mtiw »   aoo 

Spotted  Pipsbdwa   ate 

Spring  Beauty   aS3 

Spruce,  White   a6Q 

Standing  broad  jump,  coup  for     .  .331 

Standing  high  jump,  coup  for  .    .    .  330 

Stanton,  El&abcthCady.iaaiiiratkm  of  3 

Star  gazing,  coup  for   339 

Star-grass,  Yellow   a56 

Star  Wiaeman  degree,  tests  for  403 

Stif*"™ti   asa 

Stan  aa  qraa^t  testa   300 

Stan,  number  visible  to  naked  eye  agS 

Stan,  movement  of  the   aoS 

Stan,  the  twenty  brightest .    .  agS 

Step  on  the  Rattler  Game  ....  44 

Stickweed,  Cleavcn,  or  Beditraw  i;5 
StiU-Huntiag  the  Buck  Game,  or  the 

DwrHunt   so 

I  ol  iBMCta,  tiMtmwt  foe     .    .  IS3 

"■*...  ij« 


Stock  Farmer  degree,  teats  (or  .    .    .  40s 

Stone  signs   •4« 

Stories: 

Fairy  Lamps,  the    lej 

First  Gang,  the    ...    .  loS 

Giun-e  O-kok-o-boo,  the  to6 

How  Men  Found  the  GraatSp-  im 

Origin  ot  the  Bhiefaiid,  thi  .    .  tei 

Seven  Swans,  the      ....  116 

Story  of  Com-smut  Girl,  the    .    .  X07 

Storm  Cloud  Dance   84 

Storm  aignala   lio 

Sirix  tarta   303 

Strong  Hand  Game   43 

Stung,  or  Step  on  the  Rattler,  Came  .  44 

Stunts,  handicraft   t3l 

Sugar,  Rock,  or  Hard  Maple   .    .    .  ago 

Summer,  or  Wood  Duck     ....  JOQ 

Sundial,  how  10  make  a     ....  aio 

Sunstroke,  fint  aid  for   ifs 

SwaUow,  Bam   317 

Swamp,  or  Pin  Oak    184 

Swam:>,  Water,  or  White  Eta  .    .    .  aSs 

Swan,  Trumpeter   310 

Swan,  Whistling    310 

Sweat  Lodge  makini;,  coup  for     .    .  341 

Sweet  Gum.  or  Liquidambar  MS 

Swimmer  degree,  tests  for   403 

Swimming,  coup  f or  .        .            .  334 

Sycamore.  Plane  Tice,  or  Buttonwood  MS 

Symbol  of  the  League   tt 

^rmbola  of  LeagiM  and  Lodgti  >i,M 

•SjnteMM  iktUf1n4d$$  .....  955 

Tacamahac,  or  Bata  el  GOcmI     .    .  •73 

Tackle  box,  to  make   131 

Talk-Fest  Game    44 

Tally  book,  individual   I7t 

Tally  Keeper,  appointment  of  .    .    .  s 

Tally  Keeper,  elected  or  appointad  30 
Tally  Keeper,  qualifications  and  dotiaa  tt,  M 

Tally  Keeper,  report  of   t 

Tally  Robe,  keapiac  ai   $» 

Tanager,  Scarlet   )i| 

Target  snooting,  coup  for   ...    .  33I 

Tamdium  dislklnm   art 

TclHssakid  degree,  teats  for     ...  37a 

rcMia*tw-if ifoaiac  dapat,  tiata  for  .  j|i 

Teacher  degree,  tattt  for    ....  404 

Team  work  in  camp   i^a 

Ttcmna  tadUant   :te 

Teepee,  Indian,  for  camping  trip*  .  180 

Tent  or  teepee  makine,  coup  iar  .    .  Ma 

Tents  for  camping   tie 

Tests  for  Pathfinder  and  Winyan  .  3S 
"The  Star-Spaugted  Banner,"  words 

and  music   64 

Tilings  to  remember  in  sewing  .    .    .  tsi 

Three  Yean' Service  degree,  taats  for-  40s 

Throwiiig  baseball,  coup  for    .    .    .  33a 

Throwing  lacrosse  ball,  coup  for    .    .  33a 

Throwina  Life  Buoy,  coup  for  .    .    .  331 

Thrush,  Wood   318 

Thunder  Handler  degree,  tests  for  403 

Thunder  Roller  degree,  tcata  for   .    .  406 

TImy  ttddrnkUt   t7i 

TWt  AmDrictna    a«3 

Tinder  for  firemaklng   aa3 

T'  .es  and  Officen   ac 

Toadflaa,  Yellow,  or  Butter  and  Egga  837 

Toa#laal  poisoning,  treatmeat  lor    .  aaa 

...  aaa 


Index 


433 


VAOI 

Toadstoolt,  wbolcwiM   toa 

Tomtom  makina,  coup  for  .    .    .    .  J41 

Tooti  (or  firMaaJuiu   »*i 

Totem,  in  charge  of  the  Chief  ...  is 

Totem  pole,  iti  poeitiao  in  cunp  .    .  187 

Totem,  telecting  a   7 

Totems  in  town   140 

Totems,  meaning  ol   167 

Totems  of  the  Band  ud  Trite     .    .  30 

Totems,  origin  of   140 

Touch-me-not.  or  Jewelweeil    .    .    .  tsi 

Taxyl4»  pomi/tnm   sSt 

Trail,  biases  denoting  the  .    .    .    .  «iS 

Traibng  Arbutus   ass 

Ttailing,  coup  for   J40 

Ttaffiag  Game   45 

Traveler,  coup  for   340 

Traveler  degree,  tests  for  406 

Treatment  lor  snake  Ijite  aoa 

Treatment  for  toaiLituol  poisoning  33a 

TtM,  to  cut  down  a   ai6 

TM  the  Coon  Ga-nte   48 

Tims,  study  of  the   148 

Trees,  to  determine  height  of  .    .    .  ao4 

Triab  for  Initiation   it 

Tribe  and  Counca  activitita    ...  37 

Tribe,  definition  of   ti 

Tribe,  how  to  form  a   51 

Tribe  meeting  place   7 

Tribe,  naming  Uw   s 

Tribe,  number  of  members  ....  5 

Tribe  standard,  or  totem    ....  aS 

Tritntaiis  Amtricana   tst 

Trillium  oc  Wake-robin     .    ...  tit 

Trillium  trtchm    ato 

TriUimm  randijlonm   asa 

Trtckilus  colmbris   31s 

TnniMyltt  td»h    31S 

Tnvic  travel,  coop  lor   336 

Trumpet  Cieapv   aeo 

Trumpeter  SwM   310 

TiKid  Catuid€mtk   a6g 

Tulip  Tree    .   aS; 

Tupelo,  Penpcridte,  or  Black  Gum    .  894 

Turkey  call,  u>  inake   aji 

Turkey  Vulture,  or  Buaaid    .    .  ;o6 

Turk's  Car  I-Uy   258 

Tweeieis,  In  iian   aog 

Twig  and  grass  signs   143 

Twin-floww   asa 

Twin  SUtV^ie^   ««* 

VhmAmmkmM   als 

Vlmmtfi^m   aSs 

Vatnera  ractmosa   1S5 

Value  of  doing,  the   130 

Vega,  of  the  Lyre  constellatioo     .    .  301 

VtrHna  kaslata   aso 

Vervain,  or  Wild  Hyssop    ....  aia 

Village  Sect  degree,  tests  for  .  407 

Viaia  ctuuUata,   aso 

Viola  pedata   aso 

Violet,  or  Heartsease   aso 

Voting  for  membership   31 

Vow  of  each  member   so 

Vow  of  the  Hend  CUaf  .  .  .  .  M 
Vi^Mt,  Blsdk,  aa  Caitfaa  Cwwr  .  . 

Vwfa,  TtAty,  at  INailiiT.   .   .  «•« 

( tsfttj  Imt  .    *    •    t  M4 

*  ■  ■  •  ^»  —  — » 


PAoa 

Wake-roUn,  or  TrilUum     ,    .    .  ass,  afe 

Walkiug,  coup  for   iyo 

Walking,  proper   149 

Wabiut,  Blacx   ayi 

Wahrnt.  White   ajs 

Wwnpiim  Collector,  appointOMnt  «l  .  $,  »9 

Wampum  Collector,  ekctioa  of  .  .  30 
Wampum  Collector,  qualifications  and 

duties   ai 

Wampum  Ketper,  appointment  of  .  5, 19 
WuBMm  KM|wr,  qnsWh-ations  and 

intias  ai,  ao 

Wampum  Keeper,  report  of     .    .    .  8 

Wapato,  as  a  food  plant     ....  198 

Woisamgwiit  degree,  tests  for       .    .  40s 

Watch,  Lodge,  provision  for    .    .    .  tl 

Watch  uied  as  compass   aio 

Watching  by  the  Trail  Game  ...  44 

Water  boiling,  coup  for   339 

Water  Boiling  Contest  Game  ...  49 

Water  Games   SS 

Water,  Hoop,  or  Black  Ask.    .    .    .  au 

Water,  or  Blue,  Beech   aSo 

Water,  or  the  Indian  well   ....  188 

Water,  Swamp,  Scarlet,  or  Red  Maple  aoa 

Water,  Swamp,  or  White  Eha      .    .  18$ 

Water  Moccasin  Snakes     .    .    .    .  3ae 

Waterproof  shelter  to  make  a  .    .    .  air 

Wayaeeker,  badge  tor   18 

Wayseeker,  rank  of   ai 

Wayaeeker,  to  qualify  aa    .    .    .    .  18 

Weather  wisdom   ao6 

Weaving  with  Navajo  loom  .  .  .  ai« 
"WMsdui  the  Wood,"  words  and  music  74 
Wctamoo.  woman  Sachem  of  Poccasactt  4 

WlMt  to  do  in  cmaa  of  fira  ....  143 
"When  I  Was  a  Yoam  GM"  wwda 

and  music   78 

WUrtIc  sinab,  mihnjr     ....  170 

WUstlfaigS«mn   jte 


White  Ash 

White  Birch  

White  Clavaria  toadstool  .... 
White-headed,  or  Bald  Eagle  .    .  . 
White  Heart  Hickory,  or  Mockemut 
White  Man's  Woodcraft  dagne,  tests 

for 
White  Oak 


White,  or  Shagbark  Hickory  . 
White  Pine,  or  Weymouth  Pbe 
White,  Soft,  or  Silver  Maple  . 

White  Spruce  

WhiU  Walnut,  or  Butternut  . 
White,  Water,  or  Swamp  Elm 
White  wad  flowers  .... 
White,  or  greenish  white,  wild  flowers 
White-wood,  L'oden  or  Basswood 
White-wood  or  Tulip  Tree  .  . 
Whittling  snd  chopping     .  . 
Who  may  enter  the  Logue 
Wild  Carrot,  or  Queen  Anne's  Lace 

WiMDucks  

Wild  flowers,  sixty-iaarcaoMwi 
Wild  flower;,  to  faaaiia  .  . 
WUd  Genuu.im,  at  Cmmf%  VB 

Wild  Ginger  

mU  Qooaa  

WM  Ue  in  the  dty  .  .  . 
^rad  piuu,  edible  .... 
Wlklailllai  cooking,  coup  for  . 
IWmJ.  Fiances,  fnapiration  of 
w,  WkKi  

W,tS'Sr.=.jk,lM   .     .  . 


•on. 

407 

s8o 

agi 

t6o 
ars 
a»S 
asa 
•5S 

»J 

"d 

*ss 

JOB 

3» 
(•V 

w 
340 

3 

m 

m 


4^4 


Index 


wind-flower  

Winning  a  nsme  

Winter  Count,  keeping  of  .  . 
Winter  Song  in  Fiiefliet'  Dane* 
Winyan,  badge  for  ...  . 

Winyan,  ranic  of  

Winyaa,  tcau  for    .    .    .  . 
J^ayu,  to  quaWy  at  ... 
WIm  WoedoMii  diffce,  tciU  for 
Wood  Duck,  or  Suraniar  Duck 
Wood  Lily,  or  Red  Lily 
WoodTtirusli     .    .  . 
Woodcraft  buttons  .  . 
Woodcfift  Council  King 
Woodcraft  Degrees,  Oat  of 
Woodcraft  dyes  .    .  . 
Woodcraft  Girl  in  the  tocwt 
Woodcraft  in  town  .  . 
Woodcraft  Uwt .    .  . 
Woodcraft  painta     .  . 
Woodcraft  souvenir  spoons 
Woodcraft,  what  it  is  . 
Woodaaft  willow  bed  . 


fACI 

»ss 

i4 
30 
M 
19 
•I 
»• 

j3 

S5? 
3t8 
2iO 
MS 

M0 

10 

sag 

333 

3 

li5 


I 

Woodpecker,  Downy   jit 

Woods,  when  lost  in  the     ....  sol 

Woodsn^an's  Untera,  to  make  .  .  .  iii 
WoMM't  Poww  is  IQttofy  dagiM,  laiU 

WaMi>M|littCam«itta,lkiint'  ^ 

WfM,  Hmom   $a 

Yarrow,  or  MOfoQ   tu 

Yelkiw  Birch   m 

Yellow  Lady's  S3to|Mr   tjS 

Yellow  Oak.  or  f*fnipT*"  Oak   .    .  Ml 

Yellow  Pine   §67 

Yellow  Poplar,  or  Tulip  Tree  .    .    .  t8» 

Yellow  iitar-grass   tso 

YeUowToodflu.  or  Butter  udEoi.  »n 

y«liow«fidlo««i   •$$ 

ZenaUura  macroura    sit 

"Zon-zi-mon-de,"  words  and  music    .  7J 

Zuni  Coil,  as  Blanket  Degrte  badge   .  351 

Zuni  Coil,  for  robe  badge    ....  sa 

Zuni  SuoMt  Soog  for  cMsing  Coundt  *i 


